Size Of Nanoemulsions Research Articles

Aphidicidal activity of nano-emulsions of spearmint oil and carvone against Rhopalosiphum maidis and Sitobion avenae

Different species of aphids, responsible for severe yield losses of cereal crops including wheat, (Triticum aestivum L.) are managed by insecticides, which are harmful to organisms and the environment under field conditions. Therefore, an environment friendly aphidicidal product of plant origin is required. Mentha spicata oil was found to be rich in carvone (81.88%), but the use of its oil and carvone in crop protection is lacking due to their volatility, poor solubility, and stability. A nanoformulaton not only solves these problems but also improve the efficacy and dose of the bioactive compounds. Thus, nano-emulsions of the oil and carvone prepared were characterized, and evaluated against Rhopalosiphum maidis (corn aphid) and Sitobion avenae (wheat aphid) The average droplet size of nano-emulsions of the oil and carvone was found to be 22.1 and 41.21 nm. Nano-emulsion of carvone exhibited higher aphid mortality (LC50 = 0.87–1.94 mg/mL) at 24 h and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.07–3.83 mg/mL) compared to the nano-emulsion of the oil (LC50 = 2.87–2.81 mg/mL; IC50 = 1.66–5.34 mg/mL). The repellence index (RI) in nano-emulsion of essential oil was found to be higher (84.73 and 81.72%) at the highest concentration (0.05 µL/cm2) than that of carvone (77.59 and 80.98%) for R. maidis and S. avenae. Further, in silico studies also revealed the favourable binding energy (− 6.6 to − 8.5 kcal/mol) of the main compounds in the oil with acetylcholinesterase, facilitated by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. This study suggests that the nano-emulsions of the essential oil and carvone can be explored under field conditions to establish efficacy for their utilization as aphidicidal and repellent products against aphids. In the present study, aphidicial and repellent activities of its essential oil and carvone were reported for the first time against R.maidis and S.avenae.

Self Nanoemulsifying Solid of Atorvastatin Calcium – Development, Characterization and Evaluation

The aim of the present study is development and characterization of SNEDDS to enhance the bioavailability of anti-hyperlipidemic agent Atorvastatin calcium. The solubility was estimated in various solvent to find maximum solubility of drug in solvent. Vegetable oil (as vehicle), non-ionic surfactant (as surfactant, co-surfactant) and water is used to construct pseudo-ternary phase diagram (identify nanoemulsifying region). Stability, dispersibility and robustness to dilution to be performed for optimize formulations using phase diagram. Different formulations are prepared with various composition of vegetable oil, non-ionic surfactant. At one globule size of optimized system is expected to accept nano emulsion size range for improving the dissolution of Atorvastatin calcium. There by we may enhance the bio-availability of Atorvastatin.

The effect of decafluorobutane lipid nanoemulsion concentration on oxygen scavenging via acoustic droplet vaporization

Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) is the phase transition of liquid droplets into gas microbubbles via ultrasound. Oxygen diffuses from the surrounding fluid into the microbubbles. This study determined the efficiency of oxygen scavenging using a lipid decafluorobutane (DFB) nanoemulsion. DFB nanoemulsions were prepared using high-shear pressure homogenization. Nanoemulsion size distributions and concentrations were measured (n = 10) using a Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4. Oxygen scavenging in 95% oxygenated water was measured in a flow phantom prior to introducing DFB nanoemulsion at concentrations of 0.05 × 10−4, 0.25 × 10−4, 0.5 × 10−4, 2.5 × 10−4, and 5 × 10−4 mL/mL and with ADV nucleated by an EkoSonic catheter driven with 47 W electrical power. The DFB nanoemulsion had a modal diameter of 920 ± 60 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.11 ± 0.03, and concentration of 3.11 × 10–2 ± 0.01 × 10–2 mL/mL. No statistical significant differences was detected in droplet size distribution metrics for at least 5 h at room temperature and 23 days at 4C. The baseline oxygen partial pressure (pO2) of the water was 553 ± 8 mmHg for all experiments. Peri-ADV pO2 dropped to 505 ± 16, 398 ± 44, 348 ± 11, 231 ± 27, 241 ± 7 mmHg for increasing concentration. A significant difference in pO2 was seen between thelowest and highest concentration (p = 0.0097). The computed ADV transition efficiency was highest at 0.25 × 10−4 mL/mL.

