Variation Of Size Distribution Research Articles

Exposure Concentrations and Inhalation Risk of Submicron Particles in a Gasoline Station—A Pilot Study

Gasoline is a globally used primary fuel. The submicron particles at gasoline stations have not been extensively investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the exposure concentrations and inhalation risk of submicron particles at a gasoline station. Temporal variations in particle concentrations and size distributions were measured using a real-time system. The effective doses of submicron particles deposited in different organs were analyzed using a computational fluid dynamics model and the value of environmental monitoring (including the size distributions of particles by number). The number concentration (NC) was higher during working hours than that of the background. Submicron particles gathered predominantly at 30.5 nm and 89.8 nm during working time. The effective doses of submicron particles deposited in the olfactory system and lungs were 0.131 × 10−3 and 0.014 mg, respectively, of which 0.026 × 10−3 mg potentially reached the brain. In a female worker with 3 years of exposure, the average daily effective doses in the olfactory system, lungs, and brain were 2.19 × 10−7 mg/kg·d−1, 2.34 × 10−5 mg/kg·d−1, and 4.35 × 10−8 mg/kg·d−1, respectively. These findings indicated that workers at this gasoline station had a high inhalation risk of submicron particles. This study provides baseline data on submicron particles at gasoline stations and a critical basis for investigating disease risk in longitudinal epidemiological studies.

Effect of bed shear stress on the mobile armor layer at the riverbed

Armoring is forming an armor layer of the riverbed which is preceded by the transportation of bed sediment. Mobile armor occurs when the riverbed reaches equilibrium, then eroded, and the surface of the riverbed recovers. Therefore, protection is formed by moving riverbed material. This research used a simulation model generated through HEC RAS software version 6.1. The model input location was Krasak River, Sleman, Yogyakarta. The data for model input were the topography of the Krasak River from upstream to the point of view, flood discharge hydrograph, and grain size gradations. The simulation combination consisted of three locations with the riverbed material of each location sampled tested for grain size distribution. The running simulations combined the flood discharge at return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. There were three variations of grain size distribution used as input data. Meanwhile, variations of sediment transport methods used the Meyer-Peter Muller and Wilcock-Crowe methods. Overall, the simulation results show that the shear stress and the proportion of sand-to-grain material affect the armoring process and riverbed changes.

Apocenter pileup and arcs: A narrow dust ring around HD 129590

Context. Observations of debris disks have significantly improved over the past decades, both in terms of sensitivity and spatial resolution. At near-infrared wavelengths, new observing strategies and post-processing algorithms allow us to drastically improve the final images and reveal faint structures in the disks. These structures inform us about the properties and spatial distribution of the small dust particles. Aims. We present new H-band observations of the disk around the solar-type star HD 129590, which display an intriguing arc-like structure in total intensity observations but not in total polarimetry, and we propose an explanation for the origin of this arc. Methods. Assuming geometric parameters for the birth ring of planetesimals, our model provides the positions of millions of particles of different sizes to compute scattered light images. The code can either produce images over the full size distribution or over several smaller intervals of grain sizes. Results. We demonstrate that if the grain size distribution is truncated or strongly peaks at a size larger than the radiation pressure blow-out size, we are able to produce an arc quite similar to the one detected in the observations. If the birth ring is radially narrow, given that particles of a given size have similar eccentricities, they will have their apocenters at the same distance from the star. Since this is where the particles spend most of their time, an “apocenter pileup” occurs that can look like a ring. Due to more efficient forward scattering, this arc only appears in total intensity observations and remains undetected in polarimetric data, which is in good agreement with our observations. Conclusions. For the secondary ring to be detected, sharp variations either in the grain size distribution or for the scattering efficiencies Qsca (or a combination of both) are required. We show that a wavy size distribution and a size-dependent phase function can strengthen the apocenter pileup. Overall, such arcs are rarely detected in other systems, which can mainly be explained by the fact that most parent belts are usually broad.

