Growth Of Skeleton Research Articles

CHANGES IN PHYSIOMETRIC INDICATORS AND BODY COMPOSITION IN YOUNG MEN OF THE REPUBLIC OF SAKHA (YAKUTIA) IN PUBERTY

This study aims to study changes in the body's physiometric indicators of young Yakuts of early and late puberty, living in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic. 140 young men of Yakut nationality were examined using standardized research methods: dynamometry, spirometry, caliperometry, anthropometry and body composition assessment using bioelectrical impedance analysis with the ABC-01 Medass analyzer. It was found that in Yakut youths between the ages of 14 and 17 there is an increase in skeletal muscle and a decrease in fat mass, indicators of dynamometry, deadlift and lung capacity are increasing. Parallel bioelectrical impedance analysis showed that in young men, between the early and late puberty periods, the levels of fat mass (FM) and an increase in lean (LM), musculoskeletal (MSM) and active cell mass (ACM) decrease. There is growth not only in skeletal muscles and skeleton growth, and the mass of internal organs is also increasing. The data obtained will be used to develop an interval classification of body composition parameters for males of different ages in order to develop standards of physical development specifically for people living in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic.

OPTICAL DENSITY OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF JAWS IN ORTHODONTIC PATIENTS DURING DENTOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT

The growth and development of the facial skeleton is closely related to the growth of the cervical division of the spinal column. With a total increase in rate of osteopenic diseases and diseases of periodontal tissues, computed tomography becomes a particular relevant diagnostic technique for assessing bone density. The aim of this study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the mineral density values of the jaw bone tissue and the mineral density values of the second cervical vertebra in patients with malocclusions. Materials and methods. We analyzed 22 computer tomograms of orthodontic patients and divided all cases into two age groups according to the periods of dentofacial development. The bone density of the second cervical vertebra and jaw bones was measured in various sections. Results. The optical bone density in the second cervical vertebra increases with age from 501±61.06 to 550.6±45.32. The densest area in both jaws is the alveolar ridge between the central incisors. The lowest values of optical density were found in the area of the upper jaw tuberosity in both groups. In the lower jaw, similar results of bone density were found out in the second cervical vertebra and the articular head, 436 HU and 557 HU in the groups I and II, respectively. In both jaws, the most similar densitometric indicators of bone density were found in the second cervical vertebra and the bifurcation site of the first molars. Only in the group II, this figure was 724.77±41.64 HU at p2<0,01 in the lower jaw. Conclusions. Bone tissue densitometry by computed tomography is a highly informative diagnostic technique and can be used to diagnose the condition of the jaw bone tissue and to assess the quality of orthodontic treatment. The value of the second cervical vertebra is a stable indicator of mineral density in all age groups. The results obtained allow us to recommend applying these indicators for the comparative characteristic of change in mineral density in the alveolar processes of jaw bones to check the progress of orthodontic treatment.

Nervous system involvement in Pfeiffer syndrome.

Pfeiffer syndrome (PS) is a rare autosomal dominant craniofacial disorder characterized by primary craniosynostosis, midface hypoplasia, and extremities' abnormalities including syndactyly. The purpose of this article was to review the current knowledge regarding how PS affects the nervous system. Methodologically, we conducted a systematic review of the existing literature concerning involvement of the nervous system in PS. Multiple-suture synostosis is common, and it is the premature fusion and abnormal growth of the facial skeleton's bones that cause the characteristic facial features of these patients. Brain abnormalities in PS can be primary or secondary. Primary anomalies are specific developmental brain defects including disorders of the white matter. Secondary anomalies are the result of skull deformity and include intracranial hypertension, hydrocephalus, and Chiari type I malformation. Spinal anomalies in PS patients include fusion of vertebrae, "butterfly" vertebra, and sacrococcygeal extension. Different features have been observed in different types of this syndrome. Cloverleaf skull deformity characterizes PS type II. The main neurological abnormalities are mental retardation, learning difficulties, and seizures. The tricky neurological examination in severely affected patients makes difficult the early diagnosis of neurological and neurosurgical complications. Prenatal diagnosis of PS is possible either molecularly or by sonography, and the differential diagnosis includes other craniosynostosis syndromes. Knowing how PS affects the nervous system is important, not only for understanding its pathogenesis and determining its prognosis but also for the guidance of decision-making in the various critical steps of its management. The latter necessitates an experienced multidisciplinary team.

