Athletic Skills Research Articles

Knowledge and Participation of Physical Education Teachers in the Official Sports Events

21st century teachers are expected to develop 21st century competencies in students in more diverse classrooms, while increasing the study of teaching and learning. Teachers must update their teaching techniques, adopt creative teaching methods, and mobilize multiple sources of information to achieve this goal. In this paper, 150 teachers from Guangdong University of Science and Technology (GUT), Guangdong Foreign Studies University (GUFS) and Guangdong Institute of Science and Technology (GDPST) were evaluated by using literature, expert interviews, questionnaire and mathematical statistics to evaluate their knowledge in physical education teaching, including their physical education teaching experience, contact with students and their knowledge The ability to integrate teaching technology. This will further determine the level of teachers' participation in official sporting events, including their willingness, athletic skills and the impact of participation. The main conclusions of the study are as follows:1. The sample used in the study was primarily composed of teachers that were aged 25-29 years old and were mostly female. Their teaching experience ranged from 10 years and above, making the sample have a large population of well-experienced educators. Lastly, during sports events, these teachers would mostly have the role of being officials when participating. 2.For teaching knowledge, the respondents showed to have agreeable positive responses in all fields of experience, engagement, and technology. Although, the knowledge on technology scored the highest, indicating that the respondents had more knowledge in using this when participating in sports events. 3.The assessments showed no significant relationship in the teachers’ knowledge in teaching sports when compared to the different demographic factors assessed. 4.For teachers’ participation in sports events, there was a fairly agreeable positive assessment for the overall analysis. Although when looking at the indicators individually, only the impacts from participation scored positively, making this a strong indicator in the teachers’ participation. On the other hand, willingness and skills scored poorly, indicating the need to improve these two areas.5. The assessments showed no significant relationship in the teachers’ participation in sports when compared to the different demographic factors assessed. 6.Lastly, a positive correlation was found only between the teachers’ engagement and the teachers’ impacts from participation, confirming that these two indicators are linked and affect one another in the study.

Effects of Various Caffeine Doses on Cognitive Abilities in Female Athletes with Low Caffeine Consumption.

Caffeine (CAF), a prevalent psychoactive stimulant, is believed to potentially enhance cognitive ability. However, studies on the effects of various doses are limited and yield inconsistent results, particularly in female athletes. Therefore, we aimed to assess the association between three different dosages of CAF intake (low, moderate, and high) and cognitive skills in female athletes with low CAF consumption. This study had a randomized, crossover, double-blind design in which each athlete performed four experimental sessions after ingesting either a placebo (PLAC), 3 mg·kg-1 of CAF (3 mg of CAF), 6 mg·kg-1 of CAF (6 mg of CAF), or 9 mg·kg-1 of CAF (9 mg of CAF) with an in-between washout period of at least 72 h. Following a 60 min window post-capsule consumption, fourteen female athletes (age: 17.4 ± 0.8 years) were assessed through various cognitive tests, namely, simple reaction time (SRT), choice reaction time (CRT), and attentional task (AT) tests, along with the mental rotation test (MRT). Additionally, they were required to complete a questionnaire about the undesirable side effects of CAF. Our results indicated that, compared to those of PLAC, the SRT, CRT, and AT performance were significantly improved following the administration of both 3 mg of CAF and 6 mg of CAF. While the greatest enhancement was observed after consuming 3 mg of CAF, no significant differences were found between the effects of 3 mg and 6 mg of CAF. Interestingly, MRT performance did not improve with any of the CAF dosages. Moreover, the ingestion of 9 mg of CAF did not enhance cognitive skills and was linked to the highest occurrence of CAF-related side effects. In conclusion, our results highlight the recommendation for a low CAF dosage of 3 mg·kg-1, in contrast to a higher dose of 6 mg·kg-1 or 9 mg·kg-1 of CAF, to enhance various aspects of cognitive performance in female athletes with low CAF consumption without adverse side effects.