Research on the Pore Evolution of Oil Shale under Different Thermal Treatment Temperatures Using NMR and FE-SEM Methods

Underground in situ pyrolysis for oil shale extraction is currently significant; the evolutions in microstructure, porosity, and permeability parameters are essential factors in evaluating the productivity of oil shale after pyrolysis. With the underground oil shale reservoir core, obtained from Jimsar Sag in the Junggar Basin in China, as the research object, the samples were subjected to the treatment at different high temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C, and 700°C). The NMR and FE-SEM experiments on oil shale samples were conducted; the T 2 relaxation spectra, pore size distribution, and porosity and permeability variation were analyzed; and the relationships between movable fluid saturation and porosity and permeability were established, respectively. The results showed that when the thermal treatment temperature increased, the porosity and permeability of oil shale rose continuously but showed different laws. With the temperature being lower than 400°C, the porosity increased slowly, and the growth rate of porosity increased rapidly when the thermal treatment temperature was higher than 500°C. In the pyrolysis temperature range of 25°C~400°C, the growth rate of permeability was relatively slow. With the continuously enhancing temperature (500°C~600°C), the growth rate of permeability accelerated rapidly. When the temperature continued to rise (700°C), the increase of permeability began to slow down. There is a nonlinear correlation between porosity and movable fluid saturation and an approximately linear correlation between permeability and movable fluid saturation. The findings showed that 600°C was the suitable temperature for the pyrolysis of oil shale.

Enhancing the flowability of limestone water suspension for economical transportation by variation in particle size distribution

Hydrotransport is increasingly a popular technology due to its low specific energy consumption and nonpolluting nature. The current work presents a thorough characterization of a limestone sample to explore the influence of blending medium and coarse particles with fine particulate slurry on the rheology, slurryability, and stability of a limestone water suspension. Various bench-scale studies are performed to identify the physicochemical, morphological, and flow features of limestone samples. Eight separate bi-modal slurry samples are prepared using limestone materials with three unique particle size ranges (53, 53–75, and 75–106 µm). The rheological properties of the slurry are tested at shear rates ranging from 50 to 500 1/s, and regression analysis is used to determine the nature of the slurry. The solid concentration of the suspension sample ranges between 10 and 70% with a flow velocity range of 0.25–1.5 m/s through a 100 mm diameter pipeline. Finally, essential criteria such as apparent viscosity, settling properties, pressure drop, and specific energy consumption are used to determine the optimal particle size distribution. The ideal proportion of medium particles (53–75 µm) mixing in the fine particulate slurry suspension is 40%, while the fraction of coarse particles (75–106 µm) is 30% (by weight).

Investigation of Cubic and Spherical IONPs’ Rheological Characteristics and Aggregation Patterns from the Perspective of Magnetic Targeting

Based on our prior research, we synthesized iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in two shapes (spherical and cubic) and sized them for the current inquiry. This research examined the magnetic, rheological, and sedimentation properties of the suspensions containing PEG-coated IONPs, considering that both produced particles are intended to be employed for magnetic targeting applications. The saturation magnetization of both IONPs was lower than the magnetite domain magnetization of 92 emu/g due to the surfactant and the dead surface magnetic layer. Under each investigated magnetic field (0, 34 and 183 mT), the shear viscosity behaviour of the MNP suspensions of both kinds was comparable. Shear thinning behaviour was seen for both particle suspensions in the low shear rate area (0.1 s−1 to 1 s−1). The rheological curves from this paper show that the suspensions present a higher viscosity at lower shear rates for spherical and cubic PEG-coated nanoparticles when a magnetic field is applied. The aggregation behaviour demonstrates that cubic-shaped IONPs are more stable throughout time, with hydrodynamic diameter measurements showing a relatively slow variation of the DLS size distribution from 250 nm to 210 nm in the first 600 s; contrarily, the hydrodynamic diameter of spherical IONPs fluctuated significantly, from 855 nm to 460 nm. Another key finding relates to the sedimentation profile, specifically that PEG-coated IONPs with spherical shapes have a stronger tendency to sediment than those with cubic forms, which are more stable.

