Sixth Century Research Articles

Morphological reasoning in the explanation of the complement of Abi Ali Al-Farsi to Abi Al-Baqaa Al-Akbari Died in the year (616) AH

This thesis is entitled (The morphological explanation in the explanation of the complement of Abi Ali Al-Farsi to Abu Al-Baqa Al-Akbari 616 AH) and aims to collect and study the types of morphological causes for a prominent scientist of the sixth century AH, and to identify the characteristics of the explanation that he showed in explaining the issues of his book, and this research acquires its importance Since he is researching a book of morphological heritage, as this thesis is considered the first study on this book after its investigation, and the nature of the research necessitated dividing it into three chapters, followed by an introduction, an introduction, a conclusion and a prelude.

Sub/semi-Subterranean Complexes in Byzantine Beer Sheva, Negev, Israel, Date, Use and Typology

Byzantine Beer Sheva presents a phenomenon of digging, lining, building, and making extensive use of sub/semi subterranean complexes. We note on the relationship between these sub/semi subterranean complex and the 'aboveground' structure and details such as the construction of the stairway, the delimitation of the earthen section formed, the installations exposed in the complexes and the form of roofing. The installations and ceramic assemblages point towards the fact that these complexes were more than simple storage facilities and were in daily use. The earliest Byzantine sub/semi subterranean complex dates to the second half of the fifth century and sixth century though the majority of sub/semi subterranean complexes, built on the outskirts of Byzantine Beer Sheva date slightly later in the sixth century and seem to have been excavated following the outbreak of the Bubonic plague which swept through the Negev in the mid sixth century CE.

Droughts and societal change: The environmental context for the emergence of Islam in late Antique Arabia.

In Arabia, the first half of the sixth century CE was marked by the demise of Himyar, the dominant power in Arabia until 525 CE. Important social and political changes followed, which promoted the disintegration of the major Arabian polities. Here, we present hydroclimate records from around Southern Arabia, including a new high-resolution stalagmite record from northern Oman. These records clearly indicate unprecedented droughts during the sixth century CE, with the most severe aridity persisting between ~500 and 530 CE. We suggest that such droughts undermined the resilience of Himyar and thereby contributed to the societal changes from which Islam emerged.

Poetry Of Ibn Jia Al_ Hilli (died 579 ah)

Perhaps one of the most striking pieces of evidence of the literary development in Hilla, since its establishment, is the number of great writers and poets who enriched the cultural field with their great literary achievements. One of them is the writer Sheikh Muhammad bin Jiya al-Hali (d. 579 AH), who is one of the most prominent writers in Iraq generally and in Hilla in particular in the sixth Hijri century. However, he has not received great attention from researchers and scholars in our time that suits his production and literary status. There are only a few attempts in this regard. Therefore, we took on the task of reviving the literary heritage of Ibn Jiya by compiling, studying, and textually criticizing his works.

Klasik Dönem İbâdî Fıkıh Literatürü

İslam tarihinde ortaya çıkan ilk mezheplerden birisi olan İbâdiyye mezhebi, ılımlı görüşleri dolayısıyla kısa zamanda diğer Hâricî fırkalardan ayrılmış ve günümüze kadar yaşamaya devam etmiştir. İtikâdî olduğu kadar fıkhî bir boyuta da sahip olan mezhep, hareketin fikrî kurucusu sayılan Câbir b. Zeyd (öl. 93) döneminden itibaren oluşmaya başlamış olan geniş bir fıkıh literatürüne sahiptir. Bu literatür günümüzde dahi devam etmektedir. Bu makalede İbâdî fıkhının kuruluş ve teşekkül dönemi olarak nitelendirilebilecek dönemlerde yaşamış İbâdî fukaha ve onların kaleme aldıkları fıkıh eserleri ele alınacaktır. Çalışmayı özgün kılan ise ülkemizde çok kısıtlı miktarda yapılmış olan İbâdî fıkhına yönelik çalışmaların dahi hiç temas etmediği bir nokta olan İbâdî fıkıh literatürünü incelemesidir. Nitekim ülkemizde İbâdî fıkhına yönelik yapılan çalışmalar ya fıkıh usulü ya da füru fıkıh üzerinden bu mezhebi incelemiş, literatürüne ise değinmemiştir. 
 Sürekli itikadi yönüyle ön plana çıkan İbâdiyye mezhebinin fıkhî bir yönünün de olduğunu ve azımsanmayacak derecede bir fıkıh literatürünün bulunduğunu göstermek bu çalışmanın amaçlarındandır. Bu amaçla makalede mezhebin kuruluş dönemi ve hicrî altıncı asrın yarısında sonlanan teşekkül dönemini kapsayan süreçteki İbâdî fıkıh literatürüne temas edilecek ve bu dönemlere yönelik değerlendirmelere yer verilecektir. Ülkemizde bu alanda bir çalışma olmadığı gibi çalışmada zikredilen İbâdî fıkıh eserlerinin bir kısmı ülkemizde ulaşılabilir durumda değildir. Bu da çalışmanın önemini artırmaktadır.