Anti-aspergillosis and anti-mucormycosis potential of eucalyptus essential oil based O/W nanoemulsions containing azole based drugs from Eucalyptus globulus

Antifungal azole drugs like fluconazole, itaconazole and ketoconazole are widely used for treatment of fungal related diseases including aspergillosis and mucormycosis. This study aimed at biosynthesis of fluconazole, itaconazole and ketoconazole containing oil/water (O/W) nanoemulsions (NE) using Eucalyptus essential oil and its effect against aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Nanoemulsions were synthesized having eucalyptus essential oil, surfactants: tween 80, and co-surfactant: ethanol. Zeta potential, pH, conductivity and droplet size of nano-formulations were studied by using Zeta sizer. Nanoemulsions were analyzed by UV–VIS, FT-IR and fluorescent techniques. Stability studies were conducted by storing the nanoemulsions at different conditions for 60 days. Anti-aspergillosis, anti-mucormycosis and drug release pharmokinetics were evaluated. Average size of nanoemulsions ranged from 245 to 415 nm along with zeta potential from − 9.20 to − 25.4 mV. Encapsulation efficiency of drug loaded nanoemulsions was ranged from 40 to 50%. Nano-droplets displayed stability after 60 days of storage. Considerable anti-aspergillosis and anti-mucormycosis activities were detected. Among all formulations, F1NEs depicted high antifungal activity against Aspergillus strains MTCC 277, MTCC 343 as observed by zone of inhibition (ZOI) values. Against Mucor spp strain MTCC 3373, visual pictures clearly showed substantial inhibition in fungal growth. Pharmokinetic study shown that all nanoformulations showed Korsmeyer–Peppas model.

Nanoemulgel: For Promising Topical and Systemic Delivery

A Nanoemulgel is a topical gel that contains a nanoemulsion dispersed within a gel matrix. The nanoemulsion is typically prepared using high shear mixing techniques and contains droplets of oil. The droplets size of nanoemulsion was in range of of 28 to 500nm. The sizes were confirmed by dynamic light scattering method. Nano-emulgel is an emerging drug delivery system intended to enhance the therapeutic profile of lipophilic drugs. Lipophilic formulations have a variety of limitations, which includes poor solubility, unpredictable absorption, and low oral bioavailability. Nano-emulgel, an amalgamated preparation of different systems aims to deal with these limitations. The novel system prepared by the incorporation of nano-emulsion into gel improves stability and enables drug delivery for both immediate and controlled release. Nanoemulgel improves the stability of a nanoemulsion formulation by lowering surface and interfacial tension, which increases the aqueous phase viscosity. Because the system has a higher viscosity than the nanoemulsion system, nanoemulgel is also known as hydrogel-thickened nanoemulsions. Hydrophobic medication delivery using nanoemulgel is extremely effective. Nanoemulgel use has increased in recent years as a result of the preparation's improved acceptability among patients due to its non-greasy, convenient Spread ability, easy application, and good therapeutic and safety profile.

Nanoemulsions stabilized by nonionic surfactants to promote spontaneous imbibition in ultra-low permeability reservoirs: performance evaluation and mechanism study

Nano-emulsions stabilized by nonionic surfactants have the characteristics of ultra-low interfacial tension (IFT) and altered wettability in ultra-low permeability reservoirs. Thus, in this work, a new nanoemulsion is proposed to enhance spontaneous imbibition recovery in ultra-low permeability reservoirs. The nanoemulsion is prepared using n-dodecane, Tween-20, and coconut oil acid diethanolamine n-amyl alcohol. The effects of temperature and salinity on particle size, IFT, and wettability alteration performance of the nanoemulsions were systematically studied. Experimental results show that the particle size of nanoemulsions increases with salinity, and the highest level is up to 100 nm, while an increase in temperature is beneficial to the formation of smaller nanoemulsions. The IFT of the nanoemulsion system can be reduced to an ultra-low level (10–3 mN/m) when the salinity is lower than 50,000 mg/L. As for the wettability alteration property of a nanoemulsion system, an increase in temperature can improve its performance, but variations in salinity seldom have any effects. At 56 °C and 30,000 mg/L salinity, the spontaneous imbibition recovery of 1.00 wt% nanoemulsion can reach 53.8% under the synergistic effect of three mechanisms: extremely small droplet size, excellent wettability alteration performance, and ultra-low IFT. These three mechanisms work together to significantly improve the displacement efficiency of ultra-low-permeability reservoirs.

