Pavement Skid Resistance Research Articles

Review of Factors Controlling Skid Resistance at Tire-Pavement Interface

Road safety is of prime importance for pavement engineers and maintenance authorities. Pavement resistance to skidding of the vehicle has long been recognized as one of the leading parameters governing road safety and driving comfort, especially in wet weather conditions. The knowledge of skid resistance offered by pavement surface is very valuable information for road safety enhancements. Skid resistance is defined as the force developed when a tire that is prevented from rotation slides along the pavement surface. Evaluation of skid resistance over time and estimation of factors influencing it are important for pavement maintenance and rehabilitation planning. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of various research works carried out for assessing critical parameters like surface texture, tire tread, rain intensity, temperature, loading condition, tire inflation pressure, and pavement type which control skid resistance of asphalt pavement at tire-road interface significantly. First, a brief overview of skid resistance and its importance in asphalt pavement is provided. Then, critical parameters influencing skid resistance are identified and reviewed more elaborately. Furthermore, the key relationship between skid resistance and various controlling parameters is reviewed and presented for a better understanding of skid variation analysis. Finally, a general discussion on skid resistance governing factors, their relative importance in maintaining safety and pavement performance, the complexity involved in computation, and established relationships with skid resistance is briefly summarized.

Improved GM-SVR combined prediction model of pavement skid resistance condition based on finite data

The pavement skid resistance condition of expressway has an important impact on driving safety. With the increase of service life, the pavement skid resistance condition decreases year by year, and an accurate prediction model is of great significance to improve the level of traffic safety. Firstly, the improved GM (1, 1) model and support vector machine regression model are established, and then the two are combined by entropy weight method to obtain the GM-SVR prediction model. In this paper, the skidding resistance index (SRI) of a certain section of Lezi expressway for limited years (2016, 2018 and 2020) is used as the basic data to predict the SRI values in 2021 and 2022. In order to verify the accuracy of the model, the pavement condition index (PCI) of the same road section in 2013, 2015 and 2017 are used as the basic data to predict the PCI values in 2018 and 2019; Taking MAE, MSE and MAPE as test indicators, the predicted values and measured values in 2018 and 2019 are compared and analyzed to test the prediction accuracy.

Evaluation of Various Surface Cleaning Techniques Inside Tunnels on Pavement Skid Resistance.

A request started a comprehensive investigation on the Skid Resistance (SR) inside a highway tunnel in Madrid, Spain, to determine methods that will improve or maintain the SR above the minimum required level (60), after the application of Hydroblasting, without the need of pavement surface rehabilitation. The right lane located on eight sections inside tunnel XC was used as a test section, in which three went thru the application of water pressure applied weekly, biweekly, and monthly. Three other sections for surface sweeping at the same frequencies and two untreated sections as control. Using the Microgriptester, weekly SR measurements taken before and after tracked the pavement response. Results showed that SR decreased weekly depending on the frequency of the treatment applied and for higher frequencies, SR was almost at the same level. Water pressure and sweeping applied weekly, biweekly, and monthly, during the two months testing period, maintained the SR level above the required value of 60 and the untreated sections showed that pavement surface must be treated to maintain the SR above 60.

The Influence of Aeolian Sand on the Anti-Skid Characteristics of Asphalt Pavement.

The influence of sand accumulation on the skid resistance of asphalt pavement was studied. Many scholars have researched the anti-skid performance of conventional asphalt pavements. However, there is a lack of research on the anti-skid performance of desert roads under the condition of sand accumulation. In this study, AC-13 and AC-16 asphalt mixtures were used. The British Pendulum Number (BPN) under different sand accumulations was measured with a pendulum friction coefficient meter, and the Ames engineering texture scanner was used to obtain different sand accumulations. The texture index of asphalt mixture was used to study the macro and micro texture of asphalt pavement under different amounts of sand accumulation, and the degree of influence of different particle sizes on BPN was obtained through gray correlation analysis. The test results show that the presence of aeolian sand has a significant impact on the macro and micro texture of the asphalt pavement and will cause the anti-skid performance to decrease. Moreover, there is an apparent positive linear correlation between the road surface texture index and BPN. The research results may provide reference and reference for the design and maintenance of desert highways.

