Drawing Skills Research Articles

Implementation of <i>Project Based Learning </i>by <i>SolidWorks </i>Application in Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The objective of this study is to see an overview or analyze: (1) student learning activity during the pandemic through online learning using the University's LMS. (2) See the improvement of students' drawing skills in Drawing Machine II courses by using Solidwoks application. This research was conducted using Quasi Experiment method and qualitative descriptive. Quasi Experiment design applied in this study is One group Pretest-postest design. Data analysis techniques in this study using the help of spss application /software statistics version 25 for Mac. The purpose of the data analysis technique is to see improved learning outcomes of Drawing Machine II by implementing the Project Based Learning model using the Solidworks application. The data analysis in this study uses non-parametric statistical analysis. The non-parametric statistics used in testing the average comparison hypothesis are independent t-test samples, with wilcoxon testtechniques. The results achieve that: (1) The implementation of Project based Learning by using Solidworks in online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic is proven to increase student activity, as evidenced by the observation of activeness, readiness, and giving rise to ideas or ideas above 90% (“Very active” category). (2) Implementation of Project based Learning by using Solidworks in online learning is proven to improve university student skills/psychomotor knowledge. This is indicated by the value based on the table output “Independent Samples Test” can be known that the significance value of 0.00 < (0.05), then the H 1 hypothesis is accepted and it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the average pretest and postest learning outcomes.

The contribution of motor efficiency to drawing performance of older people with and without signs of cognitive decline

In clinical practice, different drawing tests are used for the assessment of cognitive efficiency in the geriatric population. However, so far, the contribution of motor skills to drawing performance has not been sufficiently examined in the late adult life span. This study was aimed at disentangling the role played by motor functioning in three well-known drawing tests that in the clinical field are commonly used to detect some signs of cognitive impairment of older individuals. One hundred and forty-nine community dwellers (M age = 77.4 years, SD = 5.9 years) completed a battery of tests assessing global cognitive efficiency, drawing skills (i.e., Clock Drawing, Visuo-spatial Drawing ACE-R, Copy Figures Tests), handgrip muscular strength (HGS), and functional mobility (assessed through the Timed-Up-and-Go test). Significant relationships were found among those measures. Moreover, handgrip strength and functional mobility explained 12–19% of the variance in each drawing condition. Finally, participants exhibiting poorer HGS performed worse the drawing tasks and were successively recognized as cognitively deteriorated. In conclusion, these findings highlight that motor skills can significantly impact the assessment of cognitive efficiency in late adulthood. Therefore, in clinical practice, the concurrent assessment of basic motor functions (in terms of muscular strength and functional mobility) and cognitive efficiency of the geriatric population at risk for cognitive decline should be encouraged.

The advantages and disadvantages of online architecture teaching compared to traditional teaching, According to the perspective of professors in colleges of architecture in private universities in Riyadh

The research aims to study and evaluate the positives and negatives associated with applying the techniques of online teaching in the curricula of architectural education in the colleges of Architecture in private universities in Riyadh, it discussed the techniques used in this style and the extent of their efficiency in achieving communication between the parties to the architectural education process and comparing them with the traditional architectural teaching. The research used the descriptive, analytical and comparative approach, using a research questionnaire that was applied on a sample of faculty members and was built on four main axes. The overall tool obtained an arithmetic average of about (4.22) according to the traditional teaching style, with a rating higher than the arithmetic average according to the online teaching style, which reached (3.32). These ratios also differed for all the main axes adopted by the research, the axis of the spatial environment obtained the highest average (4.45), followed by the axis of assessment and examinations with an average of (4.312), then the axis of tools and means of communication and interaction with an average of (4.24) and finally the axis of scientific content with an average of (4.07).These averages were in all axes according to the traditional style higher than those according to the online style results. The result of the research and discussion clarified the most important opportunities offered by the online architectural teaching style, which was flexibility, in addition to several other opportunities that were clear in several places in the research. As for the most prominent challenges that accompanied the online architecture style, they were technical challenges and the issues which are related to the qualification of the staff. In addition to the challenges which concern the interaction mechanisms that are the basis of communication between the teacher and the student in colleges of architecture especially, in the first years in which the student does not possess the skills of drawing and training using engineering programs.

