Sixty Years Research Articles

Mobilizing Literature: Social Movements and Post-1945 US Literary Studies

Abstract: This essay proposes a movements-based method for studying the development of US literature after World War II. It argues that the cultural materialist and institutionalist frameworks that have dominated post-1945 US literary studies in recent years have systematically overlooked the role of social movements as catalysts for cultural change. Through readings of the literary magazine n+1, the archival materials of Octavia Butler, and novels by a range of other major postwar US authors, it offers an account of how the collective mobilizations of the past sixty years—from Civil Rights, the New Left, and the Women's Movement to Occupy Wall Street, Black Lives Matter, and #MeToo—have decisively shifted the contours of the US literary field.

Coenesthesia or the Immediate Feeling of Existence: Maine de Biran and the Problem of the Unconscious between Physiology and Philosophy

Abstract The term “coenesthesia” was introduced at the end of the eighteenth century by the German physiologist Johann Christian Reil to designate the general perception of the living body through the nerves. Over the course of the nineteenth century, this notion circulated widely not only in Germany, but also in France, where it was developed in particular by Théodule Ribot. However, a good sixty years before Ribot, Maine de Biran had already employed the notion of “coenesthesia” to indicate the “immediate feeling of existence,” which he distinguished from the apperception of the self in relation to the body. What Biran emphasized, in his philosophical appropriation of “coenesthesia,” is the impersonal and mostly unconscious nature of this feeling, which never leaves us and plays a key role in the shaping of our personal and conscious life, unnoticeably influencing the course of our ideas, our character, and the emotional tone of our perception of the world. The purpose of this article is to study Biran’s philosophical use of the notion of “coenesthesia” in the last phase of his philosophical reflection (1823–1824) in relation to the emergence of the problem of the unconscious.

Razvojni put anesteziološke tehnike za izvođenje cistoskopije - iskustva tercijerne ustanove - anestezija za cistoskopije

Procedural sedation as an anesthesiological method performed in patients who are unable to tolerate the examination. Procedural sedation was defined for clinical situations which require conditions for performing a therapeutic or diagnostic procedure with protected spontaneous breathing, airway reflexes and hemodynamic stability, with absence of anxiety and pain. Endoscopic urological procedures represent a good therapeutic alternative to open surgical methods but with an incomparable advantage in diagnostics. Endoscopy experienced its expansion in the last 20 years as minimally invasive surgery. Cystourethroscopy is one of the most common procedures performed by a urologist. In a patient with an advanced bladder tumor, after examination with a cystoscope, bimanual palpation is performed requiring good muscle relaxation of the anterior abdominal wall. The Clinic for Urology and Nephrology has started with examination under a cystoscope during the sixties years of the last century. Originally without anesthesia condition, cystoscopies were performed under analgosedation conditions since 1980. Due to the length of the examination and the need to perform bimanual palpation examination this anesthetic approach was inadequate. Furthermore, cystoscopies were performed under general anesthesia, with the increasing dose of anxiolytics, followed with depolarizing muscle relaxants and hypnotics. Nowdays, cystoscopies are performed under general anesthesia, with inhalation anesthetic or propofol maintenance, both provided adequate conditions for examination. The changes of the anesthesiological method over time represents one of the testimonies of the evolutionary pharmacologicaly-technologicaly-personnel development of the anesthesiological specialty for the endoscopic procedure, which has not fundamentally and technically changed since the very beginning.