Promoting the pavement skid resistance estimation by extracting tire-contacted texture based on 3D surface data

The pavement skid resistance is of vital importance for road safety and maintenance. The existing studies mainly calculates various parameters of pavement texture to evaluate the skid resistance. However, most researchers mainly calculate the whole texture parameters, but rarely consider which part of the texture is actually involved in the friction. This paper studies the measurement and calculation of the tire-pavement contact area and its influence on the skid resistance prediction. In this study, we proposed a set of methods to predict the rubber-contacted pavement area percentage and to extract the rubber-contacted texture. Besides, the skid resistance prediction models based on high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) surface data of the whole and the contacted texture are built and compared. The results show that when the rubber-contacted percentage is set at 20% or ̃% (the predicted percentages), the accuracy of the prediction model is higher. It is demonstrated that the performance of the skid resistance prediction will be improved by extracting the contacted texture. Also, the amount of data can be considerably reduced, which will effectively relieves computational cost.

The Influence of Asphalt Mixture Components on Pavement Skid Resistance and Accident Rate in Urban Un-signalized Intersections

The Influence of Asphalt Mixture Components on Pavement Skid Resistance and Accident Rate in Urban Un-signalized Intersections

Developing a skid resistance prediction model for newly built pavement: application to a case study of steel bridge deck pavement

Skid resistance is vital to road safety. The skid resistance of steel bridge deck pavement (SBDP) is particularly important due to the special operating conditions and unique structure features for bridges. This study aims to propose an effective method to predict the skid resistance of newly built SBDP at the design stage. First, the experiment was designed by Taguchi method to get the skid resistance-related data. Secondly, sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of material design and construction factors on the skid resistance. Finally, a prediction model based on GA-BP neural network (back propagation network optimised by genetic algorithm) was developed. Results show that the mixture design parameters have stronger influences on the skid resistance than the construction factors of SBDP. From this study, the 9-14-1 (Input neurons – Hidden neurons – Output neuron) GA-BP model with the population size of 60 could yield an acceptable prediction result for the skid resistance.

The Effect of Pavement Texture on the Performance of Skid Resistance of Asphalt Pavement Based on the Hilbert-Huang Transform

The Effect of Pavement Texture on the Performance of Skid Resistance of Asphalt Pavement Based on the Hilbert-Huang Transform

Effect of coarse aggregate mineralogy on micro-texture deterioration and polished stone value

The objective of the study presented in the paper is to identify the mineralogical parameters that influence both micro-texture deterioration and Polished Stone Value (PSV), which are the two most important properties of the aggregates that control the pavement skid resistance. The study was carried out on fourteen sources of aggregates which belong to either igneous or metamorphic rock category, the two most commonly used aggregate categories for surface course mixtures in India. PSV of aggregates was determined as per BS EN 1097-8: 2009. To investigate the progressive extent of polishing, the British Pendulum Number (BPN) of the aggregate was determined after every hour of polishing. Simultaneously, the mineralogical parameters were also obtained based on the microscopic observations of the thin sections of the aggregates. From accelerated polishing tests, it was observed that igneous aggregates, especially granites, were found to have relatively high PSV and good polishing resistance. Nevertheless, granite aggregates with altered minerals witnessed poor polishing resistance. Correlation analysis on the combined data for igneous and metamorphic aggregates suggested that the mineralogical parameters such as Relative Hardness (RHD) of aggregates, Differential Hardness (DH) between major minerals within the aggregate, and degree of alteration (DA) influence micro-texture deterioration rate (BPN3-BPN6). PSV showed a good correlation with RHD and DH. It was also noted that altered granite aggregates of igneous type significantly influenced the correlation. In general, it was observed that fundamental mineralogical parameters can better predict BPN3-BPN6 than PSV.