Variation of the Particle Size Distribution for the Soil in the Middle Euphrates Regions

The study locations were chosen within the central Euphrates regions, which include the provinces of (Babylon, Diwaniyah, Karbala, Najaf, and Muthanna), which lie between longitudes 31.2926 to 32.9055 north and latitudes 44.0332 to 45.3845 east by UTM system. Fifteen pedons were discovered, three pedons in each province, two for planted soil and one for uncultivated soil, and their horizons were described in a morphological and fundamental manner, and their coordinates were determined. Samples were obtained from each horizon, saved and brought to the laboratory for the necessary laboratory measurements. The results of the morphological description showed that the soils of the Middle Euphrates regions are calcareous sedimentary newly formed with flat topography, and the natural vegetation of the Bermuda grass, cogongrass and Alhagi in its soil. As for the color of the soil, the results indicated that the color is homogeneous in wavelength and the difference in intensity and purity of the color. Soils with fine and moderately fine textures were prevalent. It had an angular block structure in all the horizons of the cultivated soils, except for the uncultivated soils. Its construction was of the acute-angled block type, while the strength of the soil was varied in all cases and in all horizons. The results indicated that the size distribution of the soil separates is different, but the predominance of the silt separate, followed by clay and then sand. In terms of its variance, sand was the most variance, where its coefficient of variation ranged between 81.99 - 60.72%, followed by clay, whose coefficient of variation ranged between 47.02 - 29.32%. As for the silt, it was the least variance, where its coefficient of variation ranged between 17.49 - 11.10. These separates were distributed unnaturally, with negative and positive Skewness, and with a flat negative and positive distribution in most soil horizons and locations.

The Effects of Particle Size Distribution and Moisture Variation on Mechanical Strength of Biopolymer-Treated Soil

Biopolymers have recently shown great potential to replace traditional binding materials in geotechnical engineering; however, more research is required to reach a deeper understanding of biopolymer-treated soil behavior. The objective of this study was to investigate the most important parameters that affect the behavior of biopolymer-treated soil, including biopolymer content, dehydration time, soil type effect, and durability. Sodium alginate and agar biopolymers were used due to their stability under severe conditions and the reasonable costs to study these parameters. A broad range of soil particle sizes was used to optimize the kaolinite-sand combination. As one of the main concerns in the behavior of biotreated soils, durability was investigated under five cycles of wetting and drying. In addition, a comprehensive microstructural study was performed by FTIR analysis and SEM images, as well as chemical interaction analysis. The results indicated that the optimized biopolymer content was in the range of 0.5-1% (to soil weight) and the dehydration time was 14 days. A soil combination of 25% kaolinite and 75% sand provided the highest compressive strength. Under wetting and drying conditions, biopolymers significantly increased soil resistance against strength reduction and soil mass loss. This study provides an understanding how agar and sodium alginate changes the behavior of the soil and can be used as a reference for further studies in the future.

Fe-SiC-Sn-Mn reinforced surface composite via FSP: A comprehensive analysis

This investigation reports a maiden work on the fabrication of surface composite through hybrid reinforcement powders by adding Fe, Mn, and Sn metallic powders to ceramics (SiC) in aluminum AA5083 alloy matrix via friction stir processing. Stitched micrographs were employed to demonstrate the variation in grain size distribution from the stir zone (10 µm) to the base metal (52.68 µm) during the processing. With the aid of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, area mapping and X-ray diffraction analysis, it has been determined how reinforcement was distributed and what phases evolved in the stir zone. Tensile test was performed to evaluate the strength of the fabricated composite and micro-hardness maps indicated a 54.4 % increase in hardness after processing.The observed enhancement is attributed to the Hall-Petch and pinning effect. A potentiodynamic polarization test was carried out to study the corrosion behavior and it was ascertained that corrosion resistance of the processed sample got enhanced because of grain refinement, formation of galvanic couple and breakdown of second phase particles owing to intense stirring.

