Syringe Size Research Articles

OMIS: The Open Millifluidic Inquiry System for small scale chemical synthesis and analysis

With the continued establishment of hacker-spaces and fab-labs hosted in academic libraries, there is an increase in the availability of resources for designing scientific instrumentation in the undergraduate curriculum. Many available designs, however, may be too complex to fabricate in teaching environments. Presented here is OMIS, the Open Millifluidic Inquiry System, which is a platform for performing small-scale chemical synthesis and analysis. OMIS consists of a 3D printed syringe pump, control hardware based upon the Arduino microcontroller and 3D printed reaction vessels. The OMIS syringe pump utilizes a low-power stepper motor which simplifies the instrument construction and allows for power to be supplied from batteries or the USB port of a computer. The simple design of OMIS allows for the instrument to be fabricated in one day, including the time to 3D print components. The OMIS syringe pump is able to deliver fluids at rates between 60 and 300 μL/min, depending on syringe size, with a reproducibility of 3%. Several applications of OMIS are presented, including a demonstration of laminar flow in a 3D printed millifluidic chip, implementation of a low-volume flow-cell cuvette insert and the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles.

PEMANFAATAN SERBUK DAUN SIRIH (Piper betle) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KESEHATAN IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus)

This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of betel leaf powder mixed inthe feed (pellet) to improve the health status of tilapia by measuring the value of erythrocytes andleukocytes. Measurements of erythrocyte values and blood leucocytes of tilapia were performedafter the test fish were fed with betel leaf powder (0.3 g / 100 g feed, 0.6 g / 100 g feed, 0.9 g /100 g feed) for 6week maintenance period. While the control fish during the maintenance periodwas fed pellet feed which was not mixed with betel leaf powder. The erythrocyte and leukocytevalues of tilapia were measured weekly by taking blood in the caudal vein section (tail) of thetest fish. Blood collection was performed using a sterile syringe size of 26 g, which was firstwetted EDTA (Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid) As an anticoagulant of blood cells asanticoagulants. Furthermore, the blood has been collected in Eppendorf tube which has also beenwetted EDTA (Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid), then prepared by adding hayem and turksolution and then measured the erythrocyte value and the leukocyte count with Haemometer. Thebest measurements result was at the dose of 0.3 g / 100 g of feed which showed that the amountof erythrocyte of tilapia increased from 1,145,000 cells / mm-3 (week I) to 1,986,667 cells / mm-3(week IV) the number of leukocytes increased from 21,976 cells / mm-3 (week I) to 28,167 cells /mm-3 (week IV). From the results of this study showed that the addition of betel leaf powder inthe feed can improve the health status of tilapia fish.

A preliminary investigation of the effect of sample collection technique on the cell and RNA content of fine-needle aspirates of five canine tumours.

To evaluate the effect of syringe size, needle size, number of needle passes and operator experience on cell yield from tumour fine-needle aspirates, and the quantity and quality of extractable RNA. Fine-needle aspirates were collected from canine lymphoma, cutaneous mast cell tumour, anal gland adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma and oral malignant melanoma using nine different techniques. There was a significant difference in cell yield between fine-needle aspirate techniques for melanoma, lymphoma and anal gland adenocarcinoma. The application of suction yielded the largest number of cells. Cell numbers in lymphoma and fibrosarcoma aspirates collected by different veterinary surgeons were not significantly different. Use of a smaller gauge needle and suction increased the quantity of RNA isolated from fibrosarcoma and anal gland adenocarcinoma aspirates, but did not influence RNA integrity. Suction during fine-needle aspiration increases cell numbers obtained from five common canine tumours. Suction increases the quantity of RNA isolated from anal gland adenocarcinoma and fibrosarcoma aspirates without affecting RNA quality. Junior veterinary surgeons gain comparable cell numbers to senior staff.

Microcatheter contrast injection in stent retriever neurothrombectomy is safe and useful: insights from SWIFT PRIME

Microcatheter contrast injection (MCI) prior to stent retriever deployment for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke may be useful for evaluation of distal anatomy and flow patterns beyond the occlusion....