Type of Cosurfactant Effects on Particle Size in Nanoemulsion Drug Delivery Systems

Nanoemulsions are thermodynamically or kinetically stable compared to conventional emulsions, and the particle size of nanoemulsions is around 5-200 nm. Until now, there has been no research comparing propylene glycol and PEG 400 cosurfactants for nanoemulsions, so it needs to be investigated. Laboratory experimental research with cosurfactant propylene glycol and PEG 400 Formula 1 and Formula 2 were repeated three times (n = 3) for each nanoemulsion formula. Parameters of physical properties (organoleptic, viscosity, particle size, index polydispersity) and chemical properties (pH). Evaluated and analyzed, <0.05 is considered significant. The results of formula 1 and formula 2 obtained the same clear organoleptic properties. The average particle size with cosurfactant propylene glycol was 10.41 ± 0.14 nm and PEG 400 was 12.32 ± 0.38 nm (p <0.05). The average viscosity, polydispersity index, and pH of propylene glycol were 8.72 ± 1.12; 0.03±0.02; 4.20 ± 0.04; and PEG 11.26 ± 1.80; 0.39 ± 0.58; 4.03±0.03. This shows that the type of cosurfactant has an effect on the size of the nanoemulsion particles.

Preparation and characterization of dialdehyde starch-soybean protein isolate stabilized carvacrol emulsion composite films

In order to reduce the harm of “petroleum-based plastics” with the problem of health and environment, the emulsion composite films with carvacrol nano-emulsions as antibacterial agent and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as matrices were prepared via the solvent-casting method. The average particle size of nano-emulsions was 175 nm with PDI value being 0.240. The transmittance of the emulsion composite films was close to zero in the UV-B region, with obvious UV barrier performance. The DPPH free radical scavenging rate was 60.96%, and the inhibition zone of the film forming emulsions was (21.5 ± 0.87) mm for S.aureus and (26.8 ± 1.01) mm for E.coli. Compared with the pure PVA film, the tensile strength and the water contact angle of the emulsion composite films were improved, the water vapor permeability was decreased by 28.7%. X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy results showed the successful introduction of carvacrol nano-emulsions without a changeable structure. Therefore, the emulsion composite films have shown obvious application potential as packaging materials in modern food packaging.

Preparation, characterization and properties of cinnamon essential oil nano-emulsion formed by different emulsifiers

Essential oil has unstable properties and low bioavailability. In order to improve these problems, with the help of ultrasonic wave, stable nano-emulsions were prepared with different emulsifiers. In this experiment, the formation of nano-emulsions with different emulsifiers at different concentrations was studied, including sodium caseinate (SC), whey glycoprotein (WGP), soy protein isolate (SPI) and Tween 80. Meanwhile, we studied the effect of ultrasonic cell disruption apparatus and homogenizer on the particle size of nano-emulsions. Cinnamon essential oil nano-emulsion prepared under the optimum emulsifier and its concentration has good microstructure and rheological properties. The stability of cinnamon essential oil nano-emulsion in different environments was studied, including centrifugation, freeze-thaw, heating-freezing and long-term (30 d) stability. The nano-emulsion of cinnamon essential oil is stable in emulsifiers. The nano-emulsions prepared by different emulsifiers has different particle sizes in different environments and their advantages and disadvantages are compared. Finally, how different nano-emulsion were digested in vitro was also studied. The in vitro digestion of nano-emulsion by different emulsifiers was simulated. Its properties include particle size, zeta potential and polymer dispersion index (PDI).

The garlic extract-loaded nanoemulsion: Study of physicochemical, rheological, and antimicrobial properties and its application in mayonnaise.

