Skyline Research Articles

A Method of Constructing a Program to Graph Like a Skyline Chart

A Method of Constructing a Program to Graph Like a Skyline Chart

Quantitative proteomic reveals the differences of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the host immune response to sepsis

Objective To investigate the feasibility of differential expression proteins identification in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of sepsis patients using Data Independent Acquisition liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (DIA LC-MS). Methods Prospective studies were employed and targeted at 10 sepsis patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University from April 2016 to July 2016. And 10 patients admitted to the ICU with similar age and sex that were not complicated with sepsis were served as the control group. The proteins from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 10 sepsis patients and 10 control persons were analyzed using the latest DIA LC-MS technology and the skyline data extraction software; the model of data obtained from the above analysis was further discriminatorily analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA); then the differential proteins of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed by Pathway analysis and GO analysis. The possible markers were identified by preliminary screening according to variable importance in the projection (VIP). The top 3 proteins (VIP > 1, P< 0.05) were verified by ELISA and their ROC curves were analyzed. Results Totally 1 062 fragment ions were identified and 119 proteins were obtained. Among them, 31 proteins were up-regulated and 88 proteins down-regulated. Pathway analysis showed that carbon metabolism, platelet activation, bacterial invasion of epithelium, and complement coagulation cascade activation were participated in the development of sepsis. ELISA showed that significant difference of HMGB-1, MMP-8, and LCN2 in the expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the sepsis and control people (P<0.01). The area under the ROC curve is greater than 0.85, which has good sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions DIA-MS is a compelling way for detecting differential expression proteins. PCA, PLSDA and OPLSDA are suitable for pattern recognition. The high expression of HMGB-1, NGAL and MMP-8 in immune cells may be the potential biomarker of the disease, which lays the foundation for research of early diagnosis and treatment of sepsis. Key words: Sepsis; Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; Data independent acquisition; Proteomics; Inflammatory immunity

Theorising vertical urbanisation

Taller, denser and more diverse city skylines are a hallmark of 21st century urban change. Although vertical urbanisation is increasingly ubiquitous, this development has not followed a single universal pattern. It is not uniform in its scale, its target neighourhood types, nor in its design, which spans ‘starchitect’-designed skyscrapers and generic tower blocks. Urban scholars have traditionally considered vertical development via less specific concepts such as intensification, and only recently has the expression ‘vertical urbanisation’ risen in prominence. There remains however a lack of integration and theorisation of vertical expansion across social science debate. This siloing of diverse perspectives encourages isolated accounts and hinders shared understandings around the processes it entails. Yet interest lies not only in examining the specifics of each new local crop of towers, but also in explaining the process of vertical expansion itself as performative and constitutive of shifting social relations. Equally, integrating distinct local, historical, and institutional trajectories within robust theoretical schema can enhance understandings of vertical expansion in particular times and places. This paper steps towards these ambitions by conceptualising residential vertical urbanisation as a special kind of spatial fix. Using intertextual theorisation and drawing upon Aalbers and Christophers’ recent theorisation of housing’s functions under capitalist political economy, this article positions residential high-rise development within the circuitry of capitalist accumulation. In particular, and independently of national or local specifics, it develops an exploratory conceptual schema for high-rise housing development based on its three interrelated functions as: labour and capital intensive commodities; as investments on real estate markets tied to financial markets; and as cultural artefacts of distinction both in inter city competition and geopolitics, and in class relations. The proposed theorisation does not explain vertical expansion in every case, indeed it emphasises the importance of interrogating the role of intermediaries, states, and local opportunity structures in understanding the local contours of vertical expansion. Nonetheless, by providing a theoretically informed heuristic that is sensitive to temporal and geographic contingencies, and into which specific occurrences of vertical expansion can be embedded, this framework offers to promote communication between these occurrences as related yet locally contingent phenomena of financialised capitalism.