Investigation of Two Prototypes of Novel Noncontact Technologies for Automated Real-Time Capture of Incremental Drug Administration Data From Syringes.

An ideal electronic anesthesia recording system would be capable of not only recording physiological data but also injectable drug doses given, including those given incrementally from one syringe, without recourse to manual data entry. We compared 2 prototype devices which wirelessly recognized individual syringes and measured changes in their plunger positions via 2 different optical noncontact means, allowing calculation of incremental drug doses given. Both devices incorporated a radio-frequency identification reader, which wirelessly read a unique code from a radio-frequency identification tag within syringe drug labels. A custom-designed cradle oriented any inserted 1-mL to 20-mL syringe in a repeatable position. The "laser" device had a moving laser beam broken by the end of the syringe plunger. The infrared (IR) device measured time of travel of IR light from a sender to a syringe plunger and back to a receiver. Both devices could therefore determine the drug and volume administered since the previous occasion when any syringe had been used. For each syringe size of 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 mL, 121 plunger-length measurements were made over their full range, with each machine against a reference method of water filling and weighing using a randomized de Bruijn sequence. For every syringe size, the laser device showed greater accuracy and precision, lower bias, and narrower limits of agreement (95% confidence intervals = bias ± 1.96 SD) than the IR device when compared to the reference method. For all syringe sizes, the range of bias was -0.05 to 0.32 mL for the laser and -2.42 to 1.38 mL for the IR. Lin concordance correlation coefficient values for the IR versus reference methods ranged from 0.6259 to 0.9255, with the lowest coefficients seen in syringes with the shortest distance of plunger travel (2 and 5 mL), while in laser versus reference comparisons, these coefficients were similar (0.9641-0.9981) over all syringe lengths. Both devices measured syringe volume changes, demonstrating potential for measuring incremental drug doses, recording these, and also the time of each measurement. The IR device had no moving parts, which would be advantageous in a clinical situation. However, the current embodiment was not deemed accurate enough for clinical use, potentially remediable through improvements in hardware and software design. The laser device showed high accuracy and precision over all syringe sizes and contained volumes, and was considered potentially accurate enough for clinical use with suitable development.

Fine needle aspiration of abdominal organs: a review of current recommendations for achieving a diagnostic sample.

With the improved accessibility to ultrasound, fine needle aspiration of abdominal organs is now performed frequently in many veterinary practices. Despite this, there are many 'unknowns' as to the best method to produce a high-quality sample. This report begins by highlighting recent literature on the risks and benefits of abdominal fine needle aspiration. It follows with recommendations about the equipment and method best suited to the procedure, including needle and syringe size and aspiration versus non-aspiration techniques. Various smear preparations and laboratory submission requirements are also discussed. The final aspect of the review more specifically discusses fine needle aspiration of specific abdominal organs: the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, urinary bladder, prostate and abdominal lymph nodes.

Evaluation of a low-cost, low-power syringe pump to deliver magnesium sulfate intravenously to pre-eclamptic women in a Malawian referral hospital