Cognitive profiles of children with autism spectrum disorder with parent-reported extraordinary talents and personal strengths.

Previous research has suggested that focusing on impairments can be detrimental to the well-being of autistic individuals, yet little research has focused on strengths and positive qualities in autism. Some studies explored "savant skills" (herein referred to as "extraordinary talents"), that is, skills that stand out compared to the general population. These often group everyone who has a specific talent, rather than exploring subgroups with strengths in specific areas. There has been even less research focused on personal strengths (i.e. skills that stand out relative to the individual's other abilities, but not the general population). To expand this research, we use a sample of 1470 children (ages 4-18 years) from the Simons Simplex Collection without cognitive impairment to examine the relationship between having a parent-reported skill in a specific area and performance on a standardized cognitive test. Almost half (46%) had at least one parent-reported talent and an additional 23% without extraordinary talents had at least one personal strength. Children with these parent-reported skills had different patterns of performance on these standardized tests than children without skills in that area (i.e. visuospatial, drawing, computation, reading, and memory). Specific skills in computation or reading were associated with higher overall performance on the standardized tests. These results emphasize the importance of considering strengths separately by area, rather than combining individuals with different types of strengths. The high number of children with skills in this study underscores the need for more research in this area, particularly using instruments focused on understanding the nuances of these strengths. It is important for future studies to consider these skills in children with cognitive impairment.

Contribution of collaborative skill toward construction drawing skill for developing vocational course

Abstract This study aims to support developing research in designing a vocational lesson and learning model for civil engineering education study program by examining students’ collaborative skills toward construction drawing skills as a substantial skill in civil engineering. This study investigated student performance for proposing collaborative learning approaches to improve student skills as needed by industry. It is an ex-post-facto study using 130 samples from several vocational high schools in Indonesia with descriptive statistics and regression for the data analysis. The results show that the collaborative skill is in a fair category of 60.00 and the construction drawing skill is in a good category of 67.49 on a 100 scale. There is a significant and positive influence of collaborative skill (X) toward construction drawing skill (Y) with a linear regression model Ŷ = 31.443 + 1.952X. Furthermore, it presented a correlation coefficient of 0.644, a determination coefficient (R 2) of 0.415, and an adjusted R 2 of 0.410, where it can be concluded that the collaborative skill variable (X) as a predictor in the regression model includes the moderate category, which gives a 41% contribution in explaining the variants of the construction drawing skill (Y) as the dependent variable. It needs special attention to the specific behavioral details of the collaborative skill. The future work is needed to improve collaborative skills that emphasize prioritizing collaboration between peers and learning interdependence.