Iconosphere of the contemporary city and its relations with urban planning in Poland after 1989

We have been observing dynamic metamorphosis of the world cities, including Polish ones, in qualitative and quantitative dimensions. Systemic transformation started in Poland after 1989, resigning of socialistic model of urban planning. Neoliberal economy and its paradigms, but also Polish access to EU structures and civil society creating had a significant impact on shape, functioning and skyline of Polish cities. Iconic buildings intensive development, accompanied by their surroundings improvement have been observed in Poland for several years. We witness shaping contemporary Polish cities iconosphere, what has an elementary impact on evolution and reconstitution of urban structures identity. The article purpose is to reflect on contemporary iconosphere of Polish cities (analyses and evaluation). The discussed problem refers to spatial policy implemented in Poland and related on an example of Culture-Congress Center Jordanki in Torun.

FootNotes

The majority of information in the physical environment is conveyed visually, meaning that people with vision impairments often lack access to the shared cultural, historical, and practical features that define a city. How can someone who is blind find out about the sleek skyscrapers that dot a modern city's skyline, historic cannons that have been remade into traffic pillars, or ancient trees that uproot a neighborhood's sidewalks? We present FootNotes, a system that embeds rich textual descriptions of objects and locations in OpenStreetMap, a popular geowiki. Both sighted and blind users can annotate the physical environment with functional, visual, historical, and social descriptions. We report on the experience of ten participants with vision impairments who used a spatialized audio application to interact with these annotations while exploring a city. By sharing rich annotations of physical objects and areas, FootNotes helps people thoroughly explore a new location or serendipitously discover previously unknown features of familiar environments.

A framework for assessing tall buildings' impact on the city skyline: Aesthetic, visibility, and meaning dimensions

The impact of tall buildings on cities can be evaluated on several aspects. One of these aspects is the impression of these tall buildings on the cityscape, whereby observers judge these buildings based on their three-dimensional status in the city. Some of the criteria that influence this judgment are the status of visibility, meaning, and aesthetics of tall buildings in the city. In this research, the three aforementioned criteria have been investigated using an analytical network process (ANP) method. This multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method is used to weigh the criteria and sub criteria of the research (according to 22 experts and by using Super Decisions 2.8 software). After determining the weight of each criteria, three tall buildings in Frankfurt including Main Tower, OpernTurm, and the European Central Bank were selected to compare their impact on the skyline of the city based on the three variables and their weight. To calculate the visual impact of these three buildings, the idea of square degree score has been used, in which the ratio of the visible surface of these buildings to the visual field of observers in urban open spaces, and in an area of 2500 m radius with a centralized building structure has been investigated by ArcGIS Desktop 10.5 software. In order to determine the effect of the meaning and aesthetics of these three buildings on the city skyline, a pictorial questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 420 participants. The participant's preferences were taken into account to assess the impact of tall buildings on the city skyline. In the next step, the weight of the criteria, which was obtained in the ANP method, was considered for the results of the visual, meaning, and aesthetic criteria of the three tall buildings of Frankfurt. Based on the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), the priority of these buildings was identified in terms of impact on the city skyline. With regard to the impact of tall buildings on the city skyline, these three criteria, according to their weights, ranked as follows: the meaning criteria (with a weight of 0.436) had the highest impact, followed by the aesthetic criteria (with a weight of 0.340), and visual (with a weight of 0.234), respectively. Thus, based on these results it was found that the European Central Bank had the most positive impact (with a score of 0.471) on the city skyline, then Main Tower (with a weight of 0.467), and OpernTurm (with a weight of 0.061) respectively.

The utility of Ly α emission lines as a probe of interactions between high redshift galaxies and their environments

The Lyman-alpha emission line is the strongest feature in the spectrum of most high redshift galaxies, and is typically observed as being highly asymmetric due to galactic outflows. Quantifying this asymmetry is challenging. Here, we explore how measurements of one parameterisation, Lyman-alpha skewness, are affected by instrumental resolution and detection signal-to-noise and thus whether this can be extended throughout the archive. We model these effects through simulated lines and apply our derived corrections to existing archival data sets (including sources observed with FORS2 and DEIMOS) to reconstruct the intrinsic line emission parameters. We find a large uncertainty in parameter reconstruction at low resolutions (R<3000) and high skew values, as well as substantial random errors resulting from the masking of sky lines. We suggest that interpretations of spectral line asymmetry should be made with caution, while a simpler parametrization, like B/R (blue-red flux asymmetry), is likely to yield more robust results. We see a possible weak trend in velocity width with mass, although there is no evidence in the data for a reliable correlation of skew with galaxy mass, star formation rate or age at z=4-5. Using our results, we investigate the possibilities of recovering emission line asymmetry with current and future instruments.

