Six-factor Model Research Articles

Multidimensional Psychometrics of Teacher Educators’ Professional Identity: An Initial Validation with Teacher Educators in Southeast Asia

While prior quantitative research has proposed a scale for measuring teacher educators’ professional identity in terms of two dimensions, a qualitative study and comprehensive review of the literature suggested that this factor actually consists of six dimensions: teacher of teachers, researcher, coach, curriculum developer, gatekeeper, and broker. The purpose of this study was to examine whether it is possible to measure teacher educators’ professional identity in terms of these six dimensions. A total of 192 teacher educators from Southeast Asian countries (Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand) participated in this study and responded to items we developed to measure their professional identity in addition to providing their basic attributes such as age, gender, highest level of education, and years of service as teachers or teacher educators. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the six-factor model was acceptable and permitted the assessment of teacher educators’ professional identity in terms of six dimensions. The results also show that women exhibit a stronger professional identity as teachers of teachers than do men and that the higher the respondents’ highest level of education, the stronger their professional identity as teachers of teachers, coaches, curriculum developers, or gatekeepers.

Dimensionality, Invariance, and Nomological Network of the Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (NSFS): An Extensive Psychometric Investigation in a Swedish Work Cohort

The present study evaluated the dimensionality, measurement invariance, and nomological network of the Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (NSFS) in a sample of Swedish workers. Using confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling, and bifactor modeling, 30 different measurement models were evaluated cross-sectionally (n = 2123) and longitudinally (n = 1506). Measurement invariance was tested across gender and time. The nomological network of the NSFS was examined through its relations with life satisfaction and cognitive weariness. The findings supported a first-order six-factor ESEM model and measurement invariance of the Swedish version of the NSFS. Need satisfaction was positively related to life satisfaction and unrelated to cognitive weariness. Need frustration was negatively related to life satisfaction and positively related to cognitive weariness. The present study supported a six-factor structure of the Swedish NSFS, which appears suitable for assessing changes over time and gender differences in ratings.

Measurement validity of the six-factor model of psychological well-being in a military sample: Implications for measuring well-being in service members.

Subjective well-being is a positive psychological construct that has important implications for the U.S. Military's goal to develop service members' strengths and support their overall thriving and downstream resilience. Despite this, the concept of well-being has not been well studied in military populations who have unique work demands, stressors, and autonomy/agency in daily life compared to civilians. To address this shortcoming in the literature, the present study assessed Ryff's measures of psychological well-being (PWB) in 1,333 U.S. service members prior to the deployments in the Middle East. Various methods attempting to validate the theoretical model purported by Ryff were unsuccessful, and exploratory factor analyses did not result in a novel model for this population. Future research should continue to evaluate proposed models of soldier well-being and propose novel theories, as well as measures, to assess this important construct. Implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The Prevalence and Impact of Debilitative Psychological and Behavioral Responses to Long-Term Injury in Athletes

Injuries, and their psychological and maladaptive behavioral consequences, are an inevitable by-product of sport participation. This study sought to investigate the prevalence of maladaptive behaviors and psychological corollaries of long-term injury in order to understand if these are universal experiences of long-term injured athletes. Competitive athletes (n = 187; average time spent injured =43 weeks), across a range of sports completed an online questionnaire developed to investigate the psychological and behavioral consequences of long-term injury. Results indicated that negative symptoms after injury were a universal experience and are the “normal” response to injury, not the “exception.” The most prevalent psychological consequences were rumination (97.9%), boredom (94.7%), and fear of reinjury (93.6%). Furthermore, indicators of suicidal ideation were reported by more than 50% of participants. Factor analysis revealed a six-factor model: (a) self-sabotaging behavior, (b) daily functioning, (c) addictive behavior, (d) clinical issues, (e) fixation on injury, and (f) compromised athletic identity. All factors significantly correlated with debilitating impact. Thus, this study calls for a change to the support of long-term injured athletes to include routine psychological care.

Validating the caregiver self-efficacy in contribution to self-care scale Thai version for stroke: A psychometric evaluation.