An image-based system for asphalt pavement bleeding inspection

ABSTRACT The pavement distress information is essential for evaluating the pavement. Automatic pavement inspection systems can be so beneficial in providing needed information on pavement conditions. The bleeding is one of the asphalt pavement distresses and directly affects the pavement skid resistance and road safety. This study aims to develop an image-based system for the comprehensive evaluation of pavement bleeding. This evaluation consists of three main parts: bleeding occurrence detection, bleeding region segmentation, and severity-based classification of bleeding regions. For implementing the proposed system, deep learning-based model and transfer learning method are used in the detection part, and wavelet transform is the main process in the segmentation part. Also, gray-level co-occurrence matrix, wavelet transform, and signal to noise ratio are used to extract image texture-based features from various levels of the bleeding severity (low, mid, and high). Then a decision tree has been made based on extracted features for severity-based classification. The proposed system can indicate the bleeding index based on distress density and severity. Results show good performance in detection, segmentation, and severity-based classification parts, on the average of performance indices with 98%, 89%, and 93%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed system provides an efficient method for comprehensive pavement bleeding evaluation.

Effect of copper slag and reclaimed asphalt pavement on the skid resistance of asphalt mixes

ABSTRACT This study describes the findings of an experimental work conducted on asphalt mixtures incorporated with copper slag (CS) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). CS and RAP are considered waste materials and these waste materials create enormous environmental issues. Their use in the highway construction sector will resolve the landfill problems associated with them. In this study, nine types of asphalt mixtures were prepared with different proportions of CS (0–15%) and RAP (0–30%). These mixes were tested for frictional characteristics under various conditions. The incorporation of CS improved Marshall stability and skid resistance of asphalt pavements. Mix 3 (0%RAP, 15%CS) showed the maximum skid resistance in dry conditions. The increase in skid resistance may be attributed to the high angularity, density, and friction angle of CS particles. However, the incorporation of RAP decreased skid resistance. The CS-RAP mixes also contribute to green technology as waste materials reduce the need for virgin aggregates in the road construction sector. The statistical analysis performed showed that the results are highly significant except in icy conditions where results obtained are insignificant.

Comparison of skid resistance of EAC pavement with different maximum aggregate grain size

ABSTRACT The paper presents a comparison of friction coefficients and MPD (Mean Profile Depth) parameters of EAC (Exposed Aggregate Concrete) pavements with a maximum aggregate size of 8, 11 and 14 mm. In order to obtain for all tested EAC pavements the same conditions that simulate the phenomenon of polishing, tests were performed using a FAP (Friction After Polishing) machine in laboratory conditions. Macrotexture measurements were made on the surface of each sample using an Elatexure laser profile. In addition, three types of coarse aggregates were selected based on their resistance to polishing, which was determined on the basis of PSV (Polished Stone Value). Based on ANOVA, a significant influence of maximum aggregate size on both the friction coefficient and the MPD parameter was demonstrated. Along with the increase in the aggregate maximum grain size in EAC, the increase in MPD value was recorded. Despite of this fact, no effect of resistance to the polishing of aggregates with PSV from 48 to 52 on skid resistance was demonstrated. However, the decision to apply individual solutions should take into account road classification in the road network system, traffic volume and speed limits.

Performance evaluation of asphalt pavement groove-filled with polyurethane-rubber particle elastomer

Considering the influence of road icing on traffic safety in winter, a pavement surface treatment technology with groove-filled polyurethane rubber particle elastomer (PRPE) was proposed. The optimum ratio of PRPE was determined by testing the mechanical properties, bonding properties and construction properties. Then the bonding durability, ice-breaking performance and skid resistance of PRPE were tested. The results showed that 40 mesh rubber particles, 60% polyurethane binder content, 3‰ catalyst and 5% diluent were selected as the optimal ratio of PRPE. Three test environments (Freeze-thaw, High temperature and immersion, High temperature and immersed in saltwater) have no obvious influence on the interface bonding performance of PRPE, only a slight reduction. The ice-breaking effects of the four pavement types are in order the PRPE and groove level > the PRPE lower than groove > the PRPE higher than groove > the grooved pavement (unfilled). Finally, through BPN and friction coefficient test, the skid resistance performance of the three pavement types under dry, wet and icing conditions is verified. Compared with the AC-13 asphalt mixture, the skid resistance of groove-filled pavement is improved by 4.5%, 10.8% and 24.6% under dry, wet and icing conditions respectively.