Cephalometric features of connective tissue dysplasia manifestation in children and adolescents

Relevance. The high prevalence of dysplastic disorders involving connective tissue, and its negative effecton the development of dentoalveolar anomalies, carious and non-carious lesions of the teeth, periodontopathy, temporomandibular joint issues in the child population, lay the basis for improving diagnostics algorithms. Enhancing the already available standards is of greatest importance for children at the initial stages of diagnostics when evaluating the external signs of dysplastic disorders.Purpose – improving diagnostics algorithms for connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) in children in primary dental care facilities based on the evaluation of external phenotype signs and maxillofacial morphological features.Materials and methods. Depending on the external phenotype manifestations severity, as well as on laboratory, clinical and instrumental signs, the 92 children with CTD were divided into groups with mild, moderate and severe degrees of undifferentiated dysplasia. Gnathometric and biometric examinations of the maxillofacial area were performed through traditional methods, whereas the diagnosis was set following the generally accepted classifications. The diagnosis confirmation implied evaluation through cone beam computed imaging.Results. The nature and the intensity of morphofunctional disorders in the craniofacial structures (“small” stigmas) depend on the severity of connective tissue dysplastic disorders.Conclusions. The change direction vector in the facial and brain parts of cranium in children with CTD is aimed at increasing hypoplastic tendencies and dolichocephalia, proof to that being the following constitutional and morphological features: the prevalence of the vertical type of face skeleton growth over the horizontal and neutral ones; a convex face profile with a disproportionate general heights of the face skeleton; reduction of latitudinal with an increase in altitude facial parameters; a narrow short branch of the lower jaw; the upper jaw displaced downwards and forward; a decrease in the size of the apical basis of the lower dentition, the lower jaw body, as well as the height and width of the lower jaw branches.

Endochondral growth zone pattern and activity in the zebrafish pharyngeal skeleton.

Endochondral ossification is a major bone forming mechanism in vertebrates, defects in which can result in skeletal dysplasia or craniofacial anomalies in humans. The zebrafish holds great potential to advance our understanding of endochondral growth zone development and genetics, yet several important aspects of its biology remain unexplored. Here we provide a comprehensive description of endochondral growth zones in the pharyngeal skeleton, including their developmental progression, cellular activity, and adult fates. Postembryonic growth of the pharyngeal skeleton is supported by endochondral growth zones located either at skeletal epiphyses or synchondroses. Col2a1a and col10a1a in situ hybridization and anti-PCNA immunostaining identify resting-, hypertrophic- and proliferative zones, respectively, in pharyngeal synchondroses. Cellular hypertrophy and matrix deposition contribute little, if at all, to axial growth in most skeletal elements. Zebrafish endochondral growth zones develop during metamorphosis and arrest in adults. Two endochondral growth zone configurations in the zebrafish pharyngeal skeleton produce either unidirectional (epiphyses) or bidirectional (synchondroses) growth. Cell proliferation drives endochondral growth and its modulation, in contrast to mammalian long bones in which bone length depends more on cell enlargement during hypertrophy and intramembranous ossification is the default mechanism of bone growth in zebrafish adults.

Polyaniline as interface layers promoting the in-situ growth of zeolite imidazole skeleton on regenerated cellulose aerogel for efficient removal of tetracycline

Antibiotics as newly emerging organic pollutants are arousing more and more serious environmental issues. Meantime, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as promising adsorbents to remove antibiotics. To overcome the limitations of large-scale applications for MOFs in the powder form, herein, we proposed a strategy of in-situ growth ZIF-67 onto polyaniline (PANI) modified regenerated cellulose aerogel (RCA). First, RCA was obtained by chemical cross-linking and physical cross-linking method. Then, PANI played the role of metal chelated layers, which were coated on RCA by in-situ polymerization. Finally, ZIF-67 nanocrystals were in-situ growth on the surface of the PANI coated regenerated cellulose aerogel to synthesise the composite adsorbent ZIF-67/PANI/RCA. The loading mass ratios of ZIF-67 on RCA and PANI/RCA were 25.39% and 42.38%, respectively, which indicates that PANI as interface layers can effectively promote the in-situ growth of ZIF-67 compared with pure RCA. The obtained composite adsorbent (ZIF-67/PANI/RCA) was applied for the adsorption of tetracycline (TC) with high adsorption capacity (409.55 mg·g−1) and good recycling ability. After six cycles of adsorption–desorption, the removal efficiency toward TC was still over 94%. This strategy may provide an effective and versatile pathway to increase MOF loading mass on aerogel and sequentially branch out their applications in pollutant treatment fields.

