Skin Wound Research Articles

Injectable hydrogel harnessing foreskin mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for treatment of chronic diabetic skin wounds

Chronic skin wounds are a serious complication of diabetes with a high incidence rate, which can lead to disability or even death. Previous studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have beneficial effects on wound healing. However, the human foreskin mesenchymal stem cell (FSMSCs)-derived extracellular vesicle (FM-EV) has not yet been isolated and characterized. Furthermore, the limited supply and short lifespan of EVs also hinder their practical use. In this study, we developed an injectable dual-physical cross-linking hydrogel (PSiW) with self-healing, adhesive, and antibacterial properties, using polyvinylpyrrolidone and silicotungstic acid to load FM-EV. The EVs were evenly distributed in the hydrogel and continuously released. In vivo and vitro tests demonstrated that the synergistic effect of EVs and hydrogel could significantly promote the repair of diabetic wounds by regulating macrophage polarization, promoting angiogenesis, and improving the microenvironment. Overall, the obtained EVs-loaded hydrogels developed in this work exhibited promising applicability for the repair of chronic skin wounds in diabetes patients.

Multifunctional BiOBr/BiOI 3D Microspheres for Improving Visible-light-driven Photocatalytic Degradation and Disinfection Efficiency

The antibiotic abusing has triggered serious wastewater pollution and bacterial resistance that leads to much burden to human health. In this work, BiOBr/BiOI dimensional (3D) nanoarchitectures were synthesized using solvothermal method by adjusting the molar ratio of Br/I, and 56%BiOBr/BiOI exhibited the best photocatalytic activities on Tetracycline (TC) degradation and disinfection toward Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) under visible light (λ > 420nm). The optimized photodegradation efficiency of TC was up to 66.4%, and the corresponding E. coli and S. aureus survival rates were estimated as 4.9% and 22.6%, respectively. The photocatalytic mechanism indicated that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) (especially for •O2-) play an important role in the inactivation of bacteria and the photodegradation process. For the first time, the in vivo experiments were conducted to reveal the highly effective sterilization performance of BiOBr/BiOI in promoting the skin wound healing under visible light. This study informed that BiOBr/BiOI composite might be a promising photocatalyst dealing with antibiotic and bacteria in wastewater.

Preparation and evaluation of Diclofenac & Aceclofenac pain relieving gel

It is phenyl acetic acid derivative developed as anti-inflammatory agent. It has analgesic anti-inflammatory antipyretic like actions like other NSAIDS. . It is recommended in long term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and enclosing spondylitis. It is also useful acute miscue skeletal disorder post operative pain and dysmenorrhoea Diclofenac sodium gel were developed in seven different formulations) by employing different grades of polymers such as Hpmck4m and Crbopol940. There the various Diclofenac gels are available in market. But the propose gel is formulated with two key ingredients oleoresin, and l linseed oil contribute to anti-inflammatory effect. The formulations were evaluated for various physical parameters, pH spredability, drug release excludability studies drug released mechanisms. Formulation showed maximum drug release of 8 hours and maximum drug. Finally the gel formulations found to be economical and may overcome the draw backs associated with the drug during its absorption. The purpose of the study is to prepare the combination of diclofenac and aceclofenac pain relieving gel. This gel combined form of gel is multifunctional and getting rapid onset of action. And that is to get instant relieve from pain as comparison of plain aceclofenac tablet and plain Diclofenac gel. This formulation is also beneficial for diabetic patient to get cure fast of skin injury and buildup of skin irritation and growth or new epidermis layer of skin in the body.