In this research, garlic extract (GE)-loaded water-in-oil nanoemulsion was used as a novel preservative and antioxidant in mayonnaise. GE (5%, 10%, 15%, and 25%) as a dispersed phase, olive oil as a continuous phase, and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) as a low HLB surfactant, with a constant surfactant/garlic extract ratio (1:1), were used in the formulations of water-in-oil nanoemulsions. The properties of the active nanoemulsion, including droplet size, free radical scavenging capacity, antimicrobial activity against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus [25923 ATCC]), and gram-negative (Escherichia coli H7 O157 [700728 ATCC]) were evaluated. The results showed that the mean droplet size of nanoemulsion increased from 62 to 302 nm and antioxidant capacity was also improved from 95.43% to 98.25% by increasing GE level from 5% to 25%. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) showed that antimicrobial activity against S. aureus could be observed only in high levels of GE (25%) in the formulation of nanoemulsion. The results of the total count analysis showed that the GE-loaded nanoemulsion (NEGE) was effective against the microorganisms, particularly after 4 months of storage. The incorporation of GE and NEGE did not affect significantly the acidity of different mayonnaise samples; however, they affected the concentration of the primary product of lipid oxidation. Adding GE and NGE did not significantly affect the rheological properties of mayonnaise and all samples showed shear-thinning behavior. Sensory evaluation showed that the samples with NEGE had higher scores in texture, spreadability, and mouthfeel, while the control samples had better scores in appearance, color, taste, and total acceptance. In general, the samples containing free GE (not encapsulated) had the lowest scores in all organoleptic characteristics.

Size-Controlled Preparation of Docetaxel- and Curcumin-Loaded Nanoemulsions for Potential Pulmonary Delivery

Lung cancer is one of the deadliest pulmonary diseases in the world. Although docetaxel (DTX) has exhibited superior efficacy in lung cancer treatment, it has demonstrated numerous adverse effects and poor bioavailability. The natural product extract, curcumin (CCM), has reportedly reduced toxicity and synergistically improved DTX bioavailability. Nonetheless, the hydrophobic nature of DTX and CCM limits their clinical use. Nanoemulsion pulmonary delivery of DTX and CCM has demonstrated potential as a drug carrier to alleviate these drawbacks. The controlled preparation of inhalable DTX- and CCM-loaded nanoemulsions within the 100 to 200 nm range was explored in this study. A response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD) was utilized to fabricate the desired size of the nanoemulsion under optimized conditions. Different process parameters were employed to control the size of the nanoemulsions procured through a high-energy emulsification technique. The size of the resultant nanoemulsions decreased with increasing energy input. The actual response according to the targeted sizes for DTX- and CCM-loaded nanoemulsion models exhibited excellent agreement with the predicted value at below 5% residual standard error under optimized conditions. The nanoemulsion of 100 nm particle size demonstrated better membrane permeability than their larger counterparts. Moreover, the formulations documented favorable physicochemical and aerodynamic pulmonary delivery properties and reduced toxicity in human lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cells. Hence, this tunable size of nanoemulsions could be a suitable alternative drug delivery for pulmonary diseases with increased local lung concentration.

Fabrication of nano-encapsulated angelica (Heracleum persicum) essential oil for enriching dairy dessert: Physicochemical, rheological and sensorial properties.