To test the validity and reliability of the Caregiver Self-Efficacy in Contribution to Self-Care Scale Thai Version (CC-Self Efficacy Scale (Thai)) for Stroke. A cross-sectional study was undertaken from September to December 2022. Four hundred thirty-four caregivers of people with stroke were selected from the registry of stroke patients in primary care units or hospitals following inclusion criteria. The research assistants collected information when the caregiver took a patient for a doctor's appointment or visited the patient's and caregiver's home. The 434 caregivers had a mean age of 48 years, female 77.67%, 51.97% child or grandchild of patients, and 72.85% living with the patient. Ten items of the CC-Self Efficacy Scale (Thai) were normally distributed and appropriate for exploratory factor analysis (EFA). EFA suggested three-factor model. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the three-factor model was an unfit model, with the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.09. We regrouped items based on content to create six-factor model. CFA supported the six-factor model of CC-Self Efficacy Scale (Thai) questionnaire with the reliability judged by McDonald's omega being 0.87. The 434 sample size was enough for EFA and CFA. The CC-Self Efficacy Scale (Thai) with the six-factor model is appropriate for evaluating the caregiver confidence of people with stroke.

Psychometric Properties of the Hindi Version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-Older Adults (WHOQOL-OLD) Module in Dehradun, India.

The perception of quality of life (QOL) is a subjective concept; however, attempts have been made to discern the key points and to give a metric view of this concept. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-Older Adults (WHOQOL-OLD) module is an international and cross-cultural tool that quantifies the QOL in older adults. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Hindi version of the WHOQOL-OLD module by calculating its reliability and validity among the elderly residing in the Dehradun district of India. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 440 elderlies from the rural and urban areas of Dehradun by using the Hindi version of the WHOQOL-OLD questionnaire. The mean and standard deviations were calculated for QOL scores. Reliability was checked by calculating Cronbach's alpha (α), and factor analysis was done for the validity of the questionnaire. Mean (±SD) for total QOL score was 54.3 (±9.3). The death and dying facet had the maximum mean score, whereas the minimum mean score was calculated in the autonomy facet. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient for the overall QOL score was calculated as 0.86 which shows good internal consistency of the items in the questionnaire. To measure the construct validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) by principal components analysis (PCA) was performed on the 24 items of the WHOQOL-OLD module, and a six-factor model was identified. Satisfactory goodness-of-fit statistics were found on the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). QOL is a multidimensional concept. The Hindi version of the WHOQOL-OLD module is reliable and valid. QOL in the elderly population can be measured by using the WHOQOL-OLD module in India.

KISA ÇOK BOYUTLU YAŞAM TARZI DEĞERLENDİRMESİ - İZOLASYON ÖLÇEĞİ TÜRKÇE FORMU: GEÇERLİK VE GÜVENİLİRLİK ÇALIŞMASI

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the validity and reliability of the Short Multidimensional Lifestyle Assessment-Isolation (SMILE-C) Questionnaire, which was developed to evaluate lifestyle multidimensionally during the COVID-19 pandemic, in the Turkish sample.
 Method: The research was carried out 345 university students who were able to actively access the internet between April 2021 and February 2022. Participants filled in the inquiry forms sent to them online. Lifestyle changes during the closure period within 1 year from the first date of the virus in Turkey were evaluated with SMILE-C. The construct validity was evaluated with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, internal consistency with Cronbach's α coefficient, and test-retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficient. The Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale II (HPLP-II) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) were used to assess criterion validity.
 Results: Cronbach’s α was 0.74 and ICC2.1 was 0.86. The EFA showed a six-factor model and four items loaded on more than one factor. The fit index values confirmed a good fit (Root mean square error of approximation=0.052; Goodness of fit index=0.940; Adjusted goodness of fit index=0.914; Comparative fit index=0.924; Normed fit index=0.901). Statistically significant and positive correlations were found between SMILE-C total score and HPLP-II total score and all sub-dimensions (p

Examining the Psychometric Properties of the Motivational Scale of Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire for English Learning Among Chinese Secondary Students

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Motivational scale of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire in a sample of 656 Chinese secondary students in an English learning context. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis results suggested that a five-factor motivational structure fit the data better as opposed to the original six-factor motivational model reported by Pintrich and his colleagues. Reliability coefficients of these five motivational subscales (i.e., intrinsic value, extrinsic goal orientation, control of learning beliefs, self-efficacy for learning and performance , and test anxiety) were in the adequate to good range. All motivational subscales except test anxiety were positively correlated with metacognitive regulation and/or students’ self-rated English proficiency. The second-order CFA further provided empirical evidence to consider a common and broad motivational factor that can be inferred from the five subscales.

Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale: A 25-Year Systematic Review.

The Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS) is one of the most used instruments to assess anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents. Extensive research has been conducted to examine its psychometric properties and to develop other versions of the scale. The objective of this study was to examine the psychometric properties and factorial structure of the SCAS across different versions and populations. This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered. APA PsycINFO, Web of Science (Core Collection) and MEDLINE (PubMed) were searched. Fifty-two studies were included in this systematic review. They examined the factor structure, convergent and divergent validity, and internal consistency of the scale. The most supported model was the original six-factor model, followed by the higher order six-factor model for the long version of the SCAS. Studies provided evidence of convergent validity and internal consistency. It is concluded that the SCAS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents, with a six-factor model structure well supported in most populations. Further research on the psychometric properties and factor structure of other versions of the scale and its application to clinical populations is warranted.

Dijital Teknolojiler ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş; Covid-19 Pandemi Etkisi

This study examined women's use of digital technologies for exercising during the COVID-19 pandemic vis-à-vis the Six-factor Model of Psychological Well-being. A qualitative research design was adopted in investigating women's experiences of using digital exercise applications during the pandemic considering model of psychological well-being. The population of the study consisted of twelve (12) volunteer female participants who used digital exercise applications during the pandemic. A personal information form and a semistructured interview form were used as data collection tools. Thematic content analysis was applied to the data. The study concluded that during the pandemic, the participants could get ahead of various negative circumstances through physical activity, which contributed to them physically, mentally, psychologically, and socially. It is held that thanks to the technological devices that have become indispensable in the modern age, individuals can develop strategies to cope with life’s negativities and feel good.

Fama and French three and six-factor models: Evidence from Indian stock exchange

This study attempts to compare the performance of Fama–French three-factor model (FFTFM) and Fama and French six-factor model (FFSFM) in predicting the variations in expected returns of Nifty-100 listed stocks. Only 5/6 of the total listed companies are chosen, while the remaining 1/6 are ignored because they are not listed for the whole study period. The stocks are divided into two size groups and three groups based on B/M, OP, Inv and MOM using independent sorts to create 24 portfolios. The monthly average returns of the MC-MOM portfolios increase as momentum increases, in contrast to MC-B/M and MC-Inv portfolios. Almost all the portfolios with high returns are paired with significant risk, apart from the BM portfolio in size and profitability group. The findings prove that the FFSFM outperforms FFTFM on all the GRS test parameters. However, there is no significant improvement in explanatory power over the FFTFM.

Dimensions of students’ views of classroom teaching and attitudes towards mathematics: A multi-group analysis between genders based on structural equation models

The study intends to examine the dimensions of teaching perceived by students in mathematics and their relations with attitudes towards mathematics (ATM) across genders. In this study, 602 students (Mage = 13.55, 48.34% male) from Chinese middle schools participated in a questionnaire assessing their perceptions of general and content-focused instruction and ATM. The Rasch model demonstrated that the six-factor model of classroom teaching is superior to one-factor and two-factor (i.e., general and content-focused instruction) models. The links between dimensions of teaching and attitude compositions were shown to be different across genders. Further, dimensions of teaching were important for boys' enjoyment and value and girls' boredom and self-concept in mathematics. Lastly, compared to content-focused instruction, the explanation degree of the general instruction to ATM is higher in both boys and girls.

Assessing affect in adolescents with e-diaries: multilevel confirmatory factor analyses of different factor models.

In the last two decades, e-diary studies have gained increasing interest, with a dominant focus on mood and affect. Although requested in current guidelines, psychometric properties are rarely reported, and methodological investigations of factor structure, model fit, and the reliability of mood and affect assessment are limited. We used a seven-day e-diary dataset of 189 adolescent participants (12-17 years). The e-diary affect assessments revealed a considerable portion of within-person variance. The six-factor model showed the best model fit compared to the less complex models. Factor loadings also improved with the complexity of the models. Accordingly, we recommend that future e-diary studies of adolescents use the six-factor model of affect as well as reporting psychometric properties and model fit. For future e-diary scale development, we recommend using a minimum of three items per scale to enable the use of confirmatory multilevel factor analyses.

Investigating the latent structure of the International Trauma Questionnaire to assess ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD in an adult civilian sample during the Ukraine war.