QSAR application of natural therapeutics inhibitors against Alzheimer's disease through in-silico virtual-screening, docking-simulation, molecular dynamics, and pharmacokinetic prediction analysis

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disorder that is known to be one of the deadliest diseases affecting humanity, especially adults from the age of sixty (60) years and above. It mostly affects thinking ability, behaviour and social skills, eventually, AD causes the brain to shrink and brain cells to die. To curb the menace of this disease, virtual screening of potent, non-toxic hybrid natural therapeutic inhibitors was performed on some inhibitors of AD. We performed simulations on the screened compounds and predicted their druggability. A model with satisfactory statistical properties was developed in this study. The ligands underwent molecular docking, C-19 exhibited the highest docked score of −12.8 ​kcal/mol against the target, while the referenced compound (harmine) indicated the lowest docked score of −8.2 ​kcal/mol. The docked complex was validated using molecular dynamic simulations. Trajectory plots of C-19 were obtained and found to be stable. C-19 was stable during the 100 ns intervals which implies that the compounds were better than the referenced compound. In addition, ADMET has demonstrated that these ligands have good pharmacokinetic properties. All the evaluations were more comprehensive and beneficial to researchers and the medical community as outstanding results were obtained.

Assessing the Efficacy of Peer Teaching as an Alternative to Teaching Practice: A Case of Molepolole College of Education

Purpose: The study sought to assess the effectiveness of peer teaching as a replacement of school-based teaching practice.
 Methodology: The study used a case study research design and applied mixed methods approach to evaluate the viability of peer teaching as an option for school-based teaching practice. Questionnaires, interviews and group discussions were used to collect data. Different participants were randomly selected to respond to a questionnaire and they comprised sixty (60) year 3 students and sixty (60) lecturers. Ten (10) lecturers including four (4) Heads of Departments were purposively selected for interviews while six (6) student teachers were conveniently selected for group discussions.
 Findings: The results indicated that peer teaching is a useful strategy to introduce teacher interns to the art of teaching. However, the peer teaching practice environment does not represent the realities of the school classroom. Thus, peer teaching is inadequate to be used as a substitute for school based teaching practice. The results point to need for a thorough review of the use of peer teaching in place of the school-based teaching practice.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Pedagogical content knowledge remains key form of knowledge in teacher professional development. The comparative study findings affirm the utility of the two strategies of peer teaching and teaching practice in teacher professional development. It highlights the limitations of peer teaching and underscores the uniqueness of teaching practice. Thus, it cautions against the use of peer teaching as a replacement for the traditional school-based teaching practice. This challenges both practitioners and policy makers to think of alternative practices to be used instead of teaching practice in the event the usual experiential on-field practice option is not available.

“One Health Approach” Towards Effective Health Services Delivery in Sixty Years of Independent Tanzania

The year 2021 marked sixty years of Tanzania’s independence. Tanzania passed through different phases of development and attempted innumerable interventions, including a series of "development alternatives" to fight poverty, hunger, and infectious diseases. These efforts towards effective health services provision treated humans, animals, and environmental health separately. Due to the increase in human, livestock, wildlife, and environment interactions, the efforts did not result in the anticipated health outcomes. This prompted the government to search for an alternative approach. Cognizant of this, the government introduced the "One Health Approach (OHA)", which recognizes health as one, without a dividing line between humans, animals, and environmental health. This paper, therefore, analyzes (i) the debates for advancing effective health services delivery sixty years after independence; (ii) an emerging approach for interdisciplinary collaboration for human, animal, and environmental health, which is considered to have the potential for effective delivery of health services; and, (iii) the relevance of the OHA towards minimizing the undesirable impacts of human, livestock, and wildlife interactions on health. A documentary analysis (documentary research method) was employed to gather the information for the study. OHA is at its infancy stage, though this initiative signifies an essential landmark towards dealing with health-related challenges reflected at the convergence of humans, animals, and the environment. The milestone is outstanding as it leads to building fundamental capacities concerning public health, particularly regarding preparedness and response as per International Health Regulations. The OHA underscores the need for collaborative working efforts involving human, livestock, wildlife, and environmental health professionals for optimal human, animal, and environmental health attainment. There is a need to upscale the OHA and further understand the consequences of the interactions for optimum human, animal, and environmental health. Therefore, it conveys the idea that it is necessary to expand and enhance the OHA and the importance of comprehending the implications of the interactions for the well-being of humans, animals, and the environment.