إعداد برنامج تعلیمی متعدد الوسائط لتدریس باترون الجونلة

يهدف البحث إلي تنمية مستوي التحصيل المعرفي للطالبات واکسابهن المهارات التطبيقية الخاصة برسم باترون الجونلة والمتضمنة في البرنامج.إستخدمت الباحثة المنهج التجريبي وطبق نموذج عبد اللطيف الجزار التعليمي وفق إجراءاته المنهجية في تصميم البرنامج التعليمي متعدد الوسائط. تم إعداد الأهداف السلوکية والاجرائية والاختبار التحصيلي للجانب المعرفي للبرنامج ثم إعداد بطاقة ملاحظة للأداء المهاري ثم إعداد وتصميم سيناريو البرنامج ثم إجراء تجربة إستطلاعية ثم الأساسية ثم إجراء الاختبار التحصيلي قبليا علي المجموعتين (الضابطة والتجريبية) ثم التدريس للمجموعة الضابطة وتتمثل في (15) طالبة بطريقة البيان العملي والتدريس للمجموعة التجريبية وتتمثل في (15) طالبة باستخدام البرنامج التعليمي واستخدام بطاقة الملاحظة لقياس الأداء المهاري للمجموعتين ثم تطبيق الاختبار التحصيلي بعديا للمجموعتين ثم حساب درجات الکسب في تحصيل الطالبات للجانب المعرفي والمهاري وإجراء المعالجة الإحصائية بإستخدام برنامج(spss.v.25).وجاءت نتائج البحث بوجود فرق دال إحصائيا بين متوسطى درجات طالبات المجموعة التجريبية فى التطبيق القبلى والبعدى للاختبار التحصيلى لصالح التطبيق البعدى، وجود فرق دال إحصائيا بين متوسطي درجات طالبات المجموعتين الضابطة والتجريبية في التطبيق البعدي للاختبار التحصيلي لصالح المجموعة التجريبية، وجود فرق دال إحصائيا بين متوسطي درجات طالبات المجموعتين الضابطة والتجريبية في التطبيق البعدي لبطاقة الملاحظة لصالح المجموعة التجريبية. The research aims to develop the level of knowledge achievement of female students through the proposed educational program, providing students with the applied skills of skirt pattern drawing that are included in the program.The researcher used the experimental method and applied the Abdul Latif Al-Jazzar educational model according to his methodological procedures in designing the multimedia educational program. The behavioral, procedural goals and the achievement test were prepared for the knowledge side of the program, then preparing a note card for skill performance, then preparing and designing the program scenario, then conducting an exploratory and basic experience, then conducting the achievement test before the two groups (control and experimental), then teaching to the control group, which is represented in (15) students using the statement method Practical and teaching for the experimental group, represented in (15) students Using the educational program and using the note card to measure the skill performance of the two groups, then applying the achievement test dimension to the two groups, then calculating the degrees of gain in the students achievement of the knowledge and skill aspect and conducting the statistical treatment using the program (spss.v.25). The results of the research came with the presence of a statistically significant difference at the significance between the mean scores of female students of the experimental group in the pre and post application of the achievement test in favor of the post application, and there is a statistically significant difference at the significance between the mean scores of students of the control and experimental groups in the post-application of the achievement test in favor of the experimental group, and there is a statistically significant difference at the significance between the mean scores of female students of the control and experimental groups in the post-application of the observation card in favor of the experimental group.

تدریس باترون الکم بإستخدام برنامج متعدد الوسائط

يهدف البحث إلي تنمية مستوي التحصيل المعرفي للطالبات من خلال البرنامج التعليمي المقترح، واکساب الطالبات المهارات التطبيقية الخاصة برسم باترون الکم والمتضمنة في البرنامج.إستخدمت الباحثة المنهج التجريبي وطبق نموذج عبد اللطيف الجزار التعليمي وفق إجراءاته المنهجية في تصميم البرنامج التعليمي متعدد الوسائط، وتم إعداد الأهداف السلوکية والإجرائية والاختبار التحصيلي للجانب المعرفي للبرنامج ثم إعداد بطاقة ملاحظة للأداء المهاري ثم إعداد وتصميم سيناريو البرنامج ثم إجراء تجربة إستطلاعية ثم الأساسية ثم إجراء الاختبار التحصيلي قبليا علي المجموعتين (الضابطة والتجريبية) ثم التدريس للمجموعة الضابطة وتتمثل في (15) طالبة بطريقة البيان العملي والتدريس للمجموعة التجريبية وتتمثل في (15) طالبة باستخدام البرنامج التعليمي واستخدام بطاقة الملاحظة لقياس الأداء المهاري للمجموعتين ثم تطبيق الاختبار التحصيلي بعديا للمجموعتين ثم حساب درجات الکسب في تحصيل الطالبات للجانب المعرفي والمهاري وإجراء المعالجة الإحصائية بإستخدام برنامج(spss.v.25).وجاءت نتائج البحث بوجود فرق دال إحصائيا بين متوسطى درجات طالبات المجموعة التجريبية فى التطبيق القبلى والبعدى للاختبار التحصيلى لصالح التطبيق البعدى، وجود فرق دال إحصائيا بين متوسطي درجات طالبات المجموعتين الضابطة والتجريبية في التطبيق البعدي للاختبار التحصيلي لصالح المجموعة التجريبية، وجود فرق دال إحصائيا بين متوسطي درجات طالبات المجموعتين الضابطة والتجريبية في التطبيق البعدي لبطاقة الملاحظة لصالح المجموعة التجريبية. The research aims to develop the level of knowledge achievement of female students through the proposed educational program, providing students with the applied skills of sleeve pattern drawing that are included in the program. The researcher used the experimental method and applied the Abdul Latif Al-Jazzar educational model according to his methodological procedures in designing the multimedia educational program. The behavioral, procedural goals and the achievement test were prepared for the knowledge side of the program, then preparing a note card for skill performance, then preparing and designing the program scenario, then conducting an exploratory and basic experience, then conducting the achievement test before the two groups (control and experimental), then teaching to the control group, which is represented in (15) students using the statement method Practical and teaching for the experimental group, represented in (15) students Using the educational program and using the note card to measure the skill performance of the two groups, then applying the achievement test dimension to the two groups, then calculating the degrees of gain in the students achievement of the knowledge and skill aspect and conducting the statistical treatment using the program (spss.v.25). The results of the research came with the presence of a statistically significant difference at the significance between the mean scores of female students of the experimental group in the pre and post application of the achievement test in favor of the post application, and there is a statistically significant difference at the significance between the mean scores of students of the control and experimental groups in the post-application of the achievement test in favor of the experimental group, and there is a statistically significant difference at the significance between the mean scores of female students of the control and experimental groups in the post-application of the observation card in favor of the experimental group.