TEMPLE REPRESENTATION IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF HIGHRISE BUILDINGS OF THE REFORMATION ERA IN JAKARTA

Abstract - Temples are one of the most important cultural archeological remains available in Indonesia. Over the centuries and indeed up to the present, the various elements in the design of temples have been considered as a reference point and the origin of architecture in Indonesia. The Prambanan temple constitutes the first highrise building in South East Asia, which serves to prove that in that particular era, the ancestors of the current Indonesian population were able to inspire the world with its creations. The temples spread all over Indonesia can be labelled unique because they differed from those hailing from the source of inspiration, namely the country of India. This was due to the active role played by the local genius at that point in time, which showed a knack for absorbing foreign concepts while simultaneously selecting and adapting these ideas to the Indonesian context. In keeping with the developments typical of the era and the available technology, exploring the cultural wealth of resources and architecture must be continued as a matter of course; if not, there is cause for alarm that the local values and the very identity of Indonesian architecture may well fade, and all the more so in the reformation era typified by the increasingly dominant current of globalization. The most rapid development can be found in Jakarta as Indonesia’s capital and the melting pot of all aspects. The density of this urban population goes up all the time, and the price of the increasingly rare land available has followed suit. This particular trend has driven the vertical expansion for reasons of efficient land use and economic factors. The expansion level of high-rise buildings in Jakarta has also risen sharply due to the increasing need. These high-rise buildings can be considered as a symbol of a strong economy of a given city because they define the urban skyline and form a source of pride for the city dwellers. Allowing this expansion of high-rise buildings without making a rigorous selection has frequently led to the urban skyline’s loss of character, and a regrettable tendency to look identical to the skyline of other cities. The purpose of this research project is to study the use of temple representation in the architecture of high-rise buildings of the Reformation Era in Jakarta by way of examining the architectural works of PT Arkonin &amp; PT Airmas Asri. Keywords : Temple, reformation, local genius, high-rise building, representation

The vertical city: Rent gradients, spatial structure, and agglomeration economies

Tall commercial buildings dominate city skylines. Nevertheless, despite decades of research on commercial real estate and horizontal patterns of urban development, vertical patterns have been largely ignored. We document that high productivity companies locate higher up, with less productive offices lower down and retail at ground level. These patterns reflect tradeoffs between street access and vertical amenities. Vertical rent gradients are non-monotonic, independent of nearby employment, and large. Doubling zipcode employment is associated with a 10.7% increase in rent, consistent with the presence of agglomeration economies. Moving up one floor has the same effect on rent as adding roughly 3,500 workers to a zipcode.

On the limitations of statistical absorption studies with the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys I–III

We investigate the limitations of statistical absorption measurements with the SDSS optical spectroscopic surveys. We show that changes in the data reduction strategy throughout different data releases have led to a better accuracy at long wavelengths, in particular for sky line subtraction, but a degradation at short wavelengths with the emergence of systematic spectral features with an amplitude of about one percent. We show that these features originate from inaccuracy in the fitting of modeled F-star spectra used for flux calibration. The best-fit models for those stars are found to systematically over-estimate the strength of metal lines and under-estimate that of Lithium. We also identify the existence of artifacts due to masking and interpolation procedures at the wavelengths of the hydrogen Balmer series leading to the existence of artificial Balmer $\alpha$ absorption in all SDSS optical spectra. All these effects occur in the rest-frame of the standard stars and therefore present Galactic longitude variations due to the rotation of the Galaxy. We demonstrate that the detection of certain weak absorption lines reported in the literature are solely due to calibration effects. Finally, we discuss new strategies to mitigate these issues.

