Situations Of Domestic Violence Research Articles

Accuracy of nursing diagnoses for identifying domestic violence against children.

Objective Identify nursing diagnoses involving a hypothetical situation of domestic violence against a child and the respective degrees of accuracy. Method An exploratory, evaluative, case study was conducted using a quantitative and qualitative approach, with data collected using an online instrument from 26 nurses working in the Municipal Health Network, between June and August 2010, in Curitiba, and also during the first half of 2014 in São Paulo. Both of these cities are in Brazil. Nursing diagnoses and interventions from the International Classification of Nursing Practices in Collective Health were provided, and accuracy was verified using the Nursing Diagnosis Accuracy Scale. Results Thirty-nine nursing diagnoses were identified, 27 of which were common to both cities. Of these, 15 were scored at the null level of accuracy, 11 at high accuracy and 1 at medium accuracy. Conclusion The difficulty the nurses had in defining diagnoses may be associated with the fact that nursing care generally focuses on clinical problems, and signs expressing situations of domestic violence against children go unnoticed. The results demonstrated the difficulty of participants in selecting the appropriate nursing diagnosis for the case in question.

Domestic violence and high conflict are not the same: a gendered analysis

In child custody decision-making experiences of domestic violence and high conflict are not the same. Legislative reform has not yet been guided by the parent voice to inform differentiated responses that keep women and children safe. Available literature in child custody decision-making focuses on outcome research regarding children’s adjustment and well-being. Debates about types of post-separation arrangements have yet to find agreement in three under-researched areas: (a) high conflict, (b) domestic violence; and (c) children under four. Yet, Canadian legislation supports shared parenting arrangements that privilege the dominant, powerful parent in situations of domestic violence. Based on a Canadian study that explores the parent perspectives and experiences of child custody decision-making, this paper privileges a sub-group of participants; five women, all survivors of domestic violence; defined here as both physical violence and coercive control. Data collection includes one-on-one tape-recorded interviews. Thematic analysis reveals that shared parenting is neither the goal, nor does it meet the needs of these women. The findings illuminate the importance of differentiating parent experience as distinct groups, and reinforces the notion of the state’s role in the reproduction of gendered power. Legislative reform and collaborative community practices are critical to facilitate healthy differentiated responses.

ДОМАШНЄ НАСИЛЬСТВО НАД ЖІНКАМИ ПІД ЧАС ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-19

The article deals with the situation of domestic violence against women in Ukraine during the COVID-19 pandemic. A comparison of various statistical and reporting materials of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine, the National Police of Ukraine, courts, free legal aid centres, international organizations led to the conclusion that although in Ukraine there is intolerance of domestic violence against women in its various manifestations. This phenomenon is still often invisible and takes many different forms, stemming from the gender inequalities that women face throughout their lives, from childhood to old age. The main tasks and measures that are aimed at preventing and combating domestic violence against women are identified and an analysis of their implementation is analysed. Such measures include prevention of domestic violence by overcoming negative stereotypes in Ukrainian society, raising public awareness of the forms, manifestations, causes and consequences of domestic violence; responding to domestic violence by building a new violence response system to ensure coordination and effective interaction of specially bodies authorized implementing measures to prevent and combat domestic violence, other bodies and institutions performing functions related to carrying out activities in the field of domestic violence prevention and counteraction to domestic violence; ensuring the availability and quality of providing necessary social services to victims of domestic violence; proper investigation of the facts of domestic violence, bringing the perpetrators to justice and changing their behaviour. It is concluded that domestic violence against women is one of the most pressing problems of our time and that the ratification of the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence remains important for Ukraine, the introduction of an information campaign against domestic violence against women to create a culture of zero tolerance, raise awareness of the existence of various types of assistance for women victims of domestic violence (receiving legal assistance, psychological assistance, various social services, support and protection).

#WhyITold: A Pilot Test of Twitter Messages Aimed at Promoting Bystander Intervention against Domestic Violence

This study examined the effectiveness of various messaging via Twitter in persuading bystanders of domestic violence (DV) to intervene on behalf of DV victims. Using Fishbein’s (2000) integrative model of behavioral prediction as a guiding framework, an experiment was conducted with 196 undergraduates from a large Southwestern university. Participants were randomly assigned to read either a: (1) tweet describing warning signs associated with DV motivating bystander intervention, (2) gain or loss framed tweet emphasizing why a bystander chose to intervene, or (3) control tweet that simply provided statistics on the prevalence of DV in the U.S. Results indicate injunctive norms were the best predictor of participants’ intent to intervene in a DV situation, and that the most effective approach to promoting bystander intervention is to highlight warning signs of DV. Implications for practice are also discussed.