In this study, the nanoemulsions containing angelica essential oil (AEO) was used as a novel nano-carrier for enrichment of dairy dessert. Firstly, oil-in-water nanoemulsions were prepared by different levels of GE (1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) as the dispersed phase, Tween 80 as surfactant with a constant surfactant to essential oil ratio (1:1), and distillated water as a continuous phase. Droplet size, free radical scavenging capacity, antimicrobial activity against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus (25923 ATCC)) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli H7 O157 (700728 ATCC)) were evaluated for produced nanoemulsions. The mean droplet size of nanoemulsion increased from 75 to 95nm and antioxidant capacity also enhanced from 15.4% to 30.2% by increasing AEO level from 1% to 15%. Antimicrobial analysis by disk diffusion methods for nanoemulsions containing different levels of AEO cleared that nanoemulsions with high levels of AEO showed the stronger antimicrobial activity against both used bacteria and especially more activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The results of the total count and yeast and mould count show that the nanoemulsions with different levels of AEO have been effective on the number of microorganisms, particularly during storage. The incorporation of pure essential oil and nanoemulsions with different levels of AEO did not affect significantly the pH of different dessert samples however, they affected the dry matter and free radical scavenging capacity. Adding of nanoemulsions with different levels of AEO to the desserts had a considerable effect on the rheological properties including apparent viscosity, G', G", Tan δ and complex viscosity and all samples showed shear-thining behaviour. Results from organoleptic characteristics (taste, odour colour, mouthfeel and total acceptance) showed that enriched samples by nanoemulsions, particularly with higher level of AEO had higher sensorial scores. In general, samples containing free AEO (not encapsulated) had the lower scores in all organoleptic characteristics.

Characterisation and microbial activity of neem oil nano-emulsions formulated by phase inversion temperature method

This study has been carried out to prepare neem oil-in-water nano-emulsions stabilized by Brij 30 surfactant using the phase inversion temperature (PIT) method at three different temperatures, i.e., 60, 75 and 80°C. Compositions of homogenous phase have been identified in the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Among the total seventeen formulations, three formulations (NB1, NB2 and NB3) have been short-listed and characterized for emulsion size and viscosity. The selected formulations have shown emulsion size of 348-981 nm in diameter. The volume percentage ratio of Brij 30 to neem oil have shown significant effect on the droplet size of nano-emulsions. Formulations having lower concentration of Brij 30 have displayed a smaller emulsion droplet size (348 nm). The NB3 formulation (4% neem oil, 11% Brij 30 and 85% deionized water) has exhibited the highest stability after 60 days of storage. Antimicrobial study has shown that in contrast to raw neem and Ampicillin (synthetic drug), NB1 exhibited best result in terms of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) reduction by 100% against E-coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and S. pyogenus.

Development and evaluation of Simvastatin based SNEDDS for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this research work to improve solubility and bioavailability of Simvastatin using self nano‐emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for treatment the Alzheimer’s disease.MethodSelf emulsifying property of various oils including essential oils was evaluated with suitable surfactants and co‐surfactants. Validation of method for accuracy, repeatability, Interday and intraday precision, ruggedness, and robustness were within the acceptable limits. The liquid SNEDDS was prepared and optimized using ternary phase diagram, thermodynamic, centrifugation and cloud point studies.ResultThe globule size of optimized formulations was less than 200 nm which could be acceptable nanoemulsion size range. The mean droplet size, drug loading, PDI and zeta potential were found to be 141.0 nm, 92.22%, 0.23 and ‐10.13 mV and 153.5nm, 93.89%,0.41 and ‐11.7 mV and 164.26 nm, 95.26%, 0.41 and ‐10.66mV respectively. The best formulations were subjected to FESEM for surface morphology.ConclusionFormulation development, and evaluation of simvastatin loaded self nano‐emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for treatment the Alzheimer’s disease were carried out.

Binjai (Mangifera caesia) leaf extract nanoemulsion as antibacterial Escherichia coli

Indonesia is a tropical country with a high level of infectious disease.. One of the bacteria that often infects and causes diarrhea is Escherichia coli. E. coli infection can cause food poisoning and indigestion. Infectious diseases caused by bacteria can be treated by taking antibiotics. However, excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics can lead to bacterial resistance.Binjai (Mangifera caesia) containing components of polyphenolic compounds such as mangiferin, catechins and epicatechins with bioactivity as antibacterial. The potency of the plant extract needs to be increased as a natural antibacterial to facilitate its absorption with nanoemulsion formulation. Research methods include the manufacture of extracts with ethanol solvent maceration method. Next will be nanoemulsion formulation, measurement of nanoemulsion size by PSA analysis, and determination of antibacterial in vitro. Binjai leaf (Mangifera caesia) extract nanoemulsion formulation obtained stable nanoemulsion. The droplet size obtained is below 200 nm. Inhibition of nanoemulsion on growth of E. coli, it was found that the inhibitory power of nanoemulsion was still less than the inhibitory power of binjai leaf extract. This is because in the nanoemulsion the concentration of the extract is only 5 m and 25 mg.