Modern trends in the choice of tactic and method for the treatment of growing patients with distal occlusion (literature review)

Relevance. According to the latest data the distal occlusion of the dentition is considered first in the structure of dental anomalies on the sagittal plane reaching 40-45% of the total number of deformations of the dental system.Purpose. Study of information about management and methods of treatment and intended indications for their use in patients with distal occlusion in different periods of bite formation.Materials and methods. We studied the publications of recent years by both Russian and foreign authors which were devoted to the choice of management and methods of treatment of growing patients with distal occlusion.Results. The variability in the manifestations of distal occlusion indicates the urgency of improving the management and methods of orthodontic treatment in patients with this pathology. In this case the determining factors are the severity of the pathology and the age of the patient. It is considered that the potential growth of the dento-maxillofacial area of the patient should be determined according to its individual characteristics. They are based on the stage of formation of the cervical vertebrae. It is noted that treatment during the second dentition has significant effects which are associated with the possibility of modifying the growth of the dental complex. This allows you to achieve a stable result in the long term.Conclusions. Different opinions of specialists determine the relevance of further study of methods of orthodontic treatment and analysis of the efficiency of their application, the necessity to improve the tactics of comprehensive rehabilitation of patients with distal occlusion during the formation of the bite taking into account the direction of the type of growth of the facial skeleton in growing patients.

Basic morphometry, microcomputed tomography and mechanical evaluation of the tibiotarsal bone of a dual-purpose and a broiler chicken line.

Continuous loading of the skeleton by the body’s weight is an important factor in establishing and maintaining bone morphology, architecture and strength. However, in fast-growing chickens the appendicular skeleton growth is suboptimal making these chickens predisposed to skeletal mineralization disorders and fractures. This study compared the macro- and microstructure as well as the mechanical properties of the tibiotarsus of a novel dual-purpose, Lohmann Dual (LD) and a highly developed broiler, Ross (Ross 308) chicken line. Eighty one-day-old male chicks of each line were grown until their body weight (BW) reached 2000g. Starting at the day of hatching, six birds of each line were sampled weekly. The weight, length and width of the tibiotarsus were measured and its mechanical properties (rigidity, M-Max and the M-fracture) were evaluated using the three-point bending test. Additionally, the mineral density of both, trabecular and cortical bone, the bone volume fraction, the trabecular number, thickness and separation plus cortical thickness of both chicken lines were analyzed using microcomputed tomography. The growth of the tibiotarsus in both chicken lines followed a similar pattern. At the same age, the lighter LD chickens had shorter, thinner and lighter tibiotarsi than those of Ross chickens. However, the LD chickens had a similar cortical thickness, bone volume fraction and similar mineral density of both trabecular and cortical bone to that of Ross chickens. Furthermore, the tibiotarsus of LD chickens was longer, heavier and wider than those of Ross chickens of the same BW. In addition the rigidity of the LD tibiotarsus was greater than that of Ross chickens. This suggests that the tibiotarsus of LD chickens had more bending resistance than those of Ross chickens of the same BW. Consequently, fattening LD chickens to the marketable weight should not affect their leg skeleton stability.

Craniofacial Growth: Current Theories and Influence on Management.

Craniofacial development is a highly coordinated process under a tight genetic control and environmental influence. Understanding the core concepts of growth and development of the craniofacial skeleton and the impact of treatment on growth potential is vital to successful patient management. To maximize outcomes and minimize iatrogenic consequences, proper sequencing and timing of interventions are critical. The development of the craniofacial skeleton occurs as a result of a sequence of normal developmental events: brain growth and development, optic pathway development, speech and swallowing development, airway and pharyngeal development, muscle development, and tooth development and eruption.

Paradise lost: End-of-century warming and acidification under business-as-usual emissions have severe consequences for symbiotic corals.