Cuidados de enfermagem à criança e adolescente em violência doméstica na visão de graduandos de enfermagem

Objetivo: Comprender la atención de enfermería que se brinda a los niños y a los adolescentes que viven en situación de violencia doméstica desde la perspectiva de estudiantes de enfermería que están próximos a graduarse.Metodología: Estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, realizado en julio de 2014 mediante una entrevista semiestructurada con 30 estudiantes de enfermería de una institución pública de educación superior del Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. El análisis de los datos se llevó a cabo a través del análisis de contenido.Resultados: La atención de enfermería se entiende desde la lógica de proporcionar cuidados curativos y remitir el problema a los demás profesionales del equipo de salud. Así mismo, se reconoció que para enfrentar la violencia doméstica es necesaria la participación de todo el equipo y de los órganos de la red de protección social, destacando la importancia de la educación en salud.Conclusión: Es imperativo abordar la temática sobre violencia doméstica en el plan de estudios de pregrado, con el fin de facilitar la atención efectiva, por parte de los futuros profesionales de la salud, en los casos de violencia doméstica.

Evangelical Christian Pastors’ Lived Experience of Counseling Victims/Survivors of Domestic Violence

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the lived experience of evangelical Christian pastors’ counseling members of their congregations who were victims/survivors of domestic violence. Evangelical Christians are the largest growing religious affiliations in the United States. Evangelical Christian members may have conservative views on marriage and gender roles that complicate leaving a violent marriage. The role of pastoral counseling in situations of domestic violence is one of the most unstudied aspects in the domestic violence literature. Following IRB approval, seven evangelical Christian pastors from the upper Midwest agreed to participate in individual interviews about their experiences with victims/survivors of partner violence. The narrative data were analyzed using van Manen’s interpretative phenomenology method of analysis. Findings indicated that none of the pastors felt adequately prepared to counsel victims/survivors of domestic violence. When the couple had children, pastoral counseling focused on keeping the children safe by calling child protective services. The evangelical Christian pastors were challenged when victims/survivors blamed themselves for the violence and chose to stay with a violent partner instead of leaving. The pastors worked to help the victims/ survivors understand that the violence was not their fault, and to empower the victims/survivors to remember how valuable they were to God. Findings from this study lend support to the important role clergy have in counseling victims/survivors of domestic violence.

Analyzing Domestic Violence Behaviors in Their Contexts: Violence as a Continuation of Social Strategies by other Means

Behaviors occurring in situations of domestic violence were collated from varied sources and analyzed in several ways, using a sort of backwards engineering of contexts. The many behaviors found in domestic violence (Table 1) suggested five common functional patterns which allow a better understanding of the context (Table 2): direct physical actions and threats against the woman; manipulating the context to control the woman’s behavior; strategies to keep secrets within the relationships; strategies to monitor or find out about the woman and her activities and social contacts; and verbal constructions to threaten or to persuade the woman of the man’s view for the world. In Table 3 we explored how the functional groupings from Table 2 might be used strategically by the men against the women, while Table 4 explored how these patterns of behaviors might start out innocuous but over time become more violent. Training women to recognize these functions rather than topographical behaviors could be useful for interventions. Finally, it was argued that the functional strategies of the men which appear in our analyses can only succeed if broader social and political contexts are in place. This means that to analyze the behaviors of domestic violence it is necessary to use broader contexts, such as those found in the political and feminist analyses—the analysis of domestic violence must involve more than just the two individuals behaving. Even what are considered ‘private’ or ‘intimate’ contingent relations within social relationships are only made possible by the patriarchal and capitalist bases of modernity. It is demonstrated how these can be included in behavioral analyses.