Transcranial direct current stimulation over prefrontal cortex did not improve the decision-making skill of athletes exposed to prolonged social media use: a crossover and randomised investigation

ABSTRACT In the sport literature body, mental fatigue has been shown to impair decision-making skills, and tDCS over PFC is an alternative countermeasure for this phenomenon that has aroused interest. Thus, this study aimed to verify the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over prefrontal cortex (PFC) on the attack decision-making skill of beach volleyball players exposed to prolonged social media use. An experimental crossover and randomised design was used in this study. Twelve male beach volleyball players underwent tDCS [anodal Fz (10/20 system), 2 mA] and sham conditions. In both conditions, the players used social media for 30 min on their smartphones (mental fatigue protocol) and tDCS was applied for 20 min immediately prior attack decision-making task. Mental fatigue was measured using a visual analogue scale, executive functions (inhibitory control) were verified using the Strop task, and decision-making skill was assessed using the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) for attack and counterattack actions. There was an increase in subjective mental fatigue after social media use (pre: 1.233 ± 0.334 vs. post: 1.455 ± 0.302, p = .022, d = 0.697, moderate effect). However, Stroop and decision-making performance were similar across conditions (p > .05). In conclusion, tDCS over the PFC did not reduce mental fatigue caused by social media. Moreover, this montage did not improve the inhibitory control or attacking decision-making skills of beach volleyball players.

Improving Mental Skills in Precision Sports by Using Neurofeedback Training: A Narrative Review.

Primary objectives of neurofeedback training (NFT) are to improve concentration, stress and anxiety management, and performance optimisation. This narrative review examines the role of NFT as a tool to improve mental and cognitive skills of target shooting and archery athletes. Current research discusses how neurofeedback training can act on brain waves by influencing specific EEG frequency bands in order to improve cognitive flexibility. This contribution reports studies that have applied neurofeedback protocols in precision disciplines such as archery and shooting. The results of the studies considered showed that neurofeedback can lead to faster reaction times, more sustained attention, and better emotion management, contributing significantly to athletes' performance. Furthermore, it is emphasised that neurofeedback could be combined with other techniques such as motor imagination to maximise effectiveness in precision sports training. This review emphasises the importance of future studies that focus on the integration of neurofeedback with biofeedback in neuromodulation protocols. Current perspectives and limitations of research in this area are also indicated. Neuromodulation by means of neurofeedback represents a promising strategy to improve the overall mental and cognitive abilities of target shooting and archery athletes with an interesting potential for high-level performance. Future research should focus on integrated approaches and customised protocols to optimise the use of neurofeedback in a precision sports context.

The Effect of Sneaking APE and HOP Exercises on Scrick Kicking Ability in BKMF Pencak Silat FIK UNM Athletes

Based on data results, the influence of Sneaking APE and HOP Training on Scythe Kick Skills in BKMF Pencak Silat FIK UNM Athletes. is from the results of the analysis From the T-test data, the sneaking and Hop training test on the Crescent Kick Skills of BKMF Pencak Silat FIK UNM Athletes obtained the value of the paired T-test variable test data. Sneaking Ape and Hop Training on the Crescent Kick Skills of BKMF Pencak Silat FIK UNM Athletes obtained the sneaking value N ( sample ) 15 people, has an initial value of 77.3333, a final value of 89.4667, a difference of 12.1333 with a sig value of 0.000. It can be interpreted that the effect of sneaking training on the Sickle Kick of BKMF Pencak Silat FIK UNM Athletes has an influence with a difference of 12.1333, from the paired T-test test data the hop training variable on the Sickle Kick of BKMF Pencak Silat FIK UNM Athletes obtained a hop N value (sample) of 15 people, has an initial value of 77.1333. The final value of 79.7333, difference of 2.60000 with a sig value of .000. It can be interpreted that the effect of hop training on the sickle kicks of BKMF Pencak Silat FIK UNM athletes has an influence with a difference of 2.60000 and the paired T-test test data for the Sneaking Ape and Hop training variables on the sickle kick skills of BKMF Pencak Silat FIK UNM athletes obtained a value of N (sample) 15 people, have a sneaking difference of 12.1333 and a difference value of 2.60000 with a sig value of .000. It can be interpreted that the effect of sneaking Ape and Hop training on the Scythe Kicks of BKMF Pencak Silat FIK UNM Athletes has a greater influence, Sneaking Ape training is because it has a bigger difference involving 30 samples divided into 2 groups.

Temporal samples of visual information guides skilled interception.