The symptom structure of ICD-11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) and the validity of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) are yet to be tested among civilians in an active war zone. The present investigation examined the factor structure of the ITQ, the internal consistency of observed scores, and their associations with demographic characteristics and war-related experiences using a nationwide sample of 2,004 adults from the general population of Ukraine approximately 6 months after the full-scale Russian invasion in 2022. Overall, rates of endorsement across all symptom clusters were high. The mean total number of war-related stressors reported was 9.07 (SD = 4.35, range: 1-26). Internal reliability was good for all six ITQ subscales, Cronbach's αs = .73-.88, and the correlated six-factor model was found to provide the best representation of the latent structure of the ITQ in the present sample based on fit indices. There was evidence of a dose-response relationship, with increasing scores on all symptom clusters associated with higher total reported war-related stressors.

Psychometric testing of the Persian version of the Nursing Care Quality Scale: A methodological study.

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Cambodian Nursing Care Quality Scale. Methodological design. This study was carried out in several steps: a forward-backward translation was done, face and construct validity was measured using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and the reliability was evaluated. A convenience sampling method was employed to recruit 350 nurses from May 2021 to March 2022. The exploratory factor analysis extracted six factors that explained 60.76% of the total variance. The six-factor model is supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha and the intra-class correlation coefficient were 0.94 and 0.85, respectively. Evaluation of the quality of care can lead to the enhancement of the quality of nursing services and patient safety. This will subsequently increase the patients' and community satisfaction.

Clinical Empathy and Its Correlates Among Indian Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study of Bihar.

Background Clinical empathy is standing in the patient's shoes and perceiving his/her emotions to experience the patient's feelings. Practicing empathy ensures an enticing prospect in patient care. This study was done among undergraduate medical students to assess their empathy level and the factors affecting it. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 400 medical students in Bihar, India. Students not willing to participate were excluded from the study. The coding system was designed to strictly maintain anonymity. The study tools included the Jefferson Scale for Physician Empathy - Student Version (JSPES), a semi-structured questionnaire on the general profile, a perceived stress scale (PSS), and a multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS). Participants were allotted 20 minutes to complete the test and submit their responses. Results were expressed as means and standard deviations (SDs), with appropriate statistical tests applied. The data were presented in tables, and statistical significance was checked at a 5% level. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software. Results The arithmetic mean (±SD) of empathy scores was 99.87±14.71. Empathy was found to be positively correlated with social support and negatively with stress. The factors found to be significantly associated with empathy on univariate analysis were subjected to stepwise multiple linear regression, which provided a six-factor model comprising gender, choice of future specialty, stress, social support, residence, substance abuse, and stay in hospital as an attendant. Conclusions Stress and social support were found to be significant predictors of empathy. The female gender, living in urban areas, and having previous experience of hospital stay as an attendant of a patient were positively associated with empathy. In contrast, choosing a technical branch as a future specialty and substance abuse were negatively associated with empathy. Stress management, enhancement of social support, and avoidance of habit-forming substances could be beneficial in improving empathy among doctors. Since we could only identify a few factors, we recommend further studies on this topic to explore other factors.

The development and validation of an instrument to measure evaluative judgement: a focus on engineering students’ judgement of intercultural competence

Intensive research attention has focused on developing students’ evaluative judgement within the higher education curriculum, but little has addressed how it can be measured. The contextual nature of evaluative judgement makes it difficult to generate an encompassing instrument, highlighting the need for situated measurement tools. Against this background, this study develops and validates a self-report instrument to measure engineering students’ evaluative judgement of intercultural competence. A total of 815 Chinese engineering students participated in the pilot and formal phases of validation. Following sequential exploratory-confirmatory factor analyses, the final instrument contains 27 items covering six dimensions. Validity and reliability evidence supports the correlated six-factor model and a higher-order factor model. The study provides educators and policymakers with a useful tool to understand students’ development in their evaluative judgement of intercultural competence. More importantly, for students themselves, the instrument facilitates self-reflection and helps them achieve greater autonomy in directing their development and growth. Although the study adopts a situated approach to measure evaluative judgement, we also discuss the possibility of adapting this instrument for other judgement contexts.