BS 4142:2019 - Methods for rating and assessing industrial and commercial sound - the past, the present and future developments - a history.

BS 4142 is the UK's principal assessment method for quantifying industrial / commercial noise impact. It is surprising to realise that this standard is nearly sixty years old. The first draft of the document that was to become BS 4142 was being prepared in 1962 and was first published early in 1963 as the final report of the Wilson Committee on the problem of noise. As a young acoustician, I like many others, regarded British, and all standards in general, as tablets of stone that were immutable. As I gained in experience it became obvious that this was not true. In fact all standards are periodically reviewed, every five years in the case of a British Standard, to determine if they still reflect the current available evidence that underpins them. The current version of BS 4142 would be virtually unrecognisable to those esteemed authors of the Wilson Report all those sixty years ago. This paper traces the history of BS 4142 from its birth in the Wilson Report, through its revisions, many of which were extremely controversial at the time, to its current iteration. Change is coming with a review and potential revision in 2024 and this paper examines the current developments, both in research and standardisation, that may have significant impacts on this review process and the future development of BS 4142.

P853 Environmental factors in a population-based inception cohort of inflammatory bowel disease patients in the Faroe Islands compared to inflammatory bowel disease patients in Eastern and Western Europe – An Epi-IBD study

Abstract Background The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the Faroe Islands is the highest in the world and has increased dramatically over the past sixty years - possibly due to changes in environmental factors towards a more “westernised” standard of living. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in exposure to environmental factors prior to diagnosis in the Faroe Islands, and to compare the results to Eastern and Western European IBD patients. Methods The Faroese Epi-IBD study group is a nationwide, prospective inception cohort of 388 unselected IBD patients from the Faroe Islands covering a background population of 53,000 inhabitants. Patients were diagnosed between 2010 and 2021. At the time of diagnosis patients were asked to complete the 87-item IOIBD questionnaire concerning environmental factors. Findings were compared to Eastern and Western European IBD patients from the Epi-IBD cohort. Results A total of 311 patients (80.2 %) answered the questionnaire, 46 (14.8 %) had Crohn’s disease (CD), 217 (69.8 %) had ulcerative colitis (UC), and 48 (15.4 %) had IBD unclassified (IBDU). The number of former smokers, breastfeeding, coffeine intake, and oral contraceptive was higher than both Eastern and Western Europe. Vaccination against tuberculosis, measles, and rubella was similar to Western Europe; while vaccination against pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, and polio was similar to Eastern Europe. Childhood diseases of measles, pertussis, rubella, mumps were higher than both Eastern and Western Europe. Fruit and vegetable intake was lower than both Eastern and Western Europe. High sugar intake, and fast-food intake was similar to Eastern Europe. Conclusion Faroese IBD patients differ in terms of exposure to environmental factors prior to the diagnosis to both Eastern and Western Europe patients. Analysis of the impact of environmental factors on difference in disease course and incidence between the Faroese Epi-IBD study group and the Eastern Europe and Western Europe Epi-IBD cohort are currently in progress.

Mortality following hip fracture: Trends and geographical variations over the last SIXTY years