Research on: Formulation and evaluation of polyherbal soap

People have been using medicinal plants for centuries to treat various ailments. The extract from the leaves, stems, and roots of these plants has been a natural remedy for many health issues. Commercial soaps often contain harmful ingredients, making natural herbal soaps a good alternative. Bacterial skin infections are common and require proper treatment and skincare. Some herbal plant extracts and oils have been found to have antibacterial properties. To address this, an antibacterial Polyherbal soap was formulated using ingredients like curcumin, neem, lemon juice, aloe vera, and almond oil. Neem leaves have traditionally been used to treat skin disorders due to their antioxidant properties. Lemon water has antibacterial and antioxidant capabilities that keep the skin healthy and rejuvenated. Aloe vera is known for preventing aging, reducing acne, and moisturizing the skin. Turmeric is beneficial for treating skin injuries and conditions like psoriasis. The Polyherbal soap was tested for its antibacterial activity and showed positive results. So, the use of medicinal plants in soap production offers cost-effective benefits with minimal side effects.

Self-Healing Guar Gum-Based Nanocomposite Hydrogel Promotes Infected Wound Healing through Photothermal Antibacterial Therapy.

Preventing bacterial infections is a crucial aspect of wound healing. There is an urgent need for multifunctional biomaterials without antibiotics to promote wound healing. In this study, we fabricated a guar gum (GG)-based nanocomposite hydrogel, termed GBTF, which exhibited photothermal antibacterial therapy for infected wound healing. The GBTF hydrogel formed a cross-linked network through dynamic borate/diol interactions between GG and borax, thereby exhibiting simultaneously self-healing, adaptable, and injectable properties. Additionally, tannic acid (TA)/Fe3+ nanocomplexes (NCs) were incorporated into the hydrogel to confer photothermal antibacterial properties. Under the irradiation of an 808 nm near-infrared laser, the TA/Fe3+ NCs in the hydrogel could rapidly generate heat, leading to the disruption of bacterial cell membranes and subsequent bacterial eradication. Furthermore, the hydrogels exhibited good cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility, making them a precandidate for preclinical and clinical applications. Finally, they could significantly promote bacteria-infected wound healing by reducing bacterial viability, accelerating collagen deposition, and promoting epithelial remodeling. Therefore, the multifunctional GBTF hydrogel, which was composed entirely of natural substances including guar gum, borax, and polyphenol/ferric ion NCs, showed great potential for regenerating infected skin wounds in clinical applications.

Skin fragility and wound management in Ehlers- Danlos Syndrome: a report by the Ehlers Danlos Syndrome society skin working group.

The Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes (EDS) are a heterogenous group of heritable connective tissue disorders, characterised by joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility and generalised tissue fragility. In all types of EDS skin wound healing is impaired to a variable degree. Additional support through wound management plans may help to improve these outcomes, however, there is paucity of evidence regarding clinical management of skin fragility and wounds in EDS. This paper aims to review current evidence and provide recommendations for management of skin wounds in EDS types. Preventative measures to avoid skin injury are strongly recommended, including avoidance of high impact sport and use of appropriate protection such as shin guards. Bruising is common and some types of EDS are associated with haematoma formation with management including compression bandages and consideration of pharmacological therapy. Skin fragility and tears should be managed with a focus on protection of remaining tissue, avoidance of wound tension and low adherence dressings to avoid further injury. This paper provides clear recommendations to address skin management for this group of patients. It highlights the lack of good quality published data to support treatment decisions.

The role of exosomes in the diagnostics and treatment of immune mediated skin disoders, wounds and alopecia

Exosomes are microvesicles secreted by different cells that have the specificity and ability to transfer their cargo, including various regulatory molecules, to other cells. Exosomes cargo analysis considered to be a promising approach for diagnostics and therapeutic agents delivery into cells. Molecules derived from exosome cargo supposed to be plausible diagnostics criteria. This review provides up-to-date information on the exosomes origin and composition followed by a description of their diagnostic potential. New data summarized on the possibilities of exosomes application for the treatment of chronic immune-mediated cutaneous disorders, alopecia and cutaneous wound healing.

Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly of Metal Ion-Antisense Oligonucleotide Nanohybrids for Chronic Bacterial Infection Therapy.