The reality of domestic violence in the US

According to the United States department of justice, domestic violence is defined as “a pattern of abusive behaviours in any relationship that are used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner”. It involves a pattern of coercive behaviour in intimate relationships whereby the behaviour is controlled through humiliation, intimidation, fear, and often intentional physical, emotional or sexual injury. Domestic violence crosses all ethnic, socioeconomic and age groups, and is also prevalent in same sex relationships.Over six million children are severely assaulted by family members every year in the United States; a man beats a woman every twelve seconds; women who leave their batterer are at 75% greater risk of being killed by their batterer than those who stay; and one third of police time is spending on answering domestic violence calls.In domestic violence situations the intervention is frequently in crisis, where the victims “fight” for survival, and it is necessary to give proper answers according to the victim's needs. The professionals that work directly with domestic violence assume that there is a strong bond connecting the domestic violence with mental health. In the United States 90% of domestic violence survivors report extreme emotional distress; 47.5% report having been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder; 14.7% report anxiety; 20% depression. Mental illnesses are frequently observed in domestic violence survivors.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Nursing Care of Individuals in Domestic Violence Situations

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the nursing care of individuals in situations of domestic violence, assisted in the hospital emergency room.
 Methods: This qualitative survey was conducted in May, 2015, with fifteen nurses from hospital emergencies in Juazeiro/Bahia and Petrolina/Pernambuco. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by content analysis.
 Results: Nurses do not see domestic violence in all its aspects, but understand the bureaucracy of services.
 Conclusion: Physical structure; lack of protocols, and the little knowledge acquired during graduation, which are limiting factors when faced with the measures required in cases of violence.

Safety Planning: A Vital Preliminary Step for Professionals Working With Intimate Partner Violence Victims

Domestic violence (DV) is defined as a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors, including physical, sexual, and psychological attacks, as well as economic coercion, that adults or adolescents use against their intimate partners (Ganley, 1995). Safety planning is a widely used intervention for professionals working with battered women. Safety planning is referred to as a structured procedure for enhancing the safety of women in DV situations that includes the gathering of information, evaluation of the existing situation, decision-making for the type of advocacy and resources needed and the identification of future strategies on how to respond effectively to violence (Campbell, 2001; Davies et al, 1998; Parker & Gielen, 2014). Although it is seen as the first step of helping battered women and trauma informed care in the United States, the safety planning technique is being limitedly used in Turkey only by women shelters. This review will summarize the characteristics of DV situations, explain the theoretical rationale for safety planning, discuss the safety planning process, clarify therapists’ responsibilities about safety planning and highlight research findings on the effectiveness of safety planning.

Major women's right issues in Ethiopia: examining efficiency of the law and its enforcement

Ethiopia, after ratification of several international human right instruments took legislative and other important measures to respect the rights of women in general. However, such measures are remained to be insufficient. Abuses of women rights continued to persist; perpetrators remained unpunished or punished with fines or quiet few years of imprisonment for gross violations of women's rights. Particularly, the situation of domestic violence including intimate partner violence, as some scholars rightly put it, is beyond the expectation of the 21st century. The article is meant to show the readers the existence of violence against women and harmful traditional practices including domestic violence, sexual violence, FGM and early marriage as well as to show gaps on the administrative and legal measures taken by relevant actors to tackle the problems in light of the international human right standards.

Identification of Nonfatal Strangulation by 911 Dispatchers: Suggestions for Advances Toward Evidence-Based Prosecution.

Research highlights the need for systematic law enforcement training on nonfatal strangulation in domestic violence situations to improve evidence-based prosecution of these violent felonies. However, most of this research focuses on the role of police officers in the safety response. Although often overlooked, this research examines the role of 911 dispatchers, who are many times the first person the victim calls for assistance. This study examines official domestic violence records, gathered through a partnership with a County Sheriff's agency, to determine whether domestic violence strangulation is being adequately identified and documented by first responders. This research highlights the need for considering 911 dispatchers as having a potentially critical role in a comprehensive response to domestic violence strangulation from initial screening to eventual prosecution.

Seeing the Wrecking Ball in Motion: Ex Parte Protection Orders and the Realities of Domestic Violence