BackgroundMagnesium sulfate is an affordable and effective treatment for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. In settings where infusion pumps are not available to regulate the flow rate of intravenous delivery, healthcare providers must administer magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) via time-consuming and painful, large-volume intramuscular injections. As an alternative to costly commercially available syringe pumps, we developed AutoSyp, an accurate, low-cost, and low-powered syringe pump designed to meet the needs and constraints these low-resource settings. This paper describes results of a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility of using AutoSyp to administer MgSO4 intravenously to women suffering from pre-eclampsia at a referral hospital in Blantyre, Malawi.MethodsAutoSyp was programmed to deliver MgSO4 following the Zuspan regimen to pregnant and post-partum women suffering from pre-eclampsia at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blatnyre, Malawi. Given the selection of either loading or maintenance dose on AutoSyp’s user interface, the flow rate was automatically programmed to dispense 60 mL/h or 5 mL/h of 20% MgSO4 solution, respectively. During each treatment, the dispensed volume was automatically calculated by the device based on the plunger position and stored on a computer for accuracy analysis of the mean flow rate and total volume delivered. The clinical results for both the loading and maintenance dose administrations were compared to the device’s accuracy during tests performed in the laboratory setting.ResultsTwenty-two women were enrolled in this study. In both the clinical and laboratory settings, the mean flow rate errors for the loading and maintenance dose infusions were under 2%. During 466 h of testing, the device sounded 129 occlusion alarms across 14 subjects. Of these, 71 alarms were false positives.ConclusionResults of this study support the use of AutoSyp as a less painful and accurate means of MgSO4 administration in clinical environments that lack infusion systems.There were a large number of false alarms in the current system which will be addressed in future designs. AutoSyp maintains the comfort of intravenous MgSO4 administration, but unlike commercially available syringe pumps, it is capable of operating with a variety of syringe brands and sizes and requires no additional consumables. AutoSyp’s appropriate design will benefit its implementation and sustained use in low-resource settings.Trial RegistrationTrial registered prospectively on November 18, 2014 with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02296931)

Modified FlowCAM procedure for quantifying size distribution of zooplankton with sample recycling capacity

We have developed a modified FlowCAM procedure for efficiently quantifying the size distribution of zooplankton. The modified method offers the following new features: 1) prevents animals from settling and clogging with constant bubbling in the sample container; 2) prevents damage to sample animals and facilitates recycling by replacing the built-in peristaltic pump with an external syringe pump, in order to generate negative pressure, creates a steady flow by drawing air from the receiving conical flask (i.e. vacuum pump), and transfers plankton from the sample container toward the main flowcell of the imaging system and finally into the receiving flask; 3) aligns samples in advance of imaging and prevents clogging with an additional flowcell placed ahead of the main flowcell. These modifications were designed to overcome the difficulties applying the standard FlowCAM procedure to studies where the number of individuals per sample is small, and since the FlowCAM can only image a subset of a sample. Our effective recycling procedure allows users to pass the same sample through the FlowCAM many times (i.e. bootstrapping the sample) in order to generate a good size distribution. Although more advanced FlowCAM models are equipped with syringe pump and Field of View (FOV) flowcells which can image all particles passing through the flow field; we note that these advanced setups are very expensive, offer limited syringe and flowcell sizes, and do not guarantee recycling. In contrast, our modifications are inexpensive and flexible. Finally, we compared the biovolumes estimated by automated FlowCAM image analysis versus conventional manual measurements, and found that the size of an individual zooplankter can be estimated by the FlowCAM image system after ground truthing.

Accuracy of enteral syringes with commonly prescribed paediatric liquid medicines

ObjectiveOral syringes are the preferred method for delivering paediatric enteral drugs; however, little is known about factors affecting accuracy, particularly at volumes <5 mL. We investigated volumetric accuracy for enteral...

Consequences of not relieving negative internal pressure of a medication vial: A survey and simulation study

Study objectiveThe glass vial of acetaminophen as an intravenous preparation (Acelio®, Terumo, Japan) has a strong internal negative pressure. The aim of our study was to determine if this negative pressure could result in medication administration errors if not released prior to connecting to the IV set. DesignQuestionnaire survey and simulation study. SettingUniversity hospital and its affiliated hospitals. SubjectsFifty-two anesthesiologists in 6 different hospitals in Yokohama. MeasurementsA questionnaire on current practice was sent to the subjects. The authors then first calculated the internal pressure of the Acelio® vial followed by a simulation set-up. This set-up measured the amount of saline that could be aspirated from a syringe loaded on a syringe pump connected via a secondary IV line when the Acelio® vial was attached to the primary line without prior release of the internal pressure. The volume of aspiration was tested with two syringe sizes and with a fully open IV clamp vs partially closed. Main resultsTwenty-nine (56.9%) of 51 anesthesiologists who responded to the survey had connected the Acelio® vial at least once without releasing the internal negative pressure, and 21 experienced consequences such as backflow of the venous blood.The pressure inside the Acelio® vial was 81.8±19.6Torr.With the clamp of the simulated IV line fully open, the amount of saline aspirated before the alarm of the syringe pump went off was 1.5±0.1ml and 3.2±0.3ml when 20ml and 50ml syringes were used, respectively. When the clamp was partially closed to allow 2 drops per second, this value was 1.3±0.1ml and 2.3±0.1ml, respectively. After removing the plunger from the holder of the syringe pump, an additional 7ml (clamp partially closed) or 15–18ml (clamp fully open) was aspirated in the subsequent 1min. ConclusionsA considerable number of anesthesiologists experienced consequences caused by the negative pressure inside the Acelio® vial. This can also cause aspiration of the contents of the syringe pump.