Despite recent efforts to curtail greenhouse gas emissions, current global emission trajectories are still following the business-as-usual representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 emission pathway. The resulting ocean warming and acidification have transformative impacts on coral reef ecosystems, detrimentally affecting coral physiology and health, and these impacts are predicted to worsen in the near future. In this study, we kept fragments of the symbiotic corals Acropora intermedia (thermally sensitive) and Porites lobata (thermally tolerant) for 7weeks under an orthogonal design of predicted end-of-century RCP8.5 conditions for temperature and pCO2 (3.5°C and 570ppm above present-day, respectively) to unravel how temperature and acidification, individually or interactively, influence metabolic and physiological performance. Our results pinpoint thermal stress as the dominant driver of deteriorating health in both species because of its propensity to destabilize coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis (bleaching). Acidification had no influence on metabolism but had a significant negative effect on skeleton growth, particularly when photosynthesis was absent such as in bleached corals or under dark conditions. Total loss of photosynthesis after bleaching caused an exhaustion of protein and lipid stores and collapse of calcification that ultimately led to A. intermedia mortality. Despite complete loss of symbionts from its tissue, P. lobata maintained small amounts of photosynthesis and experienced a weaker decline in lipid and protein reserves that presumably contributed to higher survival of this species. Our results indicate that ocean warming and acidification under business-as-usual CO2 emission scenarios will likely extirpate thermally sensitive coral species before the end of the century, while slowing the recovery of more thermally tolerant species from increasingly severe mass coral bleaching and mortality. This could ultimately lead to the gradual disappearance of tropical coral reefs globally, and a shift on surviving reefs to only the most resilient coral species.

Structure, compression and thermally insulating properties of cellulose diacetate-based aerogels

We report on the relationship for structure, compression and thermal insulation properties of cellulose diacetate-based aerogels (CDBAs), prepared from cellulose diacetate (CDA) cross-linked with 2, 4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) by using sol-gel and supercritical drying processes. Lower reactant dosage (no matter CDA or TDI), can induce smaller shrinkage (~12%) after supercritical drying, and even to achieve lower density (~0.06 g/cm3) of CDBAs. Monolith CDBAs have typical three-dimensional networks with lamella reinforced fiber-like skeletons and nanometric pores. Such reinforced networking structure with lamellas as reinforcement is responsible for the maximum compression strength of ~1.29 MPa at 10% strain and compressive modulus of 21.86 MPa in CDBAs. Besides, the excessive addition of TDI leads to accelerate the growth of secondary fiber-like skeletons to ultimately divide the large pores into the small ones inside the formed network. This structural evolution enables to synergistically reduce gaseous thermal conductivity by means of Knudsen effect and increase that of solid part due to wider solid contacted area. The minimum total thermal conductivity of ~0.0313 W m−1 K−1 at ambient environment is obtained when the synergetic effects reach up to the critical balance, whose solid and gaseous proportions are calculated as 51.76 and 48.24%, respectively.

FEATURES OF CORRELATION OF ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC AND MYOTONOMETRIC STUDIES IN CHILDREN WITH ANOMALIES DENTOALVEOLAR SYSTEM

Disorder in the work of muscles of the maxillofacial region affects the development of dental anomalies. Control of myodynamic equilibrium and coordinated chewing muscle activity is necessary during the period of active growth and development of the dental skeleton. Surface electromyography and myotonometry were carried out for 38 children before the beginning of orthodontic correction at the age of 6 to 12 years, having abnormalities of dental system. The study showed a significant number of correlations between the functional activity of the chewing muscle. Integrative connections between recorded values are found, which determines the possibility of complex application of surface electromyography and myotonometry.

In Situ Growth Visualization Nanochannel Membrane for Ultrasensitive Copper Ion Detection under the Electric Field Enrichment.

The transport of ionic species through nanochannels plays an important role in the basic research and practical application of nanofluidic devices. Here, a visualized CdSe@ZIF-8/PAA nanochannel membrane was created by employing in situ growth of zeolite imidazole skeleton (ZIF-8) and CdSe quantum dots (CdSe QDs) on a porous anodized aluminum oxide (PAA) membrane surface using CdSe QDs, 2-methylimidazole, and zinc nitrate as the precursor solvents. ZIF-8 is a kind of metal-organic framework, a microporous material that possesses strong metal adsorption capacity. In addition, CdSe quantum dots have fluorescent properties. The nanochannel membrane detects copper ions (Cu2+) by quenching the fluorescence intensity by the interaction between Cu2+ and Se and S atoms. The direct potential of 5 V was applied to achieve Cu2+ enrichment at the nanochannel interface, and the fluorescence change was observed. The CdSe@ZIF-8/PAA nanochannel membrane has a good linear range of concentration (0.01 pM-1 μM) for Cu2+ detection. With the help of nanochannel enrichment, its detection limit reaches 4 fM. In addition, this nanochannel membrane has good selectivity for Cu2+.

Is the Stability of a Standard Stable Reference Stable Enough?