Research on Particle Size and Energy Consumption Law of Hard Coal Crushing under Impact Load Based on SHPB Test

To study the particle size distribution and energy variation law of hard coal under a load, an impact compression test of hard coal specimens under different impact loading conditions was carried out using a Φ50 mm diameter Separate Hopkinson Press Bar (SHPB) test system. We implemented the theory of dynamic impact energy of rock to establish the calculation expression of hard coal impact crushing energy dissipation, and we established the Weibull distribution model of a crushing body to analyze the impact velocity in relation to the particle size distribution of hard coal crushing and crushing energy consumption. The results demonstrate that due to the different original states of the specimens, the damage to the specimens under static action is in the mode of conjugate plane shear damage, single bevel shear damage, and tensile damage. The damage process of the specimen under impact load loading is divided into three stages: elastic deformation, elastic–plastic deformation, and plastic softening, while the increase in the strain rate caused the peak stress of the specimen to increase. The Weibull distribution can characterize the impact crushing size distribution of hard coal specimens very well. The parameter of coal rock crushing degree is a power function that is influenced by the impact velocity; the greater the impact velocity, the higher the coal rock crushing degree, but the characteristic index of coal rock crushing fluctuates with the increase in impact velocity. As the impact velocity increases, the incident energy and reflected energy increase linearly, while the transmitted energy increases first and then decreases. The dissipation energy of coal rock crushing also increases linearly with the impact velocity. There is no obvious regular change between the energy dissipation rate of coal rock and impact velocity during impact damage, and the dissipated energy of macroscopic crushing only accounts for 10~20% of the incident energy; most of the energy is used for damping loss and damage loss.

Experimental evidence of dust flux size distribution variation along two consecutive erosion seasons

Experimental evidence of dust flux size distribution variation along two consecutive erosion seasons

The influence of burial rate on variability in tephra thickness and grain size distribution in Iceland

We explore whether the rate at which a tephra deposit is buried influences the variability (thickness and grain size distribution) within the tephra layer subsequently preserved within the stratigraphic record. This has important implications for understanding how processes of soil formation interact with the creation of a volcanic record. To assess the relationship between soil formation and the preservation of tephra layers, the thickness and grain size distribution of the Katla 1918 tephra in Iceland and the rate at which it was buried (inferred from the thickness of the overlying soil) was measured 1620 times at six locations. Tephra layer thickness does not correlate with rate of burial, but the proportion of original deposit retained does, and variations in grain size distribution are correlated with burial rate. Our results indicate that whilst medium term (i.e. years-decades) burial processes may contribute less to tephra layer variability than environmental processes operating immediately after deposition, rapid burial facilitates better preservation of the original fallout characteristics with important implications for the accurate reconstruction of past volcanic eruptions based on tephra layer characteristics. There are two key implications: firstly, sites need to be chosen where surface characteristics minimise the initial alterations of tephra deposits, and secondly sites with rapid burial will produce the best quality data, although workable data can be gathered elsewhere if areas of uncertainty are acknowledged.

Seasonal Variation in Upper Limb Size, Volume, Fluid Distribution, and Lymphedema Diagnosis, Following Breast Cancer Treatment.