This study investigated whether performance of an interceptive skill requires an intact visual-perception-action cycle. Eleven skilled male Australian rules football athletes (Mage = 17.54, SD = 0.15) were recruited from an elite developmental pathway squad for a within-subject study. Participants were required to kick a ball directly at a goal from a 20-meter distance while wearing a pair of stroboscopic glasses. The glasses were used to create four vision conditions. Condition one kept intact the visual-perception-action cycle with uninterrupted vision of the motor skill. Three other conditions included stroboscopic vision that presented temporal samples of vision, which interrupted the perception-action cycle through progressive increases to intermittent vision occlusion of the motor skill. Goal kick error of ball position relative to a central target line within the goal and number of successful goals kicked were measured. Written report of internal and external focus of attention was also measured after each vision condition. Generalized estimating equation analysis did not reveal a significant decrement in kick target error, nor accuracy of goals scored, across normal to stroboscopic vision conditions. Performance was maintained despite a shift in attention focus from external to internal across normal to stroboscopic vision conditions. These findings have theoretical and practical implications for the visual regulation of skilled interceptive actions.

Classification of athletes with disorders of mental and physical development

The article reveals the problematic issues of selecting athletes with mental and physical disabilities to participate in official all-Ukrainian and international Paralympic sports competitions. It has been established that the solution to this problem prompts the study of the peculiarities of the classification of athletes with mental and physical disabilities in order to allow them to compete. It has been proven that one of the best means of strengthening mental and physical health is physical education. For people with disabilities, this is an adaptive sport, which is aimed at the formation of athletic skills in people with mental disabilities and their achievement of high results in various types of sports. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the classification of athletes with mental and physical disabilities according to the existing international rules for specific types of sports. The minimum classification standard for admission to competitions in athletics, table tennis and swimming for athletes with mental and physical disabilities has been developed, intended for national application level during the all-Ukrainian qualifying and final competitions, All-Ukrainian Spartakiade among children with disabilities “Believe in yourself”, Ukrainian table tennis championships and cups in accordance with the Virtus guidelines. The minimum classification standard takes into account the specifics of the procedure of psychological classification of athletes with mental and physical disabilities which is carried out on the basis of current documents and Virtus recommendations. The minimum classification standard allows to algorithmize the classification procedure of athletes with mental and physical disabilities taking into account its crucial importance for determining the right to participate in competitions.

Comparative Assessment Of Body Indicators For Highly Qualified Athletes Specializing In Cyclic Sports

The article discusses a comparative assessment of physique indicators among highly qualified athletes specializing in cyclic sports. Studies have shown that morphological characteristics that have prognostic significance at the initial stages of a long-term training process and retain their information content as the sports skills of athletes competing in cyclic sports increase include: body length and weight, chest circumference, length of the thigh, lower leg, muscle mass of the thigh and lower leg , and the somatotype that most corresponds to the needs of this specialization is the ectomesomorphic somatotype.

Assessing the validity and reliability of a baseball pitch discrimination online task

ABSTRACT There has been an increasing interest in training perceptual skills in sports through online video-based methods, particularly in baseball. However, there is little empirical evidence related to the reliability and validity of such online methods for the assessment of these skill. Here we developed an online task to assess pitch discrimination and evaluated (a) inter-item reliability, (b) reliability in assessment compared to an in-person task, also tapping into external validity and (c) discriminability across different skill groups. We also compared performance on a non-sport specific Dynamic Visual Acuity task (DVA), thought to tap into underlying visual skills comprising pitch discrimination. Skilled, Varsity-level baseball players (n = 17) were compared to novices (n = 14) when discriminating pitches thrown by two different pitchers, across three pitch types, edited to progressively remove sections of ball flight (3 time points). The online task discriminated across skill groups, showed good reliability across repeated viewings and from the online task to an in-person assessment of skilled athletes (n = 8). There were, however, differences in reliability and discriminant validity based on the type of pitcher, with one pitcher being responded to more accurately and reliably. Skilled participants showed good discriminability between fastballs and change-ups. There were no group differences for DVA, nor did it correlate with pitch discrimination for the skilled group. These data illustrate the reliability of online video assessments, but raise issues concerning discriminability across different pitchers and when standing ready to swing. Greater sensitivity testing of such assessments is still needed, within and across skill groups.

An interdisciplinary framework to optimize the anticipation skills of high-level athletes using virtual reality.