IntroductionThe management of hip fractures has advanced on all aspects from prevention pre-operatively, specialised hip fracture units, early operative intervention and rehabilitation. This is in line with the appropriate recognition over the past years of an important presentation with significant mortality and socioeconomic consequences of ever increasing incidence in an aging population. It is therefore imperative to continue to gather data on the incidence and trends of hip fractures to guide future management planning of this important presentation. MethodsA review of all articles published on the outcome after hip fracture over a twenty year period (1999-2018) was undertaken to determine any changes that had occurred in the demographics and mortality over this period. This article complements and expands upon the findings of a previous article by the authors assessing a four decade period (1959 – 1998) and attempts to present trends and geographical variations over sixty years. ResultsThe mean age of patients sustaining hip fractures continues to be steadily increasing at approximately just over 1 year of age for every 5-year time period. The mean age of patients sustaining hip fractures increased from 73 years (1960s) to 81 years (2000s) to 82 years (2010s). Over the six decade period one-year mortality has reduced from an overall mean of 27% (1960s) to 20% (2010s). The proportion of female hip fractures has decreased from 84% (1960s) to 70% (2010s). There is a decreasing trend in the proportion of intracapsular fractures from 54% (1970s) to 49% (2000s) and 48% (2010s). ConclusionOur study indicates that significant progress has been made with preventative planning, medical management, specialised orthogeriatric units and surgical urgency all playing a role in the improvements in mean age of hip fracture incidence and reduction in mortality rates. While geographical variations do still exist there has been an increase in the study of hip fractures globally with results now being published from more widespread institutions indicating appropriate increased attention and commitment to an ever-increasing presentation.

Physically agnostic quasi normal mode expansion in time dispersive structures: From mechanical vibrations to nanophotonic resonances

Resonances, also known as quasi normal modes (QNM) in the non-Hermitian case, play an ubiquitous role in all domains of physics ruled by wave phenomena, notably in continuum mechanics, acoustics, electrodynamics, and quantum theory. In this paper, we present a QNM expansion for dispersive systems, recently applied to photonics but based on sixty year old techniques in mechanics. The resulting numerical algorithm appears to be physically agnostic, that is independent of the considered physical problem and can therefore be implemented as a mere toolbox in a nonlinear eigenvalue computation library.

Spatiotemporal Variations of Drought and the Related Mitigation Effects of Artificial Precipitation Enhancement in Hengyang-Shaoyang Drought Corridor, Hunan Province, China

It is important to reveal the spatial and temporal variations of drought and evaluate the alleviating effects of artificial precipitation on drought severity, as it will contribute immensely to the formulation of drought prevention and mitigation measures and the provision of guidance to artificial precipitation enhancement operation. Based on the monthly precipitation data of 28 meteorological stations in Hengyang-Shaoyang Drought Corridor (HSDC) from 1960 to 2019, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) at multiple time scales were calculated to estimate drought frequency, drought station ratio, and drought intensity. Then the spatiotemporal variations of drought in the study area were unveiled, and the effects of artificial precipitation enhancement were evaluated in line with the relevant data from 2005 to 2019. The results show that at the annual scale, drought occurred in 3/4 of past sixty years in the study area, where almost 1/3 of such years experienced area-wide droughts. Drought coverage in HSDC exhibited a decreasing trend, but drought intensity, as well as the number of area-wide droughts and regional droughts showed an increasing one. Mild and moderate droughts occurred in an extensive part of the HSDC, whereas severe and extreme droughts were mainly found in a few stations. At the seasonal scale, winter drought occurred most frequently, followed by summer and autumn droughts, while spring drought events had the lowest frequency. Overall, drought is more serious in spring, autumn, and winter, but less severe in summer; although drought intensity decreased slightly in summer, both its intensity and coverage showed an increasing trend in other seasons. At the monthly scale, the ratio of positive to negative SPI values in HSDC was basically balanced in the past six decades, exhibiting no distinct variation characteristics. In addition, artificial precipitation enhancement effectively eased monthly and even seasonal drought in HSDC. These findings, which fully reflect the characteristics of drought in the study area, can also raise awareness of the contribution that artificial precipitation could make to drought mitigation, which in turn will contribute to the formulation of appropriate strategies for climate change mitigation and adaptation.

Familial chylomicronemia syndrome. A sixty year follow-up in two siblings and their kindreds. Nosological and clinical considerations

Familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare and severe genetic disorder, characterized by marked elevation of plasma triglycerides, often diagnosed in infancy. We describe the long-term follow-up (almost 60 years), the diagnostic assessment and the management of two siblings with severe hypertriglyceridemia and a history of pancreatitis who also developed cardiovascular complications later in life. We recently disclosed that the surviving index case was homozygous for a pathogenic LPL gene variant (c.984 G>T, p.M328I). The same variant was also found in two apparently unrelated siblings with FCS living in the same geographical area as the index case.