Background: Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a common complication of breast cancer treatment. Anecdotal and qualitative research suggests that heat and hot weather cause an exacerbation of BCRL; however, there is little quantitative evidence to support this. The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between seasonal climate variation and limb size, volume, fluid distribution, and diagnosis in women following breast cancer treatment. Methods and Results: Women older than the age of 35 years who had undergone treatment for breast cancer were invited to participate. Twenty-five women aged between 38 and 82 years were recruited. Seventy-two percent received surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy as part of their breast cancer treatment. Participants completed anthropometric, circumferential, and bioimpedance measures and a survey on three occasions: November (spring), February (summer), and June (winter). Diagnostic criteria of >2 cm and >200 mL difference between the affected and unaffected arm, and a positive bioimpedance ratio of >1.139 for a dominant arm and >1.066 for nondominant arm was applied across the three measurement occasions. No significant correlation between seasonal variation in climate and upper limb size, volume, or fluid distribution were found in women diagnosed with or at risk of developing BCRL. Lymphedema diagnosis depends on the season and diagnostic measurement tool utilized. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant variation in limb size, volume, or fluid distribution in this population across spring, summer, and winter, although there were linked trends in these values. The diagnosis of lymphedema, however, varied between individual participants throughout the year. This has important implications for the implementation/commencement of treatment and management. Further research with a larger population in different climates is required to explore the status of women with respect to BCRL. The use of common clinical diagnostic criteria did not result in consistent diagnostic classification of BCRL for the women involved in this study.

Characterizing gear-based exploitation patterns of artisanal tuna fisheries in the western Indian Ocean: A snapshot from Kenya

This study explores gear-based patterns in catch rates and catch composition of landings by artisanal tuna fishers along the Kenya coast based on data collected at eight landing sites from March 2014 to March 2020, representing 1960 fishing trips and 192 mt of fish. Tuna and tuna-like species constituted 55% and 38% respectively of the sampled catch by weight. Troll lines, ringnets and handlines were the most commonly used representing 52%, 18% and 12% of the sampled fishing trips. Ringnets were the most productive catching an average of 547 ± 99.3 kg of tuna per trip, while handlines caught the lowest (12.6 ± 1.4 kg trip −1). Longlines and drift gillnets caught the highest proportion of tuna representing 95% and 89% respectively of landings, while reef seines and monofilament gillnets caught the lowest. The mean catch per unit effort for tuna was 78.5 ± 7.7 (SE) kg trip −1, while that for tuna-like species was 35.2 ± 1.9 (SE) kg trip −1. Kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis), bigeye (Thunnus obesus), and yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) were the most common and most abundant representing 31.5%, 21.2%, and 20% of the tuna landings, respectively; while skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) constituted the lowest at 4%. Although tuna was landed year-round, species-specific variations in catch rates and size distribution were observed among the gear types and between seasons. Cluster analysis and non-metric ordination based on combinations of gear type and season defined four groupings with two gear types (ringnets and set gillnets) showing seasonal differentiation in the composition of tuna and tuna-like species. Majority of tuna were above the reported size at first maturity (L50) except for yellowfin and bigeye tuna. Overall, the findings provide new insights on Kenya’s artisanal tuna fishery addressing important information gaps on exploitation patterns of artisanal tuna fleets of the western Indian Ocean region.

Singularly narrow size distributions of 200 nm polystyrene latex spheres determined by high resolution mobility analysis