Analysis on Attenuation Law of Skid Resistance Performance of Asphalt Pavement with Thin Overlay

In order to study the attenuation law of skid resistance performance of asphalt pavement with thin overlay, the long-term tracking observation of the scrim force coefficient and the analysis of the attenuation change law were carried out on the asphalt pavement with AC-10 and OGFC-10 thin layer overlay. The volume index, water stability and high temperature stability were tested. The results show that, the attenuation law of the scrim force coefficient of OGFC-10 and AC-10 thin overlay asphalt pavement conforms to the Asymptotic model, showing a trend of rapid decrease first and then stability. It is recommended that “the value of stable scrim force coefficient” and “the time to reach the value of stable scrim force coefficient” should be used as the evaluation index of long-term skid resistance performance of asphalt pavement. The stability value is taken as the first evaluation index of asphalt pavement skid resistance performance, and the time to reach the stability value is the second evaluation index. Considering “the initial scrim force coefficient value”, “the stable scrim force coefficient value”, and “the time to reach the stable scrim force coefficient value”, the skid resistance performance of OGFC-10 thin layer overlay asphalt pavement is better than AC-10 thin layer overlay asphalt pavement.

Developing cold-mixed epoxy resin-based ultra-thin antiskid surface layer for steel bridge deck pavement

To improve the skid resistance of epoxy asphalt-based concrete (EAC) pavement, a cold-mixed ultra-thin antiskid surface layer (UTASS) was developed and incorporated into the EAC pavement in this study. The performances of four types of epoxy resin-based binders were assessed. The best binder type was selected and UTASS preparation procedures were determined. Subsequently, the skid resistance, high-temperature rutting resistance, low temperature cracking resistance, and interlayer bonding properties of the EAC-UTASS composite structure (with the UTASS on the top of the EAC) were evaluated using a series of tests, and the performances of EAC-UTASS were compared with several other composite structures that are commonly used in the steel bridge deck pavement (SBDP) in China. The results showed that the texture depth of EAC-UTASS is almost 10 times of that of the pavement composite structures with an EAC surfacing structure. In addition, EAC-UTASS has excellent high-temperature rutting resistance, low-temperature cracking resistance and interlayer bonding stability. Finally, a stripping resistance test was utilized to evaluate the UTASS based on a third-scale Model Mobile Loading Simulator (MMLS3). The service life of UTASS was determined based on the anti-stripping coefficient threshold value of 80%. Based on the results in this study, the use of the UTASS was found to be a feasible strategy for enhancing the skid resistance of EAC pavement.

Long-term behavior of the micro-texture of aggregates used on roads subjected to extreme climate conditions and winter maintenance operations

The micro-texture of fine and coarse aggregates used on roads is one of the main factors responsible for the skid resistance of asphalt pavements. However, the long-term behavior of this property regarding the effects of traffic and climate conditions has been poorly studied. Therefore, in this paper, two types of aggregates, schist and amphibolite, commonly used on roads that are subjected to winter maintenance actions and high temperatures in summer have been studied. The micro-texture of the aggregates has been characterized with an optical roughness tester, fluorescence microscopy and the Polished Stone Value test. The extreme climate conditions have been simulated in a laboratory with durability tests (freeze-thawing and thermal stress cycles) including the NaCl used as deicer during winter maintenance operations. Results have shown that the wearing mechanisms of the aggregates’ surfaces are different regarding their composition and internal texture. On schist aggregates, weather conditions applied do not significantly deteriorate their micro-texture. However, the combined effect of traffic and extreme climate conditions with NaCl, double the decrease of the surface roughness measured when these aggregates are subjected to extreme climate conditions in the laboratory, improving, in some cases, their skid resistance. Conversely, the external factors considered have the same effect on the micro-texture of the analyzed amphibolite aggregate.