Cultural principles as expressed in the Murka Nayanar Puranam

Tamil language has a very ancient history among Indian languages. Literatures in the Tamil language are also excellent factors in making that history better. Due to the proliferation of devotional texts in Tamil, the Tamil language is known as the "Language of Devotion". Saiva and Vaishnavism can be traced back to antiquity through the proverb of Tolkappiyar. Shaiva religion were revived by the Pallavas and the Cholas in the sixth century AD. During the reign of Raja Raja Chola, Nambiyandar nambi compiled the Tirupatikas in the Thillai temple into ten editions. He also added his own songs to the eleven editions. Then he added the great legend of the sekkilar and made it twelve times. The native name of the sekkilar is Arunmozhithevar. This is the twelfth edition of "Periyapuranam" composed by him. The name he gave to this book was "Thiruthondar Puranam". The history of vegetarians is proudly called the Great Myth. The coffee tells the story of 63 Nayans with beauty and devotion. Literature in the classical Tamil language is a portrayal of human life. Literature is a good guide to a happy life. There are many rare ideas in the literature about living in that genre. In this age where writing and speaking about individual rights tends to dismantle all of the bundles of fruitful traditions, there is now an increasing need to talk and write a lot about the responsibilities of every human being. There is no point in talking about the rights of those who shirk responsibilities. The number of crimes is likely to decrease only if individual morality is maintained in the federation of society. The fact that theft cannot be eradicated unless the thief is looked after is a testament to the fact that most prisons and prisons will be redundant if everyone in the country is disciplined in their adoption. This article examines family culture thinking, which takes precedence over individual morals, through the myth of the Murkanayanar.

From the Treasuries of the Macedonian Orthodox Church—The Archbishopric of Ohrid: Notes on the Sacral Collection and Art Works

From the Treasuries of the Macedonian Orthodox Church—The Archbishopric of Ohrid: Notes on the Sacral Collection and Art Works

Eusebius/Jerome’s Chronicon in Iberia up to the Year 1000

Either in Greek, or translated into Latin by Jerome (and later into Armenian by an unknown author), until at least the 13th century, few books have had a greater and more lasting influence on Mediterranean historiography than the Chronicon of Eusebius of Caesarea (CPG 3494). For almost a thousand years, this Chronicon was continuously referred to as a literary model, and it was expanded, abridged, truncated, adapted, or completely rewritten, giving rise to new texts that, in a closer to or more distant way from its model, became, in turn, new models and sources for other new works.In Iberia, this enormous text, in the Latin version made by Jerome, was known from the second half of the 5th century (with Hydatius’ Chronicon; CPL 2263) onwards. In this paper, I will make an history of the the reception of Eusebius/Jerome’s text in Iberia up to year 1000. This paper will be divided in two parts: in the first, I will review the concrete evidence one has today for the circulation of manuscripts transmiting the Chronicon. Even If I have to refer to some more recent examples, they witness the existence of an older tradition whose origin may be traced back into the sixth century. In the second part, I will analyse the evidence for the use of Eusebius/Jerome’s Chronicon by Iberian authors, from Hydatius up to the Christian and Mozarabic authors of the end of the frist millenium.

Knives and Sleeping Monks : Benedict’s Rule and Self-Defence in Sixth-Century Italy

According to Benedict’s Rule, a few monks used to sleep while wearing knives, a dangerous habit which the Saint condemns. Sixth century sources, both Latin and Greek, mention knives quite often, which are called either cultelli or machairai and are mostly considered as weapons. Since there was widespread public insecurity in the Italian countryside during Benedict’s times because of bandits and marauding soldiers, it is likely that many farmers were used to carrying a knife with them even in bed. Quite a few monks had difficulties in letting go of this precaution after entering Montecassino.

The origin of the Carpathian Avar elites revealed

In the sixth century, the Avar elites established themselves in the Carpathian Basin as evidenced today by the astounding archaeological sites with exquisite grave goods made of silver and gold. Recently reported in Cell, Gnecchi-Ruscone etal.1 obtained paleogenomic evidence from Avar sites in Hungary, placing the Avar elites' origin in Mongolia and confirming their own historical claims.

The city of aydhij, a study in its political and cultural conditions

: aydhij, one of the seven cities of Al-Ahwaz that was conquered in a year17h at the hands of the Muslim Arabs under the leadership of Al-Numan bin Muqrin Al-Muzni, had an important role in the events of Islamic history in the medieval era, especially in the Abbasid era, in the military and political events. Its participation in the sixth century AH became the political capital of the independent Greater Lorestan Emirate It continued until the first quarter of the ninth century AH, during which the city witnessed a wide urban movement and development in the intellectual and educational field, as well as its economic prosperity due to three factors (capital, markets, industries.