Bacterial infection poses a significant challenge to wound healing and skin regeneration, leading to substantial economic burdens on patients and society. Therefore, it is crucial to promptly explore and develop effective methodologies for bacterial infections. Herein, we propose a novel approach for synthesizing nanostructures based on antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) through the coordination-driven self-assembly of Zn2+ with ASO molecules. This approach aims to provide effective synergistic therapy for chronic wound infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The resulting hybrid nanoparticles successfully preserve the structural integrity and biological functionalities of ASOs, demonstrating excellent ASO encapsulation efficiency and bioaccessibility. In vitro antibacterial experiments reveal that Zn-ASO NPs exhibit antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. This antibacterial ability is attributed to the high concentration of metal zinc ions and the generation of high levels of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, the ftsZ-ASO effectively inhibits the expression of the ftsZ gene, further enhancing the antimicrobial effect. In vivo antibacterial assays demonstrate that the Zn-ASO NPs promote optimal skin wound healing and exhibit favorable biocompatibility against S. aureus infections, resulting in a residual infected area of less than 8%. This combined antibacterial strategy, which integrates antisense gene therapy and metal-coordination-directed self-assembly, not only achieves synergistic and augmented antibacterial outcomes but also expands the horizons of ASO coordination chemistry. Moreover, it addresses the gap in the antimicrobial application of metal-coordination ASO self-assembly, thereby advancing the field of ASO-based therapeutic approaches.

Amphiphilic AIE Fluorescent Probe: A Dual-Functionality Strategy for Efficient Antibacterial Therapy Fluorescence Bioimaging against Staphylococcus aureus.

Drug-resistant bacteria present a grave threat to human health. Fluorescence imaging-guided photodynamic antibacterial therapy holds enormous potential as an innovative treatment in antibacterial therapy. However, the development of a fluorescent material with good water solubility, large Stokes shift, bacterial identification, and high photodynamic antibacterial efficiency remains challenging. In this study, we successfully synthesized an amphiphilic aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent probe referred to as NPTPA-QM. This probe possesses the ability to perform live-bacteria fluorescence imaging while also exhibiting antibacterial activity, specifically against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). We demonstrate that NPTPA-QM can eliminate S. aureus at a very low concentration (2 μmol L-1). Moreover, it can effectively promote skin wound healing. Meanwhile, this NPTPA-QM exhibits an excellent imaging ability by simple mixing with S. aureus. In summary, this research presents a straightforward and highly effective method for creating "amphiphilic" AIE fluorescent probes with antibacterial properties. Additionally, it offers a rapid approach for imaging bacteria utilizing red emission.

A Review Exploring the Wound-Healing Activity of Self-Healing Hydrogels: Fabrication, Characterization, Mechanism, and Biomedical Applications

AbstractThe natural physiological response to skin injury is wound healing. However, to restore skin continuity, wound healing is a complicated process that involves the collaboration of a variety of cell types and other mediators. This process ultimately results in tissue regeneration and the restoration of skin barrier function. Hydrogels are appealing dosage forms for biomedical regenerative medicine since they are composed of 3D networks with high water content and flexible rheological features. Hydrogels that can self-heal are particularly interesting for wound treatment because they can autonomously restore their original functionalities and repair structural damage. Recently, the use of self-healing hydrogels as biomedical materials has attracted increased interest. In this review, the self-healing systems used in tissue regeneration, especially wound healing, will be explored. A focus on the fabrication methods, characterization tests, and mechanism of self-healing will be introduced, along with the biomedical applications of self-healing hydrogels loaded with conventional and therapeutic biomaterials. In addition, the differences between hydrogels and self-healing hydrogels will be discussed. Graphical Abstract

Identification of the Wound Healing Activity Peptidome of Edible Bird's Nest Protein Hydrolysate and the In Silico Evaluation of Its Transport and Absorption Potential in Skin.