Influencing factors and mechanism for the attenuation of the skid resistance for bauxite clinker-asphalt mixtures

The maintenance and improvement of the skid resistance of asphalt pavement have been a major concern for road researchers. To explore ways to improve the skid resistance, the attenuation mechanism of the skid resistance must first be understood. In this study, accelerated loading testing equipment MMLS3 was used to analyze the attenuation of asphalt mixtures under different cumulative load times. Also, the impact of the abrasion resistance characteristics of mineral materials, the aging and asphalt film spalling characteristics of asphalt mixtures, the change of the internal structures of asphalt mixtures on the attenuation, and the surface texture characteristic parameters of skid resistance were investigated. The skid resistance attenuation mechanism was also inferred based on the accelerated loading test results. The reason for the accelerated attenuation of the asphalt mixtures was mainly due to the changes in the asphalt mixture structure based on the results of the accelerated loading tests and the abrasion of the aggregates. The positive influence of asphalt film spalling on the anti-sliding performance was not enough to compensate for the negative influence of the structural changes. The aging of asphalt mixtures also had a great impact on the anti-skid performance. In real engineering, the aging time of the asphalt mixture lasts for a long time, so the impact on the anti-skid performance was not obvious.

Asphalt pavement friction coefficient prediction method based on genetic-algorithm-improved neural network (GAI-NN) model

To overcome the limitations of pavement skid resistance prediction using the friction coefficient, a genetic-algorithm-improved neural network (GAI-NN) was developed in this study. First, three-dimensional (3D) point-cloud data of an asphalt pavement surface were obtained using a smart sensor (Gocator 3110). The friction coefficient of the pavement was then obtained using a pendulum friction tester. The 3D point-cloud dataset was then analyzed to recover the missing data and perform denoising. In particular, these data were filled using cubic spline interpolation. Parameters for texture characterization were defined, and methods for computing the parameters were developed. Finally, the GAI-NN model was developed by modifying the weights and thresholds. The test results indicated that using pavement surface texture 3D data, the GAI-NN was capable of predicting the pavement friction coefficient with sufficient accuracy, with an error of 12.1%.

Analysis of vehicle skidding potential on horizontal curves

High crash rates on horizontal curves during wet weather are a major road safety concern. Among the various causes of crashes on horizontal curves, wet-weather skidding is a major contributing factor. This study analyzed the mechanisms of three possible modes of vehicle skidding on horizontal curves based on theories of mechanics. The three modes of skidding analyzed were: (i) forward skidding of front steering wheel, (ii) sideway skidding of front steering wheel, and (iii) sideway skidding of rear wheel. The main objective was to provide useful information to researchers and practitioners in identifying the important factors that contribute to horizontal curve crashes. A computer simulation procedure was developed to evaluate the maximum safe vehicle speeds against the three modes of skidding on wet horizontal curved pavements. This offers a much improved method for skidding potential evaluation compared to the conventional approximate method using estimated coefficient of friction. The skidding potential of a vehicle is defined as the difference between its speed and the maximum safe speed against skidding. The smaller the difference, the higher is the skidding potential. The relative magnitudes of skidding potential for the three skidding modes were considered for different operating conditions. Different operating conditions were represented by different values of pavement curve radii, super-elevations, and wet-weather conditions represented by the thickness of pavement surface water-film. The analysis identified five key factors that affect the skidding potential of vehicles negotiating a horizontal curve. They are: vehicle speed, curve radius, superelevation, water film thickness and pavement skid resistance state.

Directional characteristics of traffic polishing effect on pavement skid resistance

ABSTRACT This study demonstrated that skid resistance testing in traffic direction does not provide a complete evaluation of traffic polishing effect on pavement skid resistance. Directional British pendulum tests were performed on 14 pavement sections involving the following six modes of vehicle operation: (A) Acceleration, (B) Deceleration, (C) Moving from stop, (D) Stopping, (E) Constant-speed cruising, and (F) Cruising without constant-speed setting. Test results confirmed that there were statistically significant differential directional polishing effects in practically all modes of vehicle operation. The relative magnitudes of polishing action of different modes were evaluated. The strongest polishing effects were produced by mode A in the against-traffic direction, and mode B in the traffic direction. The next stronger polishing effect was achieved by the combined mode (C + D) in the traffic as well as the against-traffic direction. Comparatively, the lowest polishing effect was produced by modes E and F, in either the traffic or against-traffic direction. Test results also revealed different polishing directions and magnitudes caused by driving and driven wheels. Driving wheels were found to produce significantly stronger polishing effect than driven wheels.