رســـــــوم الاطـــفال وعلاقتــــها بسلوكهم الاجتماعي

Childhood represents an important preparation stage during which children grow up to habits that affect their future later, and this is what made thinkers, psychologists and sociologists their main concern, and since drawings are a means of expression through which they reveal the expectation of their social behavior and the reflection of their social behavior on society and the environment where the study was formed Of four chapters, the first chapter includes the general framework for the research, where the researcher presented the problem and importance of the research and the goal of the research in revealing the relationship between children's drawings and their social behavior. The second chapter includes the theoretical framework that includes two topics. The third chapter was about the research methodology and its procedures, where the researcher used the descriptive and analytical approach. The fourth chapter presented and discussed the results, including that the strong colors used in the drawings indicate nervousness, isolation, straight lines, and cold colors indicate calmness and stability. To make efforts to learn drawing skills and thus provide more opportunities for artistic production and reveal their social behavior towards the people and friends around them. Key words: children's drawings - social behavior

Analysis of the Teaching Difficulty by University Students of Arabic Language Education through Microteaching Practices/ Analisis Kesulitan Mengajar Mahasiswa Pendidikan Bahasa Arab Melalui Praktik Microteaching

Microteaching is one of the media that develops skills suitable for teachers in improving Arabic teaching skills. For prospective teachers, the advantages of implementing microteaching practice can provide an authentic experience and practice some skills so that future teachers can create an effective, efficient, and attractive Arabic learning process. This study aims to determine the level of teaching skills of prospective teachers with peers as supervisors, knowing the difficulties before and during the microteaching process. The approach in this research is robust, with quantitative descriptive as the method. After the data collected, quantitative data processing is carried out in the following ways: a) Editing, all documents are checked completeness after respondents fill in: b) Coding and Data entry, done manually: c) Data cleaning: d) Data is then analyzed, data analysis is done with simple univariate analysis. The results showed that students' skills in drawing up a Learning Implementation Plan (Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran) were 74.1%, student skills in providing learning media that supported learning were 76.4%, student skills in using learning methods were 77%, and student skills in conducting variations, discussions, explaining materials by 75%. The average score of prospective teachers in the microteaching of the Arabic Language Education Study Program of Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta is 76.4%. The difficulties faced by future teachers in microteaching practice with peers as tutors are summarized in several points, (1) Rpp Building Skills, (2) Incompatibility between reality in the classroom and RPP, (3) Lack of teacher confidence, (4) Difficulty using learning media, (5) Difficulty in teaching basic skills. The difficulties of basic teaching skills are opening and closing lessons, classroom management skills, group forming skills, explaining skills, and variation making skills.