Novel Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Single Bulb Garlic: Stability, Toxicity, and Antiinflammation in 3T3-L1 Cells

Single bulb garlic (SBG) has the potential as an immunomodulator; however, it has low solubility and bioavailability. A lipid-based delivery system, that is, the self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS), offers a novel opportunity in drug delivery. SBG can be a suitable candidate for SNEDDS development. This research aims to describe the physical stability, toxicity test of the SNEDDS, and SNEDDS SBG potential as antiinflammation in 3T3-L1 cells. The SNEDDS is made with various ratios of concentrations of carrier oil, surfactants, and cosurfactants, namely, 0.50: 3.45: 0.96, and added with SBG extract (SBGE) of 20 mg/mL. The results of the response test of SNEDDS SBGE formulation indicate an average and standard deviation of emulsification time of 16.38±3.01 (second), pH 7.21±0.08, and transmittance of 98.40±0.23(%). The average nanoemulsion size is 14.333±0.416 nm, polydispersion index of 0.213±0.056, and zeta potential of -14.67±0.72 mV. The results of the physical stability test indicate no segregation, deposition, cracking, or creaming in all nanoemulsion samples and SNEDDS SBG. The MTT test in a dose of 62.5, 125, 250, 500, 100, 2000, and 4000 µg/mL suggests that the highest viability of the 3T3-L1 cells is at a dose of 2000 µg/mL, which is 97.83%±1.55%. Therefore, SNEDDS SBGE can be a potential candidate for oral preparation by increasing bioavailability and reducing toxicity in the 3T3-L1 cells. An antiinflammatory test on the TNF-𝛼 and IL-1𝛽 expressions influences the 3T3-L1 cells. the SNEDDS of SBGE has the potential to reduce the expression of TNF-𝛼 and IL-1𝛽 and increase IL-10 expression in the methylglyoxal-induced 3T3-L1 cells.

Preparation of Fucoxanthin Nanoemulsion Stabilized by Natural Emulsifiers: Fucoidan, Sodium Caseinate, and Gum Arabic.

This study was proposed to investigate the possibility of O/W nanoemulsion stabilization via natural emulsifiers as a delivery system for fucoxanthin. Nanoemulsions were prepared using ultrasonic treatment (150 W, amplitude 80%, 10 min) with different levels (0.5%, 1%, and 2% wt) of fucoidan, gum Arabic, and sodium caseinate as natural emulsifires and they were compared with tween 80. Then, the creaming index, stability, encapsulation efficacy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and in vitro release were evaluated. The best stability and lowest creaming index were observed at 2% wt of emulsifiers. Nanoemulsions with droplet sizes (113.27–127.50 nm) and zeta potentials (−32.27 to −58.87 mV) were prepared. The droplet size of nanoemulsions was reduced by increasing the emulsifier concentration, and the best nanoemulsion stability after 15 days of storage was in the following order: tween 80 > sodium caseinate > fucoidan > gum Arabic. The encapsulation efficacy of nanoemulsions stabilized by sodium caseinate, fucoidan, and gum Arabic were 88.51 ± 0.11%, 79.32 ± 0.09%, and 60.34 ± 0.13%, respectively. The in vitro gastrointestinal fucoxanthin release of nanoemulsion stabilized with tween 80, sodium caseinate, fucoidan, and gum Arabic were 85.14 ± 0.16%, 76.91 ± 0.34%, 71.41 ± 0.14%, and 68.98 ± 0.36%, respectively. The release of fucoxanthin from nanoemulsions followed Fickian diffusion. The FTIR also confirmed the encapsulation of fucoxanthin.