In this study, edible bird's nest (EBN) was proven to be a suitable source of bioactive peptides via enzymatic hydrolysis. The ultrafiltration component of the EBN peptides (EBNPs, Mw < 3 000 Da) could be responsible for moderate moisture retention and filaggrin synthesis. It was found that EBNP had a great capacity to protect HaCaT keratinocytes from DNA damage caused by UVB-irradiation and enhance wound healing by increasing the migratory and proliferative potential of cells. Furthermore, the external application of EBNP could effectively repair high glycolic acid concentration-induced skin burns in mice. A total of 1 188 peptides, predominantly the hydrophobic amino acids (e.g., Leu, Val, Tyr, Phe), were identified in the EBNP by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Molecular docking showed that hydrophobic tripeptides from EBNP had a good binding affinity to proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter PepT1. Our data indicated that the hydrophobic amino acid-rich EBNP plays an important role in skin wound healing.

P08 Exploring the role of cellular senescence in cutaneous repair

Abstract Introduction and aims Chronic nonhealing wounds are a life-threatening skin disease in elderly patients and patients with diabetes that costs the National Health Service over £8 billion per year to treat. Unfortunately, current treatments are inadequate, thus there is an urgent need to develop effective therapies. Cellular senescence is emerging as a potential therapeutic target owing to its association with a wide range of age-related pathologies. Cells undergo senescence in response to ageing and stress, losing their ability to proliferate or perform normal tissue functions. Our previous work in mice provided the first mechanistic demonstration that senescent cell accumulation drives poor healing. Moreover, clinical trials currently assessing the efficacy of senescence-targeted drugs (senolytics) are providing repurposing opportunities for cutaneous pathologies. Therefore, the aim of this research is to (i) investigate the role of senescence in human chronic wounds and (ii) determine whether senolytics can be repurposed to promote pathological skin repair. Methods Skin and wounds were collected from healthy, aged and diabetic donors to quantify senescence levels (senescence-associated β-galactosidase), characterize senescent cell types (immunofluorescence) and determine key drivers of skin senescence (RNA sequencing). Additionally, we screened the wound healing potential of a panel of senolytics in healthy skin vs. skin from patients with chronic wounds. Results We found significant accumulation of senescence in pathological skin wounds, localized to stromal cells. Senescence levels also correlated substantially with clinical parameters, such as wound site, diabetic status and infection. RNA sequencing revealed key links between senescence and immunity, suggesting inflammation as a crucial driver of skin senescence. Finally, senolytic treatment significantly accelerated healing in skin from patients with chronic wounds. Conclusions Our data provide the first in-depth characterization of senescence in human chronic skin wounds, crucially identifying novel therapeutic targets of senescence, while simultaneously assessing the potential of drug repurposing for patient benefit.

Elimination of damaged mitochondria during UVB-induced senescence is orchestrated by NIX-dependent mitophagy.

Skin aging is the result of two types of aging, "intrinsic aging" an inevitable consequence of physiologic and genetically determined changes and "extrinsic aging," which is dependent on external factors such as exposure to sunlight, smoking, and dietary habits. UVB causes skin injury through the generation of free radicals and other oxidative byproducts, also contributing to DNA damage. Appearance and accumulation of senescent cells in the skin are considered one of the hallmarks of aging in this tissue. Mitochondria play an important role for the development of cellular senescence, in particular stress-induced senescence of human cells. However, many aspects of mitochondrial physiology relevant to cellular senescence and extrinsic skin aging remain to be unraveled. Here, we demonstrate that mitochondria damaged by UVB irradiation of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) are eliminated by NIX-dependent mitophagy and that this process is important for cell survival under these conditions. Additionally, UVB-irradiation of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) induces the shedding of extracellular vesicles (EVs), and this process is significantly enhanced in UVB-irradiated NIX-depleted cells. Our findings establish NIX as the main mitophagy receptor in the process of UVB-induced senescence and suggest the release of EVs as an alternative mechanism of mitochondrial quality control in HDF.