The ambition of our contribution is to show how an interdisciplinary framework can pave the way for the deployment of innovative virtual reality training sessions to improve anticipation skills in top-level athletes. This improvement is so challenging that some authors say it is like "training for the impossible". This framework, currently being implemented as part of a project to prepare athletes for the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris, based on the ecological-dynamics approach to expertise, is innovative in its interdisciplinary nature, but also and above all because it overcomes the limitations of more traditional training methods in the field designed to optimize anticipation skills in top-level athletes. The ambition is to tackle successive challenges ranging from the design of virtual partners and opponents to the deployment of training programs in virtual reality, while ensuring the acceptability and acceptance of such innovative virtual reality training protocols and measuring associated workloads.

Проблеми контролю техніко-тактичної підготовленості тхеквондистів високої кваліфікації

Purpose: to analyze the current state of the problem of controlling the technical and tactical preparedness of highly qualified taekwondo players on the basis of scientific and methodological literature. Material and Methods. Research methods: analysis of special, scientific and methodical literature and the Internet, analysis of documentary materials. Results: on the basis of the analysis of scientific and methodical literature the modern tendencies of development of taekwondo of the World Taekwondo Federation, features of technical and tactical preparedness of sportsmen who specialize in taekwondo of the World Taekwondo Federation and criteria of its effectiveness are characterized. The consideration of scientific data on control, accumulated in the theory and methodology of sports training of highly qualified taekwondoists, testifies to the insufficient volume of both theoretical and experimental material on organizational and methodical bases of control of technical and tactical fitness, reserves are noted concerning scientific substantiation of means and methods of control which would correspond to the content of load of technical and tactical training and conditions of competitive activity of sportsmen at the stage of maximum realization of individual possibilities and modern Conclusions. It is established that the problem of control of technical and tactical preparedness of highly skilled taekwondo sportsmen is investigated more from the side of an estimation of technical and tactical actions of competitive activity, and in the process of preparation - measures of control of this type of preparedness are carried out more on a subjective estimation by a coach of the level of mastering of technical and tactical techniques that complicates processes of tracking of progress or decrease of quantitative and qualitative indicators and does not clearly define criteria of their effectiveness. Keywords: martial arts, taekwondo, control, technical and tactical preparedness, highly skilled athletes.

Changes in Motor Competence of 4-8-Year-Old Children: A Longitudinal Study.

The development of children's motor competence (MC) from early to middle childhood can follow different courses. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to describe and quantify the prevalence of patterns of MC development from early to middle childhood and to identify undesirable patterns. The study used a longitudinal design. Data were collected in three consecutive years, between February 2020 (T0) and May 2022 (T2). A total of 1128 typically developing Dutch children (50.2% male) between 4 and 6 years old at baseline (M = 5.35 ± 0.69 years) participated in this study. MC was measured with the Athletic Skills Track and converted into Motor Quotient (MQ) scores. To convert all individual MQ scores into meaningful patterns of MC development, changes in MQ categories were analyzed between the different timepoints. A total of 11 different developmental patterns were found. When grouping the different patterns, five undesirable patterns were found with 18.2% of the children, showing an undesirable pattern of MC development between T0 and T2. The patterns of motor development of the other children showed a normal or fluctuating course. There is a lot of variation in MC in early and middle childhood. A substantial percentage of young children showed undesirable MC developmental patterns emphasizing the need for early and targeted interventions.

Optimization of motor skill analysis and feedback based on intelligent sensing devices in track and field training

Abstract Athletic performance is affected by a variety of conditions, and effective monitoring, combined analysis, and objective feedback of motor state parameters are important for improving athletes’ athletic skills. The study involved the use of sensing devices to gather data on the movements of athletes during track and field training, calculating the Euclidean distance between their initial positions, and detecting their movement trajectories. During movement, the stride cycle is detected using the time window, and then the movement posture is recognized using the cosine measure method and Softmax regression algorithm. Finally, based on this method, a real-time feedback optimization system for motion data based on intelligent sensing devices has been designed. It is found that the motion detection algorithm proposed in this paper has an accuracy of over 98% in recognizing the motion postures, and can support the motion analysis and feedback of the track and field training process. The mean score of track and field athletes’ performance in motor skills after the application of the real-time feedback optimization system was 85.64 points, which was significantly different from that of athletes with traditional training (P=0.042<0.05). The feedback optimization system for track and field training proposed in this paper can assist coaches in developing scientific and reasonable track and field training methods and promote the innovation and intelligent development of track and field training.