From Barrier-Free to Universal/Inclusive Design: How Far Have We Progressed During These 60 Years in Japan?

It is sixty years since ASA A117.1 was introduced in 1961, and fifty years since the US Senate Special Committee on Aging hearings on barrier-free environment in October 1971. During these years, the word "barrier-free design" was replaced with universal design, or inclusive design, with the notion that the need is not limited to people who have disabilities, but that more people will be affected by poor design. How far have we progressed in these years to solve the problems? This paper tries to examine what we have now and what still need to be done, on environments, products, and services. To sum-up major findings, the built environment is more considerate to people than before thanks to ADA and other similar laws and regulations, but improvement of existing infra/structures is slower than desirable.

Líquen plano na infância: um relato de caso raro

Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis that presents itself in various clinical forms, which vary according to the morphology and distribution of the lesions. Its incidence is higher in adults, mainly between their thirties and sixties years of age, being infrequent in childhood, with a rate of less than 4% in the total of cases. Being less common in childhood, has an underdiagnosis and a delay in treatment, and thus compromises the quality of life of the patient seeing that they are extremely pruritic lesions with a both cutaneous and mucosal distribution that damages the emotional, social and psychological conditions of the patient. Therefore, it is important to recognize the lesion, also in this age group, so that the precise diagnosis benefits the patient with attention and appropriate treatment. We reported a case of a child with 6 years and 9 months old who presented with cutaneous and oral lichen planus, our approach and results.

Recoding Art

When Varèse lived in that street sixty years earlier, he was creating Poème Electronique, a commission from the Philips company. The eight-minutes song would become the soundtrack of the pavilion created by Le Corbusier at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair. For this composition, Varèse gathered trivial sounds from Eindhoven, noises that would only be the disposable sounds of everyday life for many. But not the composer who, exhibiting keen attention and sensitivity, saw poetic power in these sounds and produced a striking composition. [...]

Post‐Pictet‐Spengler Cyclization (PPSC): A Strategy to Synthesize Polycyclic β‐Carboline‐Derived Natural Products and Biologically Active N‐Heterocycles

AbstractPictet‐Spengler reaction is a typical condensation reaction of β‐arylethylamine or Tryptamine with an aldehyde or ketone followed by ring closure to generate tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) and Tetrahydro‐β‐carboline (THβC), respectively. Both these key skeletons represent huge range of structurally diverse naturally occurring isoquinoline and indole alkaloids. Nature has synthesized structurally complex Reserpine, Ajmalicine as well as other related alkaloids using various biosynthetic pathways via Pictet‐Spengler reaction followed by post‐Pictet‐Spengler cyclization (PPSC) stratergy. This biosynthetic process is the short and reliable method to access diverse range of polycyclic heterocycles. Over the period of last sixty years, several researchers have synthesized complex alkaloids without highlighting the synthetic utility of the post‐Pictet‐Spengler cyclization strategy. We summarized the synthesis of numerous natural products and related natural product inspired heterocyclic scaffolds which follow the PPSC strategy to demonstrate its usefulness for the construction of diverse compound collection.magnified image

Qualidade do atendimento no comércio de confecções: Um estudo na cidade de Currais Novos-RN