الاستبصار فی عجائب الأمصار لمؤلف مجهول مصدراً لدراسة الأوضاع الاجتماعیة والاقتصادیة فی المغرب خلال القرن (6هـ/ 12م)

Introspection in the provinces' Wonder of an anonymous Author as a Resource for studying the social and Economic Circumstances of Morocco during the 6th A.H Century /12th A.D The author of AL-Estibsaar Fi Ajaaib AL-Amssar is one of the most prominent scholars of the sixth century AH / twelfth century AD, and his book which deals with the cities of the Maghreb is a model of the models of the Arabic-Islamic civilization that is characterized by diversity and holisticness . So, such a scholar, like other, needs to study his scientific material he presented to know its historical value from the social & economic sides. Hence, this study attempts to shed light on the nature of societies and to know their social customs and traditions and their economic conditions, which include agricultural, industrial and commercial activities.

Updated review on gout

First identified by the Egyptians in 2640 BC, podagra (acute gout occurring in the first metatarsophalangeal joint) was later recognized by Hippocrates in the fifth century BC, who referred to it as 'the unwalkable disease'. The term is derived from the Latin word gutta (or 'drop'), and referred to the prevailing medieval belief that an excess of one of the four 'humors' - which in equilibrium were thought to maintain health - would, under certain circumstances, 'drop' or flow into a joint, causing pain and inflammation. Throughout history, gout has been associated with rich foods and excessive alcohol consumption. Because it is clearly associated with a lifestyle that,atleast in the past, could only be afforded by the affluent, gout has been referred to as the 'disease of kings'. Although there is evidence that colchicine, an alkaloid derived from the autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), was used as a powerful purgative in ancient Greece more than 2000 years ago, its first use as a selective and specific treatment for gout is attributed to the Byzantine Christian physician Alexander of Tralles in the sixth century AD.

Two new Byzantine inscriptions from El‐ʿAynūn (Kerak Governorate; Southern Jordan)

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to bring to light and edit two Byzantine funerary inscriptions from El‐ʿAynūn (Kerak Governorate; Southern Jordan). The first one is perhaps dated in the year 485–486 AD [year 380 EPA]; the second one, although not dated, probably belongs to the same period, ranging between the fifth and the sixth century AD.

The attacks on Maccah in ancient times from the second millennium BC to the sixth century AD

حظيت منطقة مكة المكرمة بمكانة استثنائية منذ العصور الموغلة في القدم حتى يومنا هذا؛ حيث ارتبط تاريخها بالبيت الحرام والكعبة المشرفة، وبالأنبياء والرسل بداية من آدم، ومرورًا بإبراهيم وابنه إسماعيل -عليهما السلام-ووصولاً إلى خاتم الأنبياء والمرسلين سيدنا ونبينا محمد عليه أفضل الصلاة وأتم التسليم.
 ومكة المكرمة خلال تاريخها القديم تعرضت لاعتداءات عدة، وكان هدف تلك الاعتداءات السيطرة على المنطقة، واستغلال مكانتها الدينية المتميزة وموقعها الإستراتيجي لتحقيق مكاسب اقتصادية.
 وفي هذه الدراسة سوف نسلط الضوء على الدوافع الدينية والسياسية والاقتصادية التي أدت إلى هذه الاعتداءات وفاق رؤية جديدة، بالاستناد إلى نظرية السلطة للعالم الفرنسي ميشيل فوكو "١٩٢٦-١٩٨٤م"، ويهدف هذا البحث إلى رصد الاعتداءات التي تعرضت لها مكة قديمًا، من زمن إسماعيل -عليه السلام- إلى قبيل ظهور الإسلام، وفاق المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، بداية من عهد العماليق وانتهاكهم حرمة البيت، ونختم هذه الاعتداءات بحملة أبرهة الحبشي على مكة، والمقترنة بالعام الذي ولد فيه الرسول -صلى الله عليه وسلم. وفشل هذه الحملة رفع من مكانة مكة الدينية والاقتصادية.
 ومن خلال هذه الدراسة تبين بأن هناك رابطان مشتركان خلف هذه الاعتداءات، الأول: الرغبة في الحصول على المكاسب السياسية والاقتصادية والمكانة الاجتماعية، والآخر فشل جميع محاولات الاعتداء التي تعرضت لها مكة من أقدم العصور حتى عصرنا الحاضر. وبما أن التاريخ عبارة عن حلقات وأحداث متصلة، نجد هذه الاعتداءات استمرت على اختلاف العصور التاريخية، وقد تستمر لاستمرارية أهمية الموقع الإستراتيجي والمكانة الدينية للمنطقة لعقود.