Femtoliter scale quantitative injection control by experimental and theoretical modeling

Injection is a useful technology for delivery the solution like drug in medical science, because injection amount can be simply controlled by adjusting the injection duration and pressure. With advances in fabrication technology, the small size of syringe can be made from cm to nm scale. Therefore, its application model has been also decreased to a single cell. However, in femto-scale, the precise volume measurement and the theoretical estimation by the time and the pressure becomes very challengeable, because of the dramatic change of inertial forces. In order to estimate the quantitative value of injected volume in femtoliter scale, empirical equation was established as injection pressure, duration and viscosity. We observed the experimental results of the injected volume in femtoliter scale as a function of viscosity, duration, and pressure. Based on these results, we design and experimentally verify a theoretical equation for the quantitative control of the volume in femto-scale. The quantitative deliveries of the injection solution in a living cell were investigated. When the external material has viscosity between 80 to 12 mPa·s, injection volume is observed to vary between 22 to 46 fL. At same conditions, it was observed similarities between theoretical values and experimental results. Furthermore, fluorescent material was quantitatively injected into a living single cell. The fluorescent intensity is linearly increased with the injection volume. It is possible to quantitatively control the injection volume using the empirical equation in the scale of femtoliter without any process on coating an injection solution.

EVALUATION OF THE CURRENT PRACTICE OF DELIVERING INTRAVENOUS OPIOIDS INFUSIONS IN A UK PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL

IntroductionOpiate intravenous infusions are the therapy of choice in severe pain. However, administering infusions to children requires complex dosage calculations, rate adjustments and often multiple manipulations of injectable medicines to...

Sources and magnitude of error in preparing morphine infusions for nurse-patient controlled analgesia in a UK paediatric hospital.

Background Administering nurse/patient controlled analgesia (N/PCA) to children requires complex dose calculations and multiple manipulations to prepare morphine solutions in 50mL syringes for administration by continuous infusion with additional boluses. Objective To investigate current practice and accuracy during preparation of morphine N/PCA infusions in hospital theatres and wards at a UK children's hospital. Methods Direct observation of infusion preparation methods and morphine concentration quantification using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The British Pharmacopoeia specification for morphine sulphate injection drug content (±7.5%) was used as a reference limit. Results Preparation of 153 morphine infusions for 128 paediatric patients was observed. Differences in preparation method were identified, with selection of inappropriate syringe size noted. Lack of appreciation of the existence of a volume overage (i.e. volume in excess of the nominal volume) in morphine ampoules was identified. Final volume of the infusion was greater than the target (50mL) in 33.3% of preparations. Of 78 infusions analysed, 61.5% had a morphine concentration outside 92.5-107.5% of label strength. Ten infusions deviated by more than 20%, with one by 100%. Conclusions Variation in morphine infusion preparation method was identified. Lack of appreciation of the volume overage in ampoules, volumetric accuracy of different syringe sizes and ability to perform large dilutions of small volumes were sources of inaccuracy in infusion concentration, resulting in patients receiving morphine doses higher or lower than prescribed.

The Valsalva manoeuvre: does syringe size really matter?

The Valsalva manoeuvre: does syringe size really matter?