Assessing the effect of poly (ethylene oxide-b-lactide) block copolymer on the characteristics of perfluoropentane phase-shift nanoemulsions

Acoustic droplet vaporization is the ultrasound-mediated phase shift of liquid perfluorocarbon emulsions into echogenic microbubbles. To reduce the emulsion's interfacial surface tension and minimize coalescence, the perfluorocarbon is coated with a surfactant. Copolymer shelled phase-shift nanoemulsions have emerged as potential diagnostic and therapeutic agents. The goal of this study is to understand how adding Poly (ethylene oxide-b-lactide) (PEO-PLLA) to a Pluronic F-68 shell formulation impacts the perfluoropentane (PFP) nanoemulsion size and polydispersity index (PDI). PFP nanoemulsions coated with Pluronic F-68 or a Pluronic F-68: PEO-PLLA (1:0.05 (v/v)) blend was prepared using high shear pressure homogenization (LV1, Microfluidics International, Corp.). Nanoemulsion size distributions and concentrations were measured (n=5) using a Beckman Coulter Multisizer 4. At 10,000 psi pressure and 1 passage through the homogenizer, the copolymer blend and Pluronic F-68 nanoemulsions had modal diameters of 0.73 ± 0.09 μm and 1.25 ± 0.09 μm, respectively. Additionally, the concentration was larger (6.6 ± 0.1×10−2 vs 5.56 ± 0.2×10−2 ml/ml) and the PDI smaller (0.070 ± 0.004 vs 0.129 ± 0.004) for the copolymer blend. All differences were statistically significantly different (p < .05). The inclusion of PEO-PLLA with Pluronic F-68 reduced the PFP nanoemulsion size and polydispersity, which may reduce experimental variability in acoustic droplet vaporization experiments.

Functional nanoemulsion and nanocomposite microparticles as an anticolorectal cancer and antimicrobial agent: applied in yogurt

Great concern for human health has led the food industry to focus on functional products. Microparticles based on nanoemulsions (M1) and nanocomposites (M2) were developed to deliver vital agents against colorectal cancer and microbial infection. The functional microparticles were prepared by coating extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), probiotics, and fig leaves extract with sodium alginate (SA) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) using the freeze drying technique. The antimicrobial, cytotoxic, apoptotic, encapsulation efficiency (EE %), release rate, and antioxidant activity were investigated. The yogurt was loaded with microparticles and evaluated microbiology, chemically, and sensory during storage. The results showed that the size of nanoemulsion and nanocomposite was between 476.1 and 517.7 nm, while the zeta potentials were −30.1 and −34.5 mV, respectively. M2 microparticles recorded the lowest IC50 values against human colorectal cancerous Caco-2 and HCT 116 cell lines: 1.10 μg/mL and 15.34 μg/mL, respectively. The inhibition zones were between 11 to 20 and 9 to 18 mm for M1 and M2, respectively. The highest EE% was 89.20% for EVOO and 91.34% for probiotics in M2 microparticles. The induction period of the EVOO from M1 and M2 microparticles was 15.37 h and 13.09 h, respectively. The antioxidant activity was between 78 and 65.8% for M1 and M2 microparticles, respectively. The probiotics in yogurt with microparticles were more than un-coated cells, and the taste of these samples was acceptable during storage. This study suggests that microencapsulation could be considered an interesting therapeutic tool when EVOO and probiotics are used in functional food.

A Review on Novel Drug Delivery System Nanoemulsion

various researcher are innovate a replacement therapy regarding improvement of drug action. Improve drugs absorption, distribution also we improve its efficacy. Amongst that a replacement innovative technology are develops. A nanoemulsion is technique to enhance the solubility, bioavability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodinemics of medicine .in this review article us familiar about the novel technique nanoemulsion and its preparation methods, charactorization of nanoemulsion. Nanoemulsion has been identified as a promising delivery system for various drugs including biopharmaceuticals. Nanoemulsion may be a heterogeneous system composed of one immiscible liquid dispersed as droplets within another liquid. The droplets size of nano emulsion is between 20 to 500 nm. Diameter and surface properties of droplets of nanoemulsion plays a crucial role in the biological behavior of the formulation. Small droplet sizes cause transparent emulsions so that product appearance is not altered by the addition of an oil phase during this paper various aspects of nanoemulsion have been discussed including advantages, disadvantages and methods of preparation. Furthermore new approaches of stability of formulation, effect of types and concentration of surfactant, process variables and method also are discussed to improve the stability of nanoemulsion formulation.