‘I am not who I was’: Old age and masculinity in Maximianus Etruscus' elegies

The Elegies of Maximianus Etruscus (sixth century CE) are first-person narratives in which the poet writes about the life cycle, making love and sex the building blocks of the story. Through his failed relationships with different women, Maximianus talks about the perception of his aging, especially the changes in his body and his eroticism, and the progressive loss of masculinity that to him comes with old age. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between old age and gender in Maximianus' elegies from a double perspective: the perception of old age itself as a unique and personal fact, and age and masculinity as interacting social constructions that are historically constructed. We will address issues such as the emotions linked to aging, the representation of old age as a living death, the relationship of masculinity with sexuality and the importance of erection. Finally, we will place Maximianus' poems within their historical context, analyzing how they can be interpreted as a metaphor for the period in which its author lived, in which old age and loss of power symbolized the disappearance of the Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy and, in general, the end of the Roman Empire. A literary exercise but also a life story, this set of six elegies allows us to approach the social construction of gender and age in Late Antiquity.

Synthesis of palaeoecological data from the Polish Lowlands suggests heterogeneous patterns of old-growth forest loss after the Migration Period

Human impact on Central European forests dates back thousands of years. In this study we reanalyzed 36 published pollen data sets with robust chronologies from Polish Lowlands to determine the patterns of large-scale forest decline after the Migration Period (fourth to sixth century CE). The study revealed substantial heterogeneity in the old-growth forest decline patterns. Using new high-resolution studies, we could better understand the timing of this transition related to increasing economic development. After the Migration Period, forest expansion continued until the seventh to ninth centuries cal. CE, when the dawn of Slavic culture resulted in large-scale forest decline, especially in north-western and north-central Poland. Later, forest decline was recorded mainly in north-eastern Poland and was related to Prussian settlements, including activities associated with the Teutonic Order, as well as with new settlements from the fourteenth century. The composite picture shows a varied spatio-temporal forest loss and transition towards the present-day, human activity dominated landscapes. However, some sites, such as in north-eastern Poland, are characterized by a less abrupt critical transition. The pristine nature of the oak-hornbeam forest had already been destroyed in Early Medieval times (eighth to ninth centuries cal. CE) and the potential for recovery was largely lost. Our study has confirmed previous assumptions that the decline of hornbeam across the Polish Lowlands may be an early indicator of local settlement processes, preceding severe forest loss, and establishment of permanent agriculture.

The Vienna Genesis: An Example of Late Antique Purple Parchment.

The investigation and conservation of the Vienna Genesis, a Late Antique manuscript on purple parchment, included the study of parchment production and purple dyeing in the sixth century. The process of parchment making and of purple dyeing was recreated and compared with the Vienna Genesis and other manuscripts from the sixth and eighth centuries. Parchment made from the hides of young lambs and dyed with orchil resembled the folios of the Vienna Genesis. The results of material analysis and the study of parchment technology influenced decisions for the conservation and storage of the manuscript. Fragile areas of ink and parchment were stabilised with strips of adhesive coated Japanese tissue paper. The single folios are stored in folders of Japanese paper and museum matboard within a sink mat.

The Canadian Excavations at Anemurium in Cilicia. By James Russell, with contributions from C.W.J. Eliot, Hector Williams, Sheila Campbell, Nigel Kennell, and Thomas Boyd (Archéologie et Histoire Romaine 45). Toulouse, Éditions Mergoil 2021. Pp. 155. €36.97. ISBN 978-2-35518-117-7 (paper).

<i>The Canadian Excavations at Anemurium in Cilicia</i>. By James Russell, with contributions from C.W.J. Eliot, Hector Williams, Sheila Campbell, Nigel Kennell, and Thomas Boyd (Archéologie et Histoire Romaine 45). Toulouse, Éditions Mergoil 2021. Pp. 155. €36.97. ISBN 978-2-35518-117-7 (paper).

Ordinary Lydians at Home: The Lydian Trenches of the House of Bronzes and Pactolus Cliff at Sardis. By Andrew Ramage, Nancy H. Ramage, and R. Gül Gürtekin-Demir (SardisRep 8). 2 vols. Cambridge, Mass.: Archaeological Exploration of Sardis 2021. Pp. 570. $100. ISBN 9780674248557 (cloth).

<i>Ordinary Lydians at Home: The Lydian Trenches of the House of Bronzes and Pactolus Cliff at Sardis</i>. By Andrew Ramage, Nancy H. Ramage, and R. Gül Gürtekin-Demir (<i>SardisRep</i> 8). 2 vols. Cambridge, Mass.: Archaeological Exploration of Sardis 2021. Pp. 570. $100. ISBN 9780674248557 (cloth).