Development and Validation of Responses to Personal Mortality Measure

The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Responses to Personal Mortality Measure (RPMM), a new self-report tool to assess existential skills in relating to personal mortality. Items reflecting responses to personal mortality were generated and then selected through a rating process. They were further refined using Three-Step Test Interviews (TSTI). The psychometric properties of 91 items were explored with an online sample of 869 respondents, randomly divided into an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) subsamples. Through EFA, six factors were obtained: Emotional Response, Self-Oriented Acceptance, Transcendental Acceptance, Relational Acceptance, Relief Acceptance, and Avoidance. Internal consistency coefficients ranged between .90 and .97 ( M = .94). The six-factor model showed good fit statistics in traditional and bifactor CFAs. The construct and incremental validity were supported by relationships with the Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB-42); the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ); the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21); the Existential Death Anxiety Scale (EDAS); and the Existential Anxiety Questionnaire (EAQ). The RPMM is a self-report tool of responses to personal mortality that can be used to evaluate the relationship between existential skills and psychological wellbeing. Further research is needed to examine the psychometric properties of the RPMM in a clinical sample.

Development of the Acute Care Nurse Practitioner Competencies Scale: An Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis.

Nurse practitioners (NPs) play a vital role in healthcare, particularly in acute care settings in Taiwan. The professional competencies of NPs are essential for providing safe and effective care to patients. To date, no measurement tool is available for assessing the clinical competencies of NPs in acute care practices. The aim of this study was to develop and investigate the psychometric properties of the Acute Care Nurse Practitioner Competencies Scale (ACNPCS). Mixed-method research was employed using samples of experienced NPs. First, we used a focus group of seven experienced NPs who worked for medical centers, community hospitals, and regional hospitals to identify clinical competencies content. Second, we implemented consensus validation using two rounds of the Delphi study and revised it to a 39-item ACNPCS. Third, we conducted content validity with nine NP experts and modified the competency content to 36 items. Finally, we conducted a national survey of 390 NPs from 125 hospitals to determine the extent to which the NP competency content relates to their clinical practice. To examine the reliability of the tool, we tested the internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and known-group validity were used to test the construct validity of the ACNPCS. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the overall scale was .92, with subscale coefficients ranging from .71 to .89. Test-retest reliability showed the two scores of the ACNPCS on the two occasions tested to be highly correlated (r = .85, p < .001). Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the scale had six factors: providing healthcare, evaluating care, collaboration, education, care quality/research, and leadership/professionalism. Factor loadings for each factor item ranged from .50 to .80 and explained 72.53% of the total variance in the NPs' competencies. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the six-factor model showed satisfactory model fit (χ2 = 780.54, p < .01), and the fit indices met the standards for adequate fit (goodness-of-fit index = .90, comparative fit index = .98, Tucker-Lewis index = .97, root mean square error of approximation = .04, and standardized root mean residual = .04). Known-group validity revealed that the total scores for novice NPs differed significantly from those of expert NPs in terms of the competencies (t = 3.26, p < .001). These results validated the psychometric soundness of the newly developed ACNPCS. The newly developed ACNPCS exhibited satisfactory reliability and validity, supporting the use of the ACNPCS as a tool to assess the clinical competencies of NPs in acute care settings.

Factor structure and psychometric properties of the german version chronic uncertainty scale (CU-20)

BackgroundThe experience of uncertainty is ubiquitous and universal across the globe. Many available tools measuring uncertainty are focused on one aspect of uncertainty, e.g., patients with life-threatening illnesses, hence a measure considering (chronic) uncertainty as an integral experience reflect ongoing uncertainties from a socio-cultural perspective is missing. Additionally, current tools do not account for an extended timeframe to measure chronic forms of uncertainty. The objective of this study is to validate a translated German version of the 20 item Chronic Uncertainty Scale (CU-20).MethodsThe full sample comprised N = 462 participants. Most of the participants were young German citizens and the sex distribution was relatively balanced (60% females; age in average: M = 24.56; SD = 4.78). Using equally split samples, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) evaluated the CU-20 factor structure, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the established factor structure. Measurement invariance between male and female groups was evaluated. Internal consistency of the six-factor model was shown and scale discrimination was shown against chronic stress.ResultsThe EFA results showed decent model fit for the five-factor structure, however based on the CFA results, the theoretically established six-factor model fits the data significantly better. Measurement invariance between male and female groups was shown to be clearly scalar invariant. Cronbach’s alpha, omega and lambda all support internal consistency and reliability of CU-20.ConclusionsThe CU-20 is a valid and reliable measure of one’s state of chronic uncertainty reflecting the individuals’ experiences of macrosocial forms of uncertainty, compared to the existing ones. This scale is especially useful in the context of migration, refugees or during global crises. Further psychometric testing is required in more diverse samples and a deeper look into measurement invariance is recommended.