P18 Investigating the role of the microbiome in chronic wound skin barrier reformation

Abstract Introduction and aims The integrity of the skin barrier plays a pivotal role in dermatological health, particularly in elderly and individuals with diabetes who are more susceptible to injury. Our skin barrier is also in direct contact with the microbiota, a diverse community of microorganisms that play wide-ranging roles in cutaneous function. Although microbial dysbiosis has been observed in elderly and diabetic skin, few studies have investigated the mechanistic links between skin barrier perturbations and the microbiome. The aim of this study was to compare barrier reformation in healthy and pathological (chronic wound) skin and determine the role of microbial dysbiosis in skin barrier perturbations. Methods Here, we developed a novel human ex vivo skin barrier model to simulate skin barrier disruption in healthy and pathological skin. Following tape stripping (n = 6 per donor type), skin barrier disruption was confirmed by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Skin barrier reformation was assessed following culture using haematoxylin and eosin staining, Nile red (lipid expression and distribution), and immunohistochemistry for skin barrier proteins (e.g. claudins, keratins). Secreted products from mixed bacterial communities were also applied to healthy tape-stripped skin to assess the influence of a healthy vs. pathological microbiome on skin barrier reformation. Results Pathological skin showed higher TEWL following barrier disruption, in addition to delayed barrier reformation and altered skin barrier protein expression. Moreover, secreted products from a pathological microbiome, with high proportions of Staphylococcus aureus, significantly delayed skin barrier reformation. Conclusions Collectively, our data provide a novel skin barrier reformation model to assess the effect of cutaneous pathology and microbial dysbiosis on skin barrier repair. Further understanding of the role of the microbiome in skin barrier function is integral to reducing infections and barrier perturbation.

O15 Transcriptomic profiling reveals regulators of dermal fibroblast state switching

Abstract Introduction and aims Fibroblasts, the major cell population in connective tissue, are the guardians of the extracellular matrix homeostasis. In adult tissue they exist in a quiescent state that can persist for years, but upon tissue injury, they become rapidly activated and re-enter the cell cycle, followed by deposition and reorganization of the dermal matrix. The fundamental mechanism by which fibroblasts can maintain quiescence and be primed for prompt activation is currently unknown. Deregulations of this process in the skin and other organs is associated with several pathologies including fibrosis or chronic wounds. Notably, rapid fibroblast state switching is also observed during skin development, where a tightly controlled change from a highly proliferative state to a quiescent state promotes extracellular matrix deposition and maturation of the dermal architecture. Understanding the shared mechanisms and differences between development and wound healing will help in the development of tissue regenerative therapies. Methods Using dermal development as a model for fibroblast state switching, we integrated several single-cell RNA-Seq and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin-Seq datasets of whole skin during embryonic and postnatal growth. Our novel integrated multiomics single-cell dataset can recapitulate skin developmental changes observed in vivo and reveal the major regulatory networks. Results We identified the activating protein (AP)-1 member cJun as the key regulator of fibroblast state switching in skin development and wound repair. Mechanistically, in quiescent adult fibroblasts cJun is highly transcribed, but the protein is constantly ubiquitinated and degraded, priming fibroblasts for rapid activation when needed. Upon injury cJun ubiquitination is reduced, allowing an accumulation of cJun leading to a change in AP-1 dimer composition at the chromatin level, inhibiting fibroblast quiescence and promoting proliferation and activation. Conclusions In normal wounds cJun accumulation is inhibited during the advanced (remodelling) wounding phase; however, chronic wounds and fibrotic disease conditions show a continuous and pathological cJun stabilization, which can be targeted through pharmacological intervention.