Enhancing engineering drawing skills via fostering mental rotation processes

ABSTRACT Engineering Drawing (ED) is one of the fundamental courses for various engineering disciplines. However, first-year engineering undergraduates often face difficulties in learning and solving ED problems that require visualisation of 3D objects. Conventional and modern teaching methods do assist the teaching-learning of a subject but do not guarantee the elimination of the learning difficulties, specifically related to visualising spatial relationships. Mental rotation (MR) skills play a major role in learning such concepts, and students should be trained for the execution of MR processes. This paper presents a 3D visualisation tool-based training programme where students practice MR processes. The training guides students through hands-on tasks, coupled with the cognitive steps of MR. We investigate the effect of the training on improving 253 engineering undergraduates’ ED problem-solving performance by administering a pipeline of four research studies. Results show that the training successfully helps students in enhancing their ED problem-solving performance.

Görsel Matematik Okuryazarlığı Öz-Yeterlik Algısının Bazı Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi

The purpose of the current study was to investigate prospective elementary school teachers’ visual mathematics literacy self-efficacy perceptions according to grade level, gender and the ability to draw geometric objects on isometric dot paper. The data were collected from 201 prospective elementary school teachers enrolled in the elementary school teaching department of a state university in the Western Black Sea Region. There were 86 freshman and 115 senior prospective elementary teachers. 149 of the participants were female and 52 of them were prospective male teachers. When the prospective teachers were classified according to their drawing skills on isometric dot paper, 42 of them were weak, 65 were intermediate and 94 were classified as good. In the current study, survey model that is one of the quantitative research methods was used and the study has a descriptive nature. The data of the study were collected by “Visual Mathematical Literacy Self-Efficacy Belief Instrument” consisting of 37 items developed by Bekdemir and Duran (2012) and “Drawing Geometric Objects on Isometric Dot Paper Scale” consisting of four items developed by the researcher. In data analysis, “mean”, “percentage”, “frequency”, “two way ANOVA” and “one way ANOVA” were used. The ability to draw geometric objects on isometric dot paper of prospective elementary school teachers analyzed into three categories as good, intermediate and weak. Prospective teachers who could draw all of the geometric objects given in the scale correctly on isometric dot paper were classified as good. Prospective teachers who could make the correct drawing of three or two geometric objects were classified as intermediate, and prospective teachers who could make the correct drawing of one geometric object or could not draw correctly any of the objects were classified as weak. As a result of data analysis, it could be said that prospective teachers saw themselves at a reasonable level regarding visual mathematics literacy. Moreover, the results revealed that there was a statistically significant difference the mean scores of prospective teachers in terms of grade level and the ability to draw geometric objects on isometric dot paper but there was not any statistically significant difference in the self-efficacy scores of prospective teachers according to gender

Good Drawing Skills in Plastic Surgery: An Indian Perception.

Good Drawing Skills in Plastic Surgery: An Indian Perception.

Drawing with my Students’ – Development of Clothed Life Drawings among University Fine Art Students. Analysis of Selected Drawings by Second Year Students at Kenyatta University

Students of Fine Art are introduced to drawing in their first year and human figure drawing in their second year. It is presumed that they have already had some element of earlier exposure in other levels of prior studies. The objective of human figure drawing or life drawing is to get the students to a level of applied skill where they can be able to draw and utilize their skill in other aspects of self-expression in other disciplines of Art. This is because life drawing is a fundamental requirement in all disciplines of art from basic sketching to detailed paintings. This paper examines selected work of students to determine the extent to which they are able to achieve this objective within the unit prescribed duration of one semester. The paper also seeks to determine whether the work produced meets the standard of drawing required at this level which then enables the students to subsequently embark on other units of drawing moving forward. This is critical since they are required to apply their life drawing skills in other units as a matter of routine individual expression. In this regard, if they are required to draw or paint an imaginative composition, they would be expected to depict human figures which not only fit within the composition and are well executed but also express the students’ ability to interpret themes and formulate subject matter. For the purpose of these exercises and in order to focus solely on the objectives of human figure composition and detailed development, the students were confined to the use of pencil for the layout, shading and detailing of their work. This is because pencil provides a wide range of manoeuvre for this kind of exercise. In this series of drawings, the students used one particular female model which provided them with the opportunity to visually interact with the individual model and be able to study and observe how the life model adjusts to various poses. This was designed to help draw inspiration as well as make the drawing exercises methodical, enjoyable and purposeful.