A high-resolution differential mobility analyzer (DMA) is used for the first time to study the mobility distribution of Polystyrene Latex (PSL) particles. We investigate in particular some unique, nominally 200 nm and 100 nm PSL particles, known by other methods to be unusually monodisperse. The suspensions are electrosprayed after adding ammonium acetate to a concentration of 10 mmol/L. Mobility analysis is carried out after charge reduction with a second electrospray of the opposite polarity. The 200 nm particles typically produce two narrow peaks, with relative intensities that depend on electrospray parameters. Under the most favorable spraying conditions achieved, the more mobile peak becomes dominant, is narrowest, and has a repeatable mobility; we attribute it provisionally to the unpolluted suspended particles. The less mobile peaks are substantially more variable but never entirely removed. We initially attributed them to attachment of involatile solutes in the suspension to the atomized PSL particles; however, this hypothesis is put in doubt by later observations. The measured relative width of the mobility distribution for the most mobile peak is FWHMZ = (1.65 ± 0.08) %. This translates into a width for the diameter distribution FWHMd = (1.09 ± 0.05) % or standard deviation σd = (0.46 ± 0.02) %, by far the most monodisperse polymeric submicron particle suspension so far reported. Concentrations of ammonium acetate of 100 mmol/L and 40 mmol/L were also tested in order to reduce residue attachment by forming smaller initial electrosprayed drops. These higher salinities, however, led to capillary clogging, apparently because the narrow electrospraying jet precludes the passage of the PSL particles. The 100 nm particles gave a wider variation in mean diameter and size distribution depending on electrospraying parameters, perhaps because of the suspension's considerably larger content of involatile solutes. Unlike the 200 nm particles, no spraying condition was found under which a precisely repeatable size distribution could be achieved for the 100 nm particles. However, the data do point to an estimated upper bound on the size distribution width of FWHMd ≈ 3 % (σd ≈ 1.3 %), which is uniquely narrow for particles of this size.

Investigation of the Microstructure Characteristics and Deformation Mechanisms of the Carbonaceous Slate under Hydromechanical Coupling

Carbonaceous slate inevitably possesses microscopic pores, microcracks, cleavages, and bedding planes in complex geoenvironment during the diagenesis processes. The microstructure of carbonaceous slate changes apparently under the effects of underground water infiltration, tectonic stress, and engineering disturbance, which induces the large deformation of rock mass and influences the stability of geotechnical engineering projects. To investigate the microstructure characteristics and reveal deformation mechanisms of carbonaceous slate under the influence of water pressure and stress, the variations of the pore size distribution(PSD), connectivity of pores, and porosity of samples during water injection and triaxial compression were studied using multiple methods. The results indicated that voids include plate-like micropores and microcracks, which are discontinuous without external stress. The micropores with a size of less than 1 μm dominate in number. The flaky particles were extruded and bent at a confining pressure, which caused the intermediate pores to form and altered the PSD of the samples. Hence, the connectivity dramatically improved and resulted in increased permeability. Water with dissolved clay minerals and small particles could move between micropores and microcracks during the water injection process. The elastic deformation of the particles recovered, and the intermediate pores disappeared when the imbalanced forces on two sides of the particles were narrowed. Pore water pressure affected the effective stress state and decreased the cohesion and stiffness of the rock. In the lower stress state, the porosity had a certain range of decrease (about 0.2%) mainly due to micropore compression, while the microcrack sprouted and expanded with the increase of compressive stress, resulting in the extension of porosity. The interaction of the stress and water seepage on the slate reduced the rock strength and favored the deformation, leading to a large macrodeformation of the soft rock in the long run.

Influence of Microstructure on the Mechanical and Corrosion Response of a Friction Stir-Extruded WE43 Magnesium Rod

Friction stir extrusion (FSE) was used with WE43 Mg to create a rod with a hybrid microstructure. The rod’s electrochemical corrosion response was characterized in Hank’s balanced salt solution at 37 ± 1 °C. The rod showed refined grains near the edge, while coarse grains were observed at the rod center. A larger fraction of precipitates was observed near the edge possibly hindering grain growth. The refined grains and the presence of a larger fraction of precipitates in the edge regions resulted in higher hardness owing to a confluence of precipitate hardening and solid–solution strengthening. Texture analysis of the rod cross-section exhibited a basal texture, perpendicular to the extrusion direction and populating the rod’s outer surface. In compression, the rod showed a near-base material yield strength (225.6 MPa) and a good combination of compressive strength (357.5 MPa) and ductility (~17.7%). The rod’s electrochemical corrosion response was sensitive to variations in the grain size, texture, and precipitate distribution between the rod core and edge regions. Removal of the edge region resulted in the formation of a more stable and protective film with an increase in the immersion period. The results from the study establish the ability of the FSE process to tailor the rod microstructure thereby influencing the mechanical properties and corrosion rate of Mg alloy.