PHYSICAL AND FUNCTIONAL RESIDENTIAL CHANGES AT TEBET UTARA DALAM STREET CORRIDOR, SOUTH JAKARTA

&lt;div class="page" title="Page 1"&gt;&lt;div class="section"&gt;&lt;div class="layoutArea"&gt;&lt;div class="column"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The 1997-2000 economic crises have provoked the rise of a number of speculators alongside the corridor of Jalan Tebet Utara. The function of residential buildings on the left and right sides of the road was developed not only as a residential place but also as a commercial area with the target market of young people. These conditions had an effect on the phenomenon of architectural transformation on the absence of permission for a commercial building that was not in line with the General Spatial Plan of the Government of DKI Jakarta. As a result, the building faces that were originally identical appearedto be diverse, in which one side of the preferred look of the buildingcouldattract visitors. This article discusses the research emphasizing on the problem of building typology and architectural transformation by administering field observation, mapping of building typology and categorizing the transformation of architectural phenomenon. The findings of the study indicate that changes to the commercial- occupancy function are influenced by the increased accessibility which impacted changes on facade and building elements, on the use of building and road lines, andon the sky line environments. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Keywords: Residential Changes, Street Corridor, Tebet &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Ellis Island Museum Hails the Essential American Story of Immigration

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Annual meetingFull AccessEllis Island Museum Hails the Essential American Story of ImmigrationMark MoranMark MoranSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:12 Feb 2018https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2018.2b4AbstractImmigration to this country has been a major topic of conversation this past year. Learn more about this country’s diverse roots by visiting the Ellis Island Museum.“Immigration is not just a link to America’s past,” former President George H.W. Bush said, “it’s also a bridge to America’s future.”Underwood & Underwood/CorbisThe immigrant experience is a central component of the history of New York City, where 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954. The descendants of those immigrants account for almost half of the American population today.Declared part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965, Ellis Island underwent a $162 million renovation in the 1980s and reopened to the public as a museum in 1990, commemorating immigrants’ stories and their pursuit of a new home and the American Dream. The museum is located in the Main Building of the former immigration station complex, now restored to its 1918-1924 appearance in the Renaissance Revival style. History buffs who really want to take in the immigrant experience will want to couple a visit to Ellis Island with one to the Lower East Side Tenement Museum (see story below).The museum contains 30 galleries and exhibits filled with artifacts, historic photos, posters, maps, oral histories, and ethnic music recordings. New at the museum are two exhibits that bookend the Ellis Island era by chronicling immigration to America before the processing station opened in 1892 and after it closed in 1954: “Journeys: The Peopling of America 1550s-1890” is an exhibit dedicated to exploring the earliest arrivals pre-dating the Ellis Island era. The galleries, located in the historic Railroad Ticket Office, cover each stage of the immigrant journey. “The Journey: New Eras of Immigration” focuses on immigration from 1954 to the present. Exhibits use dynamic media and interactive elements to described the postwar immigration movement and changing demographic trends over the decades.Vlad G/ShutterstockPermanent highlights of the museum include the Baggage Room, where immigrants first set foot into the Main Building on Ellis Island, now restored with displays of period baggage. The Registry Room, once the focal point of the immigrants’ processing, is where newcomers underwent questioning and were either given permission to land or denied entry into the country. Here are some other features of the museum:The American Family Immigration History Center is an interactive area where visitors can access the passenger records of the ships that landed over 51 million immigrants, crew members, and other travelers at the Port of New York and Ellis Island from 1892 to 1957.The American Immigrant Wall of Honor overlooks the Statue of Liberty behind a view of the New York City skyline. It is the only place in the United States where an individual can honor his or her family heritage at a national monument.The American Flag of Faces is located in the museum’s main entrance hall and is populated with images uploaded by individuals and families, creating a montage of the American flag.“Island of Hope, Island of Tears” is a 30-minute film produced by Oscar-winning filmmaker Charles Guggenheim in which immigrants tell their stories of pulling up roots and coming to America. Free tickets can be obtained at the Ellis Island information desk.The Ellis Island Oral History Project has been conducting interviews since 1973. More than 1,500 interviews have been collected of firsthand accounts of those who were processed at Ellis Island. There are also a number of interviews with doctors, nurses, clerks, and immigration officials who recall the operation of the Ellis Island immigration facility. The Oral History Library is open to the public and contains a computer system with 20 listening stations. The American Family Immigration History Center provides access to ships’ passenger manifest records of the millions of people who entered America through the Port of New York and Ellis Island. ■To visit the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island, visitors must take the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island Ferry from Battery Park in lower Manhattan. Ticket information for individuals or groups is available online at Statue Cruises or by phone at 1-(877) LADY-TIX. Tickets also may be purchased here. ISSUES NewArchived