How to Build a Super Predator: From Genotype to Phenotype.

We present a drawing discovery lab that crosscuts multiple disciplines in biology and links concepts in genetics and evolutionary thinking to enhance understanding of the genotype-to-phenotype transformation. These combined concepts are also linked to ecological frameworks in nature through the model of biological plasticity. Students and teachers explore drawing skills to flesh out the future of a predator while engaging with the computational software MEGA, which introduces students and teachers to nucleotide changes, mutations, variation, phylogenetics, and molecular evolution.

실내디자인 관련 학과 대학생의 공간 지각능력과 투시도 드로잉의 상관관계 연구

This study aims to analyze the correlation between spatial perception ability and perspective drawing ability of university students in the interior design department. A correlation between spatial perception and perspective drawing of university students in interior design related departments has been recognized. For this empirical study, the theoretical background has been built up by documentary research as phase 1 and a survey was conducted by university (6universities) students majoring in interior design from Seoul, Ulsan, Gyeonggi-do Province, Chungcheongnam-do Province, Gyeongsangnam-do Province as phase 2. IBM SPSS 22.0 statistic package was used to analyze survey data for statistical processing. To analyze the demographic characteristics of the study subject, frequency analysis was conducted. To analyze mean and standard deviation(SD), the descriptive statistics was conducted. To figure out variable differences followed by subjects’ characteristics, two-sample t-test and one-way ANOVA have been conducted. Scheffe has been utilized for doing ad-hoc tests. To examine the correlation between perceptions and perspective drawing, Pearson’s correlation coefficients were checked. The result showed that there was a positive (+) correlation between students perceptions and perspective drawing skills, which means that a student with a strong spatial visualization ability and a spatial orientation ability has strong the perspective drawing ability as well. The spatial vectorization ability has a higher influence on the perspective drawing ability than that of spatial visualization ability. From this research, the perspective drawing ability and spatial perception ability of students should be enhanced through major courses, and professors should be able to make them fulfill their abilities.

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ИЗОБРАЗИТЕЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ СТАРШИХ ДОШКОЛЬНИКОВ С ЗАДЕРЖКОЙ ПСИХИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ

The article presents experimental results of studying the graphic activity of older preschool children with mental retardation in comparison with normally developing peers. The article analyzes modern studies of graphic activity in relation to children with disabilities and with normative development. Scientific works devoted to the graphic activity of preschool children with mental retardation are considered. The author presents a diagnostic program for the study of graphic activity in older preschoolers, aimed at identifying the formation of children's subject and plot drawing, drawing by design; determining the level of development of drawing skills (image proportionality, adequacy of color use, graphomotor skills). Experimental results of the study of the drawings of preschool children with mental retardation in comparison with the normally developing peers are described. The author highlights the features of the formation of the idea, the main characteristics of the subject and scene pictures, describes the color rendering, spatial parameters of the image, the specifics of detailing, hatching, stroke, line technique, etc. The authors sets out the general criteria for evaluating drawing as a type of graphic activity in older preschoolers: the content side of the drawing; independence of the image design; the level of formation of drawing skills; color transfer; development of technical and graphomotor skills. The description of the developed levels of development of drawing in the senior preschool age is presented.