Integrating Resistance Training Into Secondary School Physical Education Lessons: Effects of a 6-Week Intervention on Athletic Motor Skill Competencies.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of resistance training (RT) in physical education lessons on athletic motor skill competencies in secondary school children. Seventy-eight males were randomized into experimental year groups or a control group. Experimental groups participated in RT during physical education lessons for a 6-week half-term. The control group continued with their games-based curriculum. Countermovement jump (CMJ) height, seated medicine ball throw (SMBT) distance, and RT skills battery scores were measured preintervention and postintervention. All experimental groups significantly improved SMBT distance and RT skills quotient (P < .05). All intervention year groups also significantly improved CMJ height (P < .05), except for year 9. Although the control group did not show improvements in CMJ height and RT skills quotient, there was a significant improvement in SMBT distance (P < .05). The year 7 and 8 males exhibited greater improvements in CMJ height and SMBT distance (d = 0.21-0.79) than in year 9 (d = 0.00-0.40). Results of the study indicated that a 6-week half-term RT intervention in physical education lessons can improve athletic motor skill competencies (P < .05, d = 0.21-2.51) in male youths.

The Impact of Game-Based Education on the Development of Balance and Athletic Skills: An Experimental Study

The Impact of Game-Based Education on the Development of Balance and Athletic Skills: An Experimental Study

The Impact of Media Representation on Female Athlete Identity and Self-Perception

Objective: This study explores the impact of media representation on female athlete identity and self-perception. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing semi-structured interviews to collect data. Twenty-four female athletes, aged 18 to 35, from various sports disciplines in Istanbul participated. The interviews, conducted in Turkish, lasted between 60 to 90 minutes and were transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was performed using NVivo software, allowing for the identification of key themes and subthemes related to media representation, identity construction, self-perception, and coping mechanisms. The study continued data collection until theoretical saturation was achieved. Findings: Thematic analysis revealed four main themes: media representation, identity construction, self-perception, and coping mechanisms. Participants reported stereotypical portrayals emphasizing physical appearance and emotional attributes over athletic skills. Media visibility was significantly lower for female athletes compared to their male counterparts, impacting their professional identity and opportunities. The internalization of stereotypes and media-driven body ideals affected their self-esteem and body image, contributing to performance anxiety and mental health challenges. Participants employed various coping mechanisms, including resilience building, support networks, media literacy, advocacy, and personal strategies, to manage the negative impacts of media representation. Conclusion: Media representation profoundly influences female athletes' identity and self-perception, often reinforcing stereotypes and cultural biases. Equitable media coverage focusing on athletic achievements and personal stories is crucial for fostering positive self-identity among female athletes. Practical steps, including media training, advocacy, and promoting media literacy, are essential to create a more inclusive and supportive media environment.

A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Exercise Training in Promoting Physical Fitness and Health in College Students

Abstract As we all know, a healthy body is a guarantee that students to do better in their studies, so students’ health should not be neglected in the process of students’ development. This study examines the impact of exercise training on the physical health of college students by combining college physical education teaching and exercise training. Sixty students from a college in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, were selected as experimental subjects. The effect of exercise training on college students’ physical fitness and health promotion was studied using pre- and post-test analysis of data, correlation analysis, and multiple regression, and an independent t-test was performed on the study subjects. There were significant differences (P&lt;0.05) in the physical fitness of the students in the experimental group. The only indicators that did not show significant differences were the seated forward bend, the 800-meter run, and the 1000-meter run, where the P values were &gt;0.05. There is no significant difference between the indicators of physical function. It indicates that sports training has a significant effect on promoting physical fitness improvement in students. The students’ body mechanics and physical fitness improved significantly after 12 weeks of sports training. It shows that exercise training helps to improve students’ body mechanics and physical fitness. There was a multidimensional association between students’ physical fitness and athletic training skills, and there was a significant positive correlation between students’ functional movements, physical fitness, and body mechanics on total athletic training, recovery training, and sports fitness training.