PHYSICAL AND FUNCTIONAL RESIDENTIAL CHANGES AT TEBET UTARA DALAM STREET CORRIDOR, SOUTH JAKARTA

AbstractThe 1997-2000 economic crises have provoked the rise of a number of speculators alongside the corridor of Jalan Tebet Utara. The function of residential buildings on the left and right sides of the road was developed not only as a residential place but also as a commercial area with the target market of young people. These conditions had an effect on the phenomenon of architectural transformation on the absence of permission for a commercial building that was not in line with the General Spatial Plan of the Government of DKI Jakarta. As a result, the building faces that were originally identical appearedto be diverse, in which one side of the preferred look of the buildingcouldattract visitors. This article discusses the research emphasizing on the problem of building typology and architectural transformation by administering field observation, mapping of building typology and categorizing the transformation of architectural phenomenon. The findings of the study indicate that changes to the commercial-occupancy function are influenced by the increased accessibility which impacted changes on facade and building elements, on the use of building and road lines, andon the sky line environments. Keywords: Residential Changes, Street Corridor, Tebet

Wavelength calibration with PMAS at 3.5 m Calar Alto Telescope using a tunable astro-comb

On-sky tests conducted with an astro-comb using the Potsdam Multi-Aperture Spectrograph (PMAS) at the 3.5 m Calar Alto Telescope are reported. The proposed astro-comb approach is based on cascaded four-wave mixing between two lasers propagating through dispersion optimized nonlinear fibers. This approach allows for a line spacing that can be continuously tuned over a broad range (from tens of GHz to beyond 1 THz) making it suitable for calibration of low- medium- and high-resolution spectrographs. The astro-comb provides 300 calibration lines and his line-spacing is tracked with a wavemeter having 0.3 pm absolute accuracy. First, we assess the accuracy of Neon calibration by measuring the astro-comb lines with (Neon calibrated) PMAS. The results are compared with expected line positions from wavemeter measurement showing an offset of ∼5–20 pm (4%–16% of one resolution element). This might be the footprint of the accuracy limits from actual Neon calibration. Then, the astro-comb performance as a calibrator is assessed through measurements of the Ca triplet from stellar objects HD3765 and HD219538 as well as with the sky line spectrum, showing the advantage of the proposed astro-comb for wavelength calibration at any resolution.

Titelbild: Mauerwerk 1/2018

AbstractLocated at the heart of Groningen's forthcoming museum quarter, Southside New Market (SNM) was originally conceived as an apartment building with retail space at ground level. However, the building was redesigned to create a 1367 m2 restaurant with rooftop terrace overlooking the city's skyline. SNM occupies an entire urban block from the city's main street Poelestraat in the south, to the Nieuwe Markt in the north, which will become the location of the Groninger Forum, a cultural centre due to complete in 2019. (photo: Harry Cock)

Research on K Maximum Dominant Skyline and E-GA Algorithm Based on Data Stream Environment

Research on K Maximum Dominant Skyline and E-GA Algorithm Based on Data Stream Environment

Exploring the Skyline of Rotterdam and The Hague. Visibility Analysis and its Implications for Tall Building Policy

This paper presents a systematic approach to analysing the visual impact of tall building evolution on cities and their surrounding landscape, using Rotterdam and The Hague as case studies. Critical tall building clusters that visually determine the skyline of both cities are identified and allow comparison of actual tall building development and the urban policies in place. The research demonstrates that a considerable distance exists between policy and reality. Both Rotterdam and The Hague struggle to deliver a consistent and integrated policy for tall-rise urban areas, while tall building developments seem to be ruled by an internal logic not fully recognized in policy-making. Using the visibility of the skyline to identify tall building clusters suggests that both cities could allow developments in a much wider area than originally envisioned in their guidance on tall buildings. Although each new tall building design faces public and political scrutiny, the fact is that the visibility pattern in both cities is already established. Each new development has a decreasing impact as long as it is confined to the established tall building cluster. As shown in the paper, GIS-based visibility analysis is a powerful tool for tall building planning and design, not only increasing understanding of actual developments and their effects in a precise and quantifiable manner, but also helping to evaluate and develop tall building policies.