The dogmatic approach of following the past principles has made many significant features of science go unnoticed and unquestioned. One such is the concept of immutability of the anterior contour of the sella turcica. For many decades, we have been using the anterior contour of sella turcica as a stable reference structure to study the growth of the craniofacial skeleton.1 This was based on the usage by Björk and Skieller. But on analyzing the various studies on the growth and disease of the pituitary gland and its influence on the size and morphology of sella turcica, it seems that the anterior contour of the sella turcica may not be a stable parameter of reference. This article is an attempt to throw light on the intricacies of the association between pituitary gland and sella turcica.

Pediatric Midface Fractures: Outcomes and Complications of 218 Patients.

ObjectiveTo analyze management, outcomes, and complications of pediatric midface fractures.MethodsRetrospective cohort study at an urban, single‐institution, multispecialty surgical teams, at two level 1 pediatric trauma centers. Query included subjects aged 0–17 diagnosed with midface fractures between 2012 and 2016.ResultsA total of 218 pediatric patients presented with 410 total midface fractures. The most common etiologies included motor vehicle collisions (MVC) (n = 56, 25.7%), sport‐related (n = 35, 16.1%), and assault/battery (n = 32, 14.7%). Fracture site distribution included: 125 maxillary (34 with exclusively the nasal/frontal process), 109 nasal, 47 ethmoid, 40 sphenoid, 33 zygoma, 29 frontal sinus, 21 lacrimal, and 6 palatal. Among these, there were 105 orbital, 17 naso‐orbito‐ethmoid, and 12 Le Fort fractures. One‐quarter of patients received at least one midface‐related operation during the initial encounter. Operative intervention rates for specific midface fracture subsites were not significantly different (X 2 = 6.827, P = .234). One hundred thirty‐five patients (63.4%) attended follow‐up, thus known complication rate was 14.6% (n = 31). Complication rates between midface fracture subsites were not significantly different (X 2 = 5.629, P = .229). Complications included facial deformity (n = 18), nasal airway obstruction (n = 8), diplopia (n = 4), hardware‐related pain (n = 3), and paresthesias (n = 3).ConclusionsThe most common sites of pediatric midface fractures involved the maxilla, and nasal bones. Three quarters of pediatric midface fractures were treated conservatively, with low rates of complications. Facial deformity was the most common complication; as such, proper management and follow‐up are important to ensure normal growth and development of the pediatric facial skeleton.Level of Evidence4

ТАКТИКА ЛЕЧЕНИЯ РЕТРО- И МИКРОГНАТИИ НИЖНЕЙ ЧЕЛЮСТИ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С НЕЗАВЕРШЕННЫМ РОСТОМ ЛИЦЕВОГО СКЕЛЕТА

Importance. The choice of management and orthodontic appliance construction is fundamental in planning and treatment of patients with mandibular micrognathia and/ or retrognathism.
 The aim ― is evaluation of treatment effectiveness of patients with mandibular micrognathia and/ or retrognathism in incompleted facial skeleton growth period.
 Methodoloty. Base of the research was Children dentistry and orthodontics department of E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University. The object of the research is 98 patients aged from 5,5 to 16 (42 girls and 56 boys) with distal occlusion and mandibular micrognathia and/ or retrognathism. Data for study were lateral cephalograms, profile images, clinical study results before and after orthodontic treatment. 
 Results. It was determined that the largest increase in mandible size and its position normalization is observed in the treatment of patients with CS2, CS3 cervical vertebral maturation stages. In patients with CS5 cervical vertebral maturation stage and overjet more than 6 mm we use a symptomatic treatment principle for distal occlusion correction.
 Results application area ― orthodontists practice.
 Conclusions. This data may be used in prognosis of orthodontic treatment outcome and retentional period in patients with distal occlusion.

The assessment of morphological features in Hereford cattle

The purpose of the study was to compare the morphological characteristics of Hereford mature herd of different body types at various stages of ontogenesis. Work was carried out in LLC “AF Kalininskaya” of Chelyabinsk region on two groups (n = 15 individual seach) of Hereford cows which are daughters from sires of different body conformation type. Newborn offspring from tall parents were characterized by significant (P < 0.01-0.001) superiority of body length and chest girth characterizing the axial part of the skeleton, and the development of altitudinal measurements characterized the growth of the peripheral skeleton. Later intergroup differences became less noticeable in the linear growth of heifers, which was associated with the limiting factor of dams’ milk productivity, as well as with the pronounced precocity of compact animals. Intensive development of body measurements ended at 15 months of age in animals with compact body type. They reached fully formed skeletal structure at the age of 5 years in terms of basic measurements. Tall individuals have the ability for a longer linear growth up to 6 years of age. The pronounced precocity of compact animals was confirmed by the variability of body volume and area of animals. The results of the study proved that the most noticeable differentiation of cows into body types occurs at later stages of ontogenesis.

КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ ДОБАВКА НА ОСНОВЕ МУКИ ИЗ РАКООБРАЗНЫХ В КОМБИКОРМАХ ДЛЯ ОСЕТРОВЫХ РЫБ

The paper describes the experiments on evaluating the effect of complex additive based on shellfish flour on the physiological state of sturgeon fingerlings, which were conducted in the laboratories of Astrakhan State Technical University. Feeding was conducted with starting and productive feedstuff, according to branch standard recipes. As crab flour contains a large amount of protein, 10% fish flour was substituted for the complex additive. The experiments were conducted in reservoirs with temperature control. Evaluation of the cultivation results showed that in the pilot group the mass of Russian sturgeon fingerlings was higher than in the control group, using preventive additives that contributed to the correct growth of skeleton. In the pilot group the number of species with symptoms of scoliotic illness was lower, while in the control group this figure was relatively high. Evaluation of physiological state revealed the positive effect of complex additive on the blood characteristics of reared fingerlings of Russian sturgeon. It should be pointed out that in general physiological parameters of fish were within normal standards, however in the control variant there were signs of anemia, hemoglobin was registered at the lower range limit. Whereas for the fish fed with preventive feedstuff this factor was slightly increased. Biochemical analysis revealed higher concentration of protein in fish grown on feedstuff with complex additive. There was recorded a different amount of fat in the flesh of Russian surgeon fingerlings: in the species fed with preventive additive it was 14.1, while in the species of the control variant it was relatively higher - 16.7. The liver of fish who received food with complex additives was morphologically consistent with the norm and had a homogeneous granular consistency, with no signs of fat accumulation in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. The liver of fish in the control group had a loose consistency and mosaic color, with distinct fatty dystrophy. Thus, the biologically active food additive has had a positive impact on the growth and evolution of Russian sturgeon fingerlings.

Best practice guidelines regarding diagnosis and management of patients with type II collagen disorders

PurposeSkeletal dysplasias comprise a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders of development, growth, and maintenance of the human skeleton. Because of their relative rarity and wide phenotypic variability, patients should be accurately identified, uniformly assessed, and managed by clinicians who are aware of their potential complications and possess the knowledge and resources to treat them effectively. This study presents expert guidelines developed to improve the diagnosis and management of patients with type II collagen skeletal disorders to optimize clinical outcomes. MethodsA panel of 11 multidisciplinary international experts in the field of skeletal dysplasia participated in a Delphi process, which comprised analysis of a thorough literature review with subsequent generation of 26 diagnosis and care recommendations, followed by two rounds of anonymous voting with an intervening face-to-face meeting. Those recommendations with more than 80% agreement were considered as consensual. ResultsAfter the first voting round, consensus was reached to support 12 of 26 (46%) statements. After the panel discussion, the group reached consensus on 22 of 24 revised statements (92%). ConclusionsConsensus-based, expert best practice guidelines developed as a standard of care to assist accurate diagnosis, minimize associated health risks, and improve clinical outcomes for patients with type II collagen skeletal dysplasias.

Effects of seasonal upwelling and runoff on water chemistry and growth and survival of native and commercial oysters

AbstractThe effects of climate change, including ocean acidification and ocean heatwaves, on biological communities in estuaries are often uncertain. Part of the uncertainty is due to the complex suite of environmental factors in addition to acidification and warming that influence the growth of shells and skeletons of many estuarine organisms. The goal of this study was to document spatial and temporal variation in water column properties and to measure the in situ effects on larval and recently settled stages of ecologically important Olympia oysters (Ostrea lurida) and commercially important Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) in a low‐inflow estuary with a Mediterranean climate in Northern California. Our results reveal that seasonal inputs of upwelled or riverine water create important and predictable gradients of carbonate system parameters, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and other variables that influence oyster performance, and that the influence of these gradients is contingent upon the location in the estuary as well as seasonal timing. During upwelling events (dry season), temperature, carbonate chemistry, and DO had the greatest impact on oyster performance. During runoff events (wet season), gradients in salinity, nutrient concentrations, and total alkalinity driven by river discharge were comparatively more important. These results suggest that the spatial importance of carbonate chemistry and temperature are seasonally variable and are two of several other factors that determine oyster performance. We use these results to discuss future impacts on oysters given projected regional changes in the frequency and magnitude of upwelling and precipitation‐driven runoff events.