Unveiling Garlic's Arsenal: A Comprehensive Review of Antifungal and Antibacterial Cream

Garlic (Allium sativum) has long been recognized for its medicinal properties, particularly its antimicrobial effects. In this comprehensive review, we explore the therapeutic potential of garlic in the formulation of creams targeting fungal and bacterial infections. We discuss the rising prevalence of fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida species, and the challenges they pose in healthcare settings. Furthermore, we delve into the diverse biochemical composition of garlic, including sulfur compounds, enzymes, carbohydrates, minerals, amino acids, flavonoids, and vitamins, which contribute to its antimicrobial activity. The synthesis of allicin, a key bioactive compound in garlic, and its mechanism of action against various pathogens are elucidated. Additionally, we examine the dermatological applications of topical garlic in treating fungal skin infections, wound healing, antioxidant protection, UVB shielding, and anti-aging benefits. Clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of garlic extracts in managing viral skin conditions is also discussed. Finally, we highlight the need for further research and clinical trials to fully explore garlic's therapeutic potential, safety profile, and optimal formulations, thereby enhancing patient outcomes in the management of infectious diseases.

P11 A role for keratinocyte arginase in skin wound healing and barrier function

Abstract Introduction and aims Delayed cutaneous wound healing is a major problem that can result in social isolation and significant morbidity including amputation. There are many changes in cellular function in a chronic wound. Notably, the enzyme arginase (ARG)1 is markedly changed in wound healing. We have identified a role for ARG1 in keratinocyte re-epithelialization during wound closure, but the underlying mechanism driving re-epithelialization was not known. We aimed to determine the role of ARG1 in keratinocyte migration, differentiation and barrier formation. Methods Two-dimensional scratch and differentiation assays using immortalized keratinocytes (NTERT cells) treated with the ARG1 inhibitor, nor-NOHA, and short hairpin RNA-based knockdown cells were assessed. Gene and protein expression changes were highlighted. Expression of proteins was further validated using immunohistochemical profiling of human skin equivalents and human wound lesions by spatial transcriptomics. Results ARG1 was strongly expressed both 2–4h postscratching and at late stages of keratinocyte differentiation. Dysregulation of ARG1 expression was spatially highlighted in chronic lesions, further suggesting an involvement in keratinocyte migration and differentiation. ARG1 inhibition led to a significant delay in postscratch keratinocyte migration. Furthermore, upon ARG1 inhibition, a significant decrease was seen in the expression of late differentiation markers involucrin and filaggrin. ARG1 inhibition significantly decreased the expression of host defence genes β-defensin 3, lipocalin 2 and kallikrein 6. ARG1 triggers production of multiple downstream products and we confirmed a role for the pathway involving production of putrescine and urea, as the addition of these metabolites led to the rescue of these phenotypes. Conclusions ARG1 and its downstream metabolites play a major role in keratinocyte migration, differentiation, and barrier formation, which are vital functions for re-epithelialization and wound closure. Therefore, manipulation of the ARG1 pathway may be crucial in the management of chronic lesions.

P13 Keratinocyte heterogeneity and dynamics in human skin wound healing

Abstract Introduction and aims Human chronic skin wounds have been extensively characterized, but ethical limitations of collecting and studying wounds from healthy individuals means there is a sparsity of data regarding re-epithelialization in normal wound healing. Here, we characterize ex vivo models of wound closure in human skin to better understand the keratinocyte dynamics of normal healing. Methods We conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) from ex vivo skin explants 2 days postwounding (n = 4) to interrogate heterogeneity in keratinocytes relative to the wound edge. Immunostaining was also conducted on sections from skin explants at different timepoints during wound closure. Scratch assays were conducted using isolated human keratinocytes. Specific zones of keratinocytes were separated relative to the original scratch, 6 h postscratch, and used for real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. Results We found that partial re-epithelialization and full healing of 2-mm wounds occurred 2–3 days and 4 days postwounding, respectively. Analyses of the scRNA-Seq data showed an increase in S100A7 expression in suprabasal keratinocyte subclusters in wounded skin compared with unwounded skin. Using immunostaining we also showed that S100A7 is expressed at the leading edge of the regenerating epidermis. In an in vitro scratch wound model, the keratinocytes nearest to the wound edge also show an upregulation of S100A7, EGFR, EPHA4 and TIMP1, as well as a downregulation in PCNA, implying a decrease in cell proliferation in leading keratinocytes. Conclusions S100A7 was previously reported to be increased at the wound edge in human keratinocytes, highlighting that transcriptional changes in our ex vivo and in vitro human wound healing models reflect those occurring in vivo. The decrease in PCNA in keratinocytes in the leading edge also recapitulates Results previously shown in mouse models of wound healing. These data on normal re-epithelialization will be compared with published data on human chronic wounds and other skin diseases.