The New Method of Sea-sky Line Detection Based on Mathematical Morphology

Abstract To solve the problem of low accuracy and robustness of sea-sky line detection, this paper presents a method of sea- sky line detection based on the mathematical morphology. Firstly, the mathematical morphology closed-open operation is used to filter and denoise the sea-sky image. Then the Canny operator is used to obtain the sea-sky boundary of the image, Then mathematical morphological operation is used to remove some disturbing points. Finally, the sea-sky line is detected by Hough transform. The experimental results show that the algorithm can accurately and efficiently detect the sea-sky line under the complex sea-sky background.

Experimental Approach on the Cognitive Perception of Historical Urban Skyline

In a lifetime, human brain constitutes cognitive models for various conditions and events in order to be able to adapt to the environment and lead a life based on experiences. Based on multidimensional sensory experiences, people create an internal model of a city and they use this model as a mental sketch in their new urban space experiences. Cognitive mapping methods create qualified data for way-finding and the process of classifying the stimuli of the living area and carrying out spatial designs that promote quality of life. Aesthetic perception of the urban pattern consists of keeping the skylines of a city in memory and being able to create an image in mind. Skylines are three dimensional urban landscapes which has a prime role in urban design studies. Urban skylines are the reference points for the historical perception of the environmental image. Urban skylines can be classified basically in three categories as the historical skyline, complex skyline in which new and higher structures are dominant and mixed skyline which is a combination of these two situations. The postcards and information guides for cities are important references in representing the identity for historical cities. The photographs seen in information guide books and postcards are attractive points for citizens and visitors of the cities. The fact that cities are changing constantly shows that cities like Istanbul, which are famous for their coastal skyline can protect the holistic aesthetic value of their very limited textures but cause a dramatic change and a chaotic visual effects within their urban transformation process. One of the major fundamental research areas of this study is to determine how these changes affect the memory. The aim of the study is to investigate how the image created by the skylines of historical cities can be expressed by drawing. The basic differences among the cognitive mapping techniques and the cognitive perception and the schematic display of a skyline can be discussed through this experimental approach. This study aims to do experimental research among a group of architecture students who are strong at drawing and schematic expressions. The selected group of samples will be asked to draw (1) the schematic skyline images of the city they live in and a city they have visited as far as they remember, (2) examined how they draw a skyline and how much time it takes after they are shown a skyline of a historical city chosen in a certain time, (3) watch a video on the streets of two different cities they have seen or haven't seen before, and asked to draw a skyline of the city based on what they have watched. Finally, these different situations will be analyzed. In the experimental study, After 3 days, drawing the best remembered skyline image will be requested from students. And what the sample group have thought in this selection in terms of aesthetics will be measured with the semantic differential and the adjective pairs. Participants will be asked to draw the catchy image of the skyline shown in order to compare the experimental methods and the subjective aesthetic evaluation methods. Observation-based determinations will be realized by the analysis of these drawings and the adjective pairs. In this way, the relation between the skyline perception and the aesthetic experience in urban life will be discussed.

High Rise Building: The Mega Sculpture Made Of Steel, Concrete and Glass

High rise building has transformed from providing not only the expansion of floor space but functioning as mega sculpture in the city. The shift away from economic efficiency driven need is only expected to grow in the future. Based on literature studies; after analysing planning documents and case studies, it was examined whether the presumption that gaining the maximum amount of usable area is the only driving factor; or if the need for the creation of an image for the city provided a supplementary reason. The results showed that forming high rise buildings as three-dimensional sculptures is influenced not only by aesthetics, but also marketing. Visual distinction in the city skyline is economically beneficial for investors gaining not only functionality but art, enriching the cultural landscape. Organizing architectural competitions, public debates and following the latest art trends is therefore possible due to large budgets of such projects.