Valsalva using a syringe: pressure and variation

BackgroundThe Valsalva manoeuvre is commonly used in EDs to terminate supraventricular tachycardia by the patient blowing into a syringe.AimTo identify whether a specific syringe size can be recommended for use...

Reducing thumb extensor risk in laboratory rat gavage

Gavage is a common technique for orally administering compounds to small laboratory animals using a syringe. It involves highly repetitive thumb extensor exertions for filling the syringe, a risk factor for DeQuervain’s tenosynovitis. As an intervention, a series of bench tests were performed varying fluid viscosity, syringe size and needle size to determine the forces required for drawing fluid. Forces up to 28 N were observed for a viscosity of 0.29 Pa s. A guide is presented to minimize thumb forces for a particular combination of syringe (3 mL, 5 mL and 10 mL), fluid viscosity (0.001 Pa s, 0.065 Pa s, 0.21 and 0.29 Pa s), and needle length (52 mm, 78 mm and 100 mm) based on maximum acceptable exertion levels. In general, a small syringe and large needle size had a greater number of acceptable rat gavages per day due to the lower forces experienced as compared to all other syringe and needle combinations.

Measuring Respiratory Pressures with Mercury Manometer in Low Economic Health Care Settings- An Analytical Study.

Health care economics restricts many health centers from using hi-tech diagnostics equipment. Mercury manometers are used for calibration of pressure transducers. If standardized it would be a cost effective, simple alternative to transducers in low economic settings. To analyse the feasibility of mercury manometer usage in respiratory pressure measurement. The experimental study was conducted with 30 healthy volunteers of age group 17-19 yrs. They were recruited by using simple random sampling method. The volunteers were made familiarized to lab environment, instrument and techniques of maximum inspiratory (Pimax) and expiratory pressures (Pemax). Then parameters were recorded using mercury manometer connected to different syringes as mouth piece (2.5 ml, 10 ml, and 20 ml) and with sphygmomanometer. Statistical analysis was done by using IBM SPSS statistics version 21. The Pimax was 111.07 ± 6.53 with a 2.5 ml syringe as mouth piece. With 20 ml syringe it was 61.47 ± 9.98. PEmax with 2.5 ml syringe was 70.33 ± 8.19 with a confidence limit of 2.93 and with sphygmomanometer was 99.33 ± 8.16 with a confidence limit of 2.92. There was a change in recorded pressure and the correlation analysis result showed a significant difference from both above and below 10 ml mouth piece range. Mercury manometers could be used for recording respiratory pressures in low economic facilities once standardized. Size of syringe to be used as mouth piece needs further more works although this study finds 10 ml syringe as suitable.

Measurement of endotracheal tube cuff pressure: Instrumental versus conventional method.

Objective:To evaluate the conventional practice of endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff inflation and pressure measurement as compared to the instrumental method.Study Design:Prospective observational study.Place and Duration of Study:Department of Anaesthesia, King Saud University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (June 2014–July 2014).Methods:A total of 100 adult patients were observed according to the syringe size used Group-1 (10 ml) and Group-2 (20 ml) for ETT cuff inflation in general anesthesia. Patients with anticipated difficult intubation, risk for aspiration, known anatomical laryngotracheal abnormalities, and emergency cases were excluded. Trachea was intubated with size 8 or 8.5 mm and 7.0 or 7.5 mm ETT in male and female patients respectively. The ETT cuff was inflated with air by one of the anesthesia technician. Cuff pressures were measured using aneroid manometer. ETT cuff pressure of 20–30 cm of water was considered as standard.Results:In 69% of the patients, the cuff pressure measurements were above the standard. Age (P = 0.806), weight (P = 0.527), height (P = 0.850), and gender (P = 1.00) were comparable in both groups. The mean cuff pressure in Group-1 and Group-2 was 32.52 ± 6.39 and 38.90 ± 6.60 cm of water (P = 0.001). The cuff inflation with 20 ml syringe resulted in higher cuff pressure as compared to 10cc syringe 37.73 ± 4.23 versus 40.74 ± 5.01 (86% vs. 52%, P = 0.013).Conclusion:The conventional method for ETT cuff inflation and pressure measuring is unreliable. As a routine instrumental cuff pressure, monitoring is suggested.