Modulating the hAM/PCL Biocomposite for Expedited Wound Healing: A Chemical-Free Approach for Boosting Regenerative Potential.

There is an arising need for effective wound dressings that retain the bioactivity of a cellular treatment, but without the high costs and complexities associated with manufacturing, storing, and applying cell-based products. As skin wound recovery is a dynamic and complicated process, a significant obstacle to the healing of skin wounds is the lack of an appropriate wound dressing that can imitate the microenvironment of healthy skin and prevent bacterial infection. It requires the well-orchestrated integration of biological and molecular events. In this study, we have fabricated full-thickness skin graft biocomposite membranes to target full-thickness skin excision wounds. We reinforced human amniotic membrane (hAM) with electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) to develop composite membranes, namely, PCL/hAM and PCL/hAM/PCL. Composite membranes were compared for physical, biological, and mechanical properties with the native counterpart. PCL/hAM and PCL/hAM/PCL displayed improved stability and delayed degradation, which further synergically improved the rapid wound healing property of hAM, driven primarily by wound closure analysis and histological assessment. Moreover, PCL/hAM displayed a comparable cellular interaction to hAM. On application as a wound dressing, histological analysis demonstrated that hAM and PCL/hAM promoted early epidermis and dermis formation. Studies on in vivo wound healing revealed that although hAM accelerates cell development, the overall wound healing process is similar in PCL/hAM. This finding is further supported by the immunohistochemical analysis of COL-1/COL-3, CD-31, and TGF-β. Overall, this conjugated PCL and hAM-based membrane has considerable potential to be applied in skin wound healing. The facile fabrication of the PCL/hAM composite membrane provided the self-regenerating wound dressing with the desired mechanical strength as an ideal regenerative property for skin tissue regeneration.

A Rabbit Clinical Trial of Xylazine-Ketamine vs. Fentanyl-Ketamine for General Anesthesia

The Aim of Study: The current investigation was designed to compare the anesthetic and physiological effects of ketamine with different pre-anesthetics protocol. Methods: A total of twelve healthy male rabbits were chosen for the clinical anesthetic trial. Animals were presented to the faculty of veterinary medicine at Kerbala University for skin wound procedures and separated into two equal groups 6 rabbits each (group A and group B). Rabbits in group A were administered an intramuscular injection of xylazine (10mg/kg BW) followed by ketamine (50 mg/kg I.M) after 10 minutes. while those in group B were injected with fentanyl (0.04 mg/kg BW, I.M) first plus ketamine (50 mg/kg I.M) after 10 minutes. The physiological and anesthetic parameters to assess the complications that associated with anesthetic, were recorded and analyzed. Results: The level of induction and recovery varied significantly (P&lt;0.05) among the groups. Compared to group B, group A had a considerably (P&lt;0.05) shorter induction time. Furthermore, group A's mean time for losing pedal reflex revealed a substantial (P&lt;0.05) decrease. Between-group differences in the responses to the pain test and muscular relaxation were statistically significant (P&lt;0.05). Group A experienced a substantially longer (P&lt;0.05) induction period, surgical anesthetic duration, and recovery period than group B. No rabbits died as a result of the anesthetic or the recuperation. Conclusion: Compared to Fentanyl-ketamine (FK) combination anesthesia, administration of Xylazine with ketamine (XK) apparently does not influence the physiological parameters. Additionally, this method provides a very successful anesthetic procedure for a flawless induction, suitable muscle relaxation, extended anesthesia, and a painless recovery.