O atual cenário econômico e global apresenta constantes mudanças, o mercado do setor de confecções está em processo continuo de crescimento nos setores formais e principalmente informais, acirrando a concorrência do mercado, oferecendo aos clientes uma grande diversidade de opções para o consumo, partindo dessa premissa os clientes estão cada vez mais exigentes na busca de um atendimento de qualidade, que apresentem um diferencial que atenda suas expectativas. O presente artigo buscou analisar a Qualidade no atendimento no comércio de confecções na cidade de Currais Novos – RN. Para tanto, inicialmente é realizada uma pesquisa sobre Marketing de serviços e Atendimento ao cliente, seguida de aplicação de questionário com 04 (quatro) grupos com participantes de idades entre 09 (nove) e 60 (sessenta) anos. Desta forma, trata-se de um estudo de caso qualitativo com aplicação de questionário por e-mail. Por meio dos resultados das pesquisas, foi informado que o colaborador não identifica necessidade do cliente, atendem por meio de acepção de pessoas, bem como a falta de qualificação. O estudo conclui que a qualidade no atendimento na cidade de Currais Novos apresenta um despreparo em conhecer seus produtos e clientes por meio dos colaboradores.

Exploring Shankar Pathak's Ideas on Indian Social Policy, Welfare and Social Development

Any discussion around India's Social Policy, Social Welfare and Social Development ought to be laid in the context of India's sixty years of planning history. In this critical essay, I explore the views and treatise of octogenarian Shankar Pathak on social welfare policies and development of the poor in India. In those sixty years of planning, India has certainly made strides, such as producing some billionaires that enter into who's who list compiled by Forbes, alongside its poor making world's record officially included into the top ten poor nations. India's situation can be aptly captured and surmised by borrowing the famous saying of American Political Economist ‘doing better but feeling worse' (Wildavsky,1977, pp 105). The current paper examines Pathak's views on social policy, welfare and social development in India and to an extent his views on social work profession in India, that were made available to Indian social work academia through his book ( 2013) on ‘Social Policy Social Welfare and Social Development' brought out during his sojourn in Bangalore and further through a cursory view of his blogs.

Highly productive pine plantation growth on peat soils

The results of some sixty year researches concerning the pine plantation formation and development on a dried eutrophic-mesotrophic peatland developed by planting are discussed in paper. It is shown that rich peatlands covering millions of forest hectares and subjected to hydroamelioration are promising for accelerated cultivation of high-tonnage plantings. The growing stock is found out to presumably reach 525 m3/ha within 57 year-period of time. No regular thinning is necessary in the process of forest growing, it is only sufficient to remove naturally dried trees.

Perspectives on the Logical Study of Language

Published originally as “Loogisen kielentutkimuksen nakoaloja”, Ajatus 19, (1956), pp. 81–96, the following piece by Jaakko Hintikka is the first essay he published in his mother tongue of Finnish. It is seen to provide both a state-of-the-art review of current topics emerging in the philosophy of language in the mid-1950, as well as outlines of Hintikka’s own evaluation of major theses of that era, in particular those of Quine’s and Wittgenstein’s concerning language use. Hintikka evaluates contributions that the logical study of language use can make to the solving of philosophical questions. Published in 1956 in Ajatus: The Yearbook of the Philosophical Society of Finland, Hintikka’s essay served to introduce these topical issues to the Finnish-speaking audience soon after the original works had appeared in print. It also puts the theses into the perspectives of Hintikka’s own fledgling logical philosophy. One can see the germs of game-theoretical semantics is his comments on Wittgenstein’s notion of a language-game, and his remarks on general habits of action anticipate the importance of strategic rules in Hintikka’s mature, inquiry-led and ‘action-first’ epistemology. This is manifest in Hintikka’s characteristic approach to the methodology of philosophy of science and mathematics as an attempt to understand the nature of scientific and mathematical practices and operations through the logical analysis of their central concepts. Topics indicated below thus became the hallmarks of Hintikka’s next sixty years of work, which saw the development of a range of logical methods by which language and its use can be studied, and in particular in such a way that progress can be made in solving problems of genuinely philosophical nature that one encounters across various fields of science. This piece was very briefly summarized in English in 1963 by Arto Salomaa (The Journal of Symbolic Logic 28(2), 1963, p. 165), and it is translated from the original Finnish by Jukka Nikulainen and Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen. [A.-V. P, J. N.]