Commit to your putting stroke: exploring the impact of quiet eye duration and neural activity on golf putting performance.

There is a growing interest in characterizing the cognitive-motor processes that underlie superior performance in highly skilled athletes. The aim of this study was to explore neural markers of putting performance in highly skilled golfers by recording mobile EEG (electroencephalogram) during the pre-shot period. Twenty-eight right-handed participants (20 males) with a mean age of 24.2 years (± 6.4) and an average handicap of +1.7 (± 6.4) completed a testing session. Following the warm-up, participants completed 140 putts from a distance of 8ft (2.4m), with putts taken from 5 different positions. While putting, participants wore an eye tracker and a gel-based EEG system with 32 electrodes. Time and frequency domain features of the EEG signals were extracted to characterize Movement-Related Cortical Potentials (MRCP) and rhythmic modulations of neural activity in theta, alpha, sensorimotor and beta frequency bands associated with putting performance. Eye-tracking data demonstrate that mean Quiet Eye durations are not a reliable marker of expertise as the same duration was found for both successful and unsuccessful putts. Following rigorous data processing data from 12 participants (8 males, mean age 21.6 years ± 5.4, average handicap +1.5 ± 4.4) were included in the EEG analysis. MRCP analysis revealed performance-based differences, with unsuccessful putts having a greater negative amplitude in comparison to successful putts. Time frequency analysis of the EEG data revealed that successful putts exhibit distinct neural activity profiles compared to unsuccessful ones. For successful putts, greater suppression of beta was present in the central region prior to the putt. By contrast, increased frontal theta power was present for unsuccessful putts immediately before the putt (consistent with hesitation and the need for motor plan adjustments prior to execution). We propose that neural activity may provide plausible insights into the mechanisms behind why identical QE durations can lead to both success and failure. From an applied perspective, this study highlights the merits of a multi-measure approach to gain further insights into performance differences within highly skilled golfers. We discuss considerations for future research and solutions to address the challenges related to the complexities of collecting clean EEG signals within naturalistic sporting contexts.

Development of Normative Data of the Athletic Skill Track and Development Coordination Disorder Questionnaire in Children

Background: The escalating prevalence of pediatric obesity and the concomitant decline in physical activity levels have underscored the imperative to rigorously assess motor competencies in the younger demographic. The Athletic Skill Track (AST) and Development Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) are pivotal instruments in this context. However, normative benchmarks for these tools, particularly within the Pakistani pediatric milieu, remain inadequately delineated. Objective: This investigation aimed to establish preliminary normative benchmarks for AST and DCDQ among a cohort of children aged 4 to 12 years in Lahore, Pakistan. A secondary objective involved delineating gender disparities in test performance and elucidating the correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI) and test outcomes. Methods: Adopting a cross-sectional study framework, data were collated from an urban-based private school in Lahore, utilizing convenience sampling methods. The participant pool comprised 500 healthy children within the 4-12 age bracket. The research protocol encompassed anthropometric measurements and subsequent administration of AST and DCDQ. Data analysis was executed utilizing SPSS software, version 28.0. Results: The study unveiled a marked gender-based disparity in AST performance, with boys manifesting superior rapidity across all AST tracks (AST 1: Mean=21.84, SD=4.99; AST 2: Mean=22.66, SD=5.083; AST 3: Mean=20.23, SD=4.76). An age-progressive enhancement in test performance was evident, as reflected in the linear decrement in completion times for AST-1 and AST-2 with advancing age. This trend, however, exhibited deviations from extant literature in specific cohorts, particularly in nine-year-old participants. In the realm of DCDQ outcomes, a significant positive correlation with age was observed, suggesting developmental advancements in coordination skills. The gender analysis revealed that boys outperformed girls in DCDQ assessments (Boys: Mean=60.17, SD=5.87; Girls: Mean=57.45, SD=7.09). Conclusion: The present study enriches the extant body of knowledge by providing essential normative data for AST and DCDQ within a Pakistani pediatric population. It underscores notable gender and age-related variances in motor skills and coordination, offering critical insights for the formulation of targeted interventions and early detection strategies in motor skill development.

Athletic Coping Skills, Satisfaction, and Success in KAKOM Sport Competition

Athletic Coping Skills, Satisfaction, and Success in KAKOM Sport Competition