A new laboratory model using bull and boar spermatozoa and fluorescent beads to assess a membrane's occlusive potential.

The objective of the present study is to assess the potential of bull and boar spermatozoa and fluorescent beads to be used as a surrogate cell model to determine the cell occlusive potential in vitro using membranes of standardized porosities. A two-chamber model system consisting of upper and lower chambers, which could be separated by membranes, was constructed. Isopore polycarbonate membranes with different standardized pore diameters were used to assess the mobile cellular penetration behavior of spermatozoa or the more passive non-cellular permeability of fluorescent particles (beads) of different diameter and color. In a first experiment, spermatozoa were placed in the lower chamber, whereas semen extender only was placed in the upper chamber. After 10min of incubation at 37°C, the sperm number was assessed in the latter. In a second experiment, a bead solution was drawn through resorbable collagen membranes from the upper into the lower chamber by vacuum using a syringe and bead number and size was analyzed by flow cytometry. All experiments were carried out in triplicates. A non-porous polyester membrane was used as negative control to assess the overall tightness of the setup. Boar and bull spermatozoa had average cell body lengths and widths of 9 × 5μm and were unable to pass through pores ≤2μm, whereas they were detectable at pore sizes ≥3μm. Their number increased with increasing pore diameters, i.e., from minimal concentrations of 0.1 × 106/ml for boar and 0.5 × 106/ml for bull spermatozoa at 3μm to maximal concentrations of 2.1 × 106/ml for boar and 13.1 × 106/ml for bull spermatozoa at 8μm. The fluorescent beads followed the expected pattern of permeability reliably correlating bead and pore diameter. Within the limitations of this laboratory study and the xenogeneic cell surrogate material, the model allows to easily assess cell and particle penetration through porous structures like membranes. We hope to further assess, improve, and validate this model, which we aim to use for the screening of dental membranes after being exposed to different degradation methods. Convenient and rapid test procedures to evaluate membranes for regenerative procedures are still warranted.

Factors that influence the characteristics of needles and syringes used by people who inject drugs in Tajikistan.

Background“Low dead space” syringes with permanently attached needles retain less fluid, blood, and HIV after use than standard “high dead space” syringes. This reduces the probability of HIV transmission if they are shared by people who inject drugs (PWID). The World Health Organization recently recommended that needle and syringe programs (NSP) offer clients low dead space syringes. The success of this recommendation will depend on PWID switching to low dead space needles and syringes. This paper examines the needles and syringes that PWID in Tajikistan use and factors that influence their choices.MethodsIn May 2014, we conducted six focus groups in Kulob and six in Khorog, Tajikistan, with a total of 100 participants. NSP staff members recruited participants. Focus group topics included the needles and syringes used and factors that influence choice of needles and syringes. Focus groups were conducted in Russian and Tajik, audio recorded, transcribed, and translated into English. The translated files were imported into NVivo 10 for coding and analysis.ResultsAll participants in both cities were male and reported injecting heroin. Everyone also reported using syringes with detachable needles almost exclusively. The most popular syringe sizes were 2 and 5 ml. Needles ranged in gauge from 25 to 21 g. Needle gauge was influenced by the size of the vein, the viscosity of drug solution to be injected, and problems with blood clotting. Needles ranged in length from 12 to 38 mm, with 25 and 32 mm being the most popular. Needle length was influenced by the depth of the vein being used. Many PWID inject volumes of fluid greater than 1 ml into deep veins that require needles at least 25 mm long and 25 g in diameter.ConclusionMost low dead space syringes are 1-ml insulin syringes with 12 mm 28 g permanently attached needles. Findings from this project suggest that these will not be acceptable to PWID who need larger syringes and longer and thicker needles that are detachable. Low dead space detachable needles appear to be an acceptable option that could overcome barriers to the widespread use of low dead space equipment for reducing HIV and HCV transmission.