Upcycling Construction and Demolition Waste into Calcium Carbonates: Characterization of Leaching Kinetics and Carbon Mineralization Conditions

Carbon mineralization is a technology that fixes CO2 permanently into solid carbonates via the reaction between CO2 and alkaline substances. In our studies, we used Ca-bearing industrial waste (i.e., construction and demolition waste) as the feedstock to produce high-purity calcium carbonates. We aim to integrate valorization of solid wastes and CO2 emission mitigation in our process. To achieve qualified products and fast kinetics, the reaction routes can be divided into two main processes: a dissolution process with acid followed by a two-step carbonation reaction. The advantages of this multistage process are obtaining products with high purity, tailored morphology, and narrowed particle size distribution. Conducting effective carbon mineralization requires a comprehensive understanding of the kinetics of the dissolution process, and it was found that the rate-limiting step is diffusion due to the intrinsic properties of the feedstock. In the subsequent carbonation process, impurities (Al, Fe, and Si) from the leachate were selectively removed as their oxides prior to the carbonation reaction, through pH swing, leveraging differential solubilities. Subsequent carbonation with bubbled CO2 under controlled conditions produced calcium carbonate with tunable forms between vaterite, aragonite, and calcite. The variations of the particle size distribution and the shape of the solid were monitored in real time through a Blaze900 probe from BlazeMetrics Co., which provided optical information, facilitating a better understanding of the kinetics and mechanisms of the dissolution and crystallization processes. Thus, alkaline industrial waste can be efficiently and sustainably utilized through the carbon mineralization pathway.

Starch granules and their size distribution in wheat: Biosynthesis, physicochemical properties and their effect on flour-based food systems

Starch is a vital component of wheat grain and flour, characterized by two distinct granule types: A-type starch (AS) with granules larger than 10 µm in diameter, and B-type starch (BS) with granules measuring no more than 10 µm in diameter. This review comprehensively evaluates the isolation, purification, and biosynthesis processes of these types of granules. In addition, a comparative analysis of the structure and properties of AS and BS is presented, encompassing chemical composition, molecular, crystalline and morphological structures, gelatinization, pasting and digestive properties. The variation in size distribution of granules leads to differences in physicochemical properties of starch, influencing the formation of polymeric proteins, secondary and micro-structures of gluten, chemical and physical interactions between gluten and starch, and water absorption and water status in dough system. Thus, starch size distribution affects the quality of dough and final products. In this review, we summarize the up-to-date knowledge of AS and BS, and propose the possible strategies to enhance wheat yield and quality through coordinated breeding efforts. This review serves as a valuable reference for future advancements in wheat breeding.

Fragmentation and abrasion of solid particles in cyclones of CFB reactors: Phenomenology and kinetic model constitution

Particulate material in gas-solid flow systems is under constant mechanical stress due to the collisions of solid particles with the internal walls of the equipment and inter-particle collisions. These collisions cause attrition, resulting in a reduction in particle diameter. This study aims to analyze this phenomenon by evaluating the particle size distribution flowing in a loop in a cyclone. Samples were collected after each pass in the cyclone to obtain the temporal variation of particle size distribution. Increases in the inlet velocity increased the generation of fine particles, consequently reducing the collection efficiency in the cyclone. In addition, a kinetic model was built from the experimental database, and it enabled the prediction of a size reduction of FCC catalyst particles in a CFB reactor. • Effects of fragmentation and abrasion on the cyclone performance. • Phenomenology of fragmentation and abrasion in cyclones operating at high inlet velocities. • Reduction of collection efficiency in cyclones due to particles fragmentation. • Kinetic model constitution for fragmentation and abrasion in cyclones. • Prediction of fragmentation in cyclones operating in a circulating fluidized beds.