An Obituary to Jacques Glowinski (1936–2020)

This is an obituary of Dr. Jacques Glowinski (1936-2020), one of the last «giants» of Neuropharmacology trained in the sixties in the laboratory of Julius Axelrod (Nobel Prize in 1970). He was a founding father of this discipline in France and his famous laboratory (INSERM Unit 114) at the Collège de France in Paris has trained for 40 years (1966-2006) generations of fellows who became leader neuroscientists in France and abroad. His most important scientific contributions completely revisited the regulatory mechanisms of central dopaminergic neurotransmission and its implications in neuropsychiatric disorders.

‘Drawing with My Students’ - The Role of Surrealism in Self-Expression among University Art Students. Analysis of Selected Surrealistic Work by Fourth Year Students at Kenyatta University

Surrealistic art is one of the most engaging and intriguing art genres. Surrealism itself is considered to have been the most influential art movement of the 20th century. Started in the 1920s as a literary movement that eventually took on a visual dimension, its foundational principles have continued to influence the thought process and style of many modern artists in the realm of self-expression. In their studies of many disciplines in the art including genres of painting, drawing and sculpture, students of art at the University usually find the concept of surrealism initially difficult to decipher mainly because of the uniqueness of its own description. The dream-like imageries of surrealism are derived from dreams and the unconscious mind; hence, the students have to contend with the derivation of subject matter from an unusual source. This is challenging for most of them since they are used to formulating subject matter from a purely academic perspective and from themes that they ordinarily relate to in their environment or can easily reference. Although students embark on drawing from their first year of study, they are introduced to surrealistic drawing as a unit in their final year. With their drawing background, it is presumed that by their final year, they have attained adequate levels of drawing skills for application in any artistic challenge. This study examines, through analysis of selected works, firstly, the extent to which students are able to internalise the concept of surrealism and apply it in the construction of the artistic composition, and secondly whether their drawings demonstrate an individual capacity for self-expression and the derivation of meaning, through dream-like imageries drawn from the unconscious mind. The students were exposed to preliminary studies and examination of surrealistic work, discussions of subject matter, origination, style and technique in the course of their unit programme. For the purpose of uniformity of medium, they were instructed to work only in pencil. They were subsequently accorded adequate time and space to embark on their work with class presentations and discussions at prescribed intervals. The resultant drawings were many and varied and the ones selected are those that displayed good artistic execution and/or displayed a certain profoundness of meaning or interpretation.

New indices to characterize drawing behavior in humans (Homo sapiens) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Techniques used in cave art suggest that drawing skills emerged long before the oldest known representative human productions (44,000 years bc). This study seeks to improve our knowledge of the evolutionary origins and the ontogenetic development of drawing behavior by studying drawings of humans (N = 178, 3- to 10-year-old children and adults) and chimpanzees (N = 5). Drawings were characterized with an innovative index based on spatial measures which provides the degree of efficiency for the lines that are drawn. Results showed that this index was lowest in chimpanzees, increased and reached its maximum between 5-year-old and 10-year-old children and decreased in adults, whose drawing efficiency was reduced by the addition of details. Drawings of chimpanzees are not random suggesting that their movements are constrained by cognitive or locomotor aspect and we cannot conclude to the absence of representativeness. We also used indices based on colors and time and asked children about what they drew. These indices can be considered relevant tools to improve our understanding of drawing development and evolution in hominids.

ANALISIS KETERAMPILAN GEOMETRI SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH TRANSFORMASI DAN KESEBANGUNAN GEOMETRI RUMAH ADAT OSING

This research aims to determine the geometry ability of class XI students in solving transformation problems and geometric building problems of the Osingese traditional house. The subjects of this study were 6 students of class XI MIPA 4 SMAN 1 Tegaldlimo. Students are given questions of geometric transformation skills and geometric building problems tests, followed by interviews. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive study. The results obtained in the transformation of skills are students with high math scores first have all skills, students with low math scores first have all skills except applied skills, students with medium mathematics scores first only have drawing skills and applied skills, and students with moderate math scores second and second low math score students only have drawing skills. As for geometric building problem skills, almost all students have all skills. The second moderate math score students and first low math students had all skills except, applied skills.