The authors explored the reasons why judges too often fail to see the likelihood of future violence — the wrecking ball in motion — when petitioners request ex parte orders of protection in domestic violence cases. One reason is that the dynamics of domestic violence are very different from the dynamics at play in other situations wherein petitioners request emergency ex parte orders. Another reason is that the dynamics of domestic violence are counterintuitive and judges often do not understand them. Because judges do not understand these dynamics, they often misapply assumptions (called cognitive schemas and scripts) from other domains to domestic violence situations where they are inappropriate. Like all people, judges use decision-making shortcuts such as heuristics and reason-based or justification-based decision-making to overcome cognitive limitations, but the criteria they use for these shortcuts are too often inappropriate and fail to consider the dynamics of domestic violence. Judges also inappropriately rely on gendered stereotypes when deciding whether to grant emergency domestic violence ex parte orders of protection, and because the potential consequences of denying requests for emergency ex parte orders of protection are delayed and uncertain, judges have a tendency to discount the likelihood of further abuse in some situations. The authors analyzed reported judicial decisions and court observations and found strong evidence of the problems in decision making noted above, leading to some survivors of domestic violence not receiving the protection they needed from further abuse. The authors propose legislative reforms that better take into account the dynamics of domestic violence and that provide judges with a heuristic to use that capture the realities of domestic violence. If implemented, these reforms should better protect survivors of domestic violence from further, often escalating, abuse. The authors also consider and propose measures to protect those accused of abuse from false accusations and address related thorny issues that arise in judicial decision making in this area of law.

Christian and Muslim Immigrant Women in the Canadian Maritimes

This article details the strengths and vulnerabilities that Christian and Muslim immigrant women bring to situations of domestic violence in the Canadian Maritimes. An intersectional theoretical framework grounds the analysis of qualitative data collected from 89 Christian and Muslim women from 27 countries of origin who arrived in the region ten years prior to the field work. Their strengths include high levels of education, experiences of overcoming adversity, the ability to act strategically, and the use of social networks, while factors such as increased dependence on husbands, transnational family situations, responsibilities for family unity, and a lack of knowledge about local services are vulnerabilities. The findings show that Orthodox and Catholic Christians, Muslim women with young children, immigrant women employed full-time immediately upon arrival, and wives whose immigration is sponsored by their husbands lack access to important social support networks.

Sexual Violence in the Digital Age

Considerable scholarly attention has been paid to a range of criminal behaviours that are perpetrated with the aid of digital technologies. Much of this focus, however, has been on high-tech computer crimes, such as hacking, online fraud and identity theft, or child exploitation material and cyberbullying. Less attention has been paid to ‘technology-facilitated sexual violence’, where new technologies are used as tools to perpetrate or extend the harm of a sexual assault, extend control and abuse in a domestic violence situation, or distribute sexual or intimate images of another without their consent. In this article, we focus on the scope and limitations of criminal legislation for responding to these varied but interconnected gendered harms. We argue that although there have been some developments in a range of international jurisdictions, particularly relating to the phenomenon of ‘revenge pornography’, much more needs to be done both within and beyond the law. Whilst we support the intervention of the criminal law, we argue that equal attention must be given to policies and practices of educators, law enforcement agencies, service providers, online communities and social media networks to fulfil the promise of equal and ethical digital citizenship.

Defining Domestic Violence and Women's Autonomy in Law

This paper explores the complex relationship between Indian feminism and the law and legal systems, as reflected in the recent (2015) Bombay High Court judgment on domestic violence. It is divided into two sections. The first section looks at feminist interventions in marital disputes and domestic violence through grassroots efforts, and outlines the multidimensional and hybrid feminist understandings of domestic violence, discusses change strategies and ethical principles that underpinned their action, and addresses the enactment of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA) as one such strategy against domestic violence. This section also focuses on feminist dilemmas and foregrounds the issue of women’s autonomy in situations of domestic violence. The mainstreaming of feminist legal interventions through the PWDVA has brought new challenges for feminists and the second section discusses this issue by focusing on judicial intervention in deciding the boundary of counselling and mediation practices by protection officers under the PWDVA. We suggest that as seen in the 2015 judgement, while the judiciary has upheld some aspects of feminist practice and disallowed reconciliation in situations of serious physical domestic violence, its over-emphasis on equating physical violence with domestic violence and its protectionist stance has limited women’s autonomy and gone against feminist counselling principles and politics undergirding feminist interventions in situations of domestic violence. We suggest that this judgment can be read as a dialogue within a section of feminist groups in India who endorse feminist political ideals of liberty, individual rights, and equality and seek to institutionalize these within the law. This paper is an analytical and interpretive piece and not an empirical inquiry into legal practice or a survey of case law developments of the PWDVA. It focuses on normative questions of theoretical and policy relevance arising from feminist engagements with law.

25 Years of Supporting Professionals in Safeguarding Children

25 Years of Supporting Professionals in Safeguarding Children

Situations of Domestic Violence against Children and Adolescents in a Northeastern Brazilian Capital

Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile of children and adolescents who are victims of domestic violence. Method: This is a cross sectional and descriptive study, following a quantitative approach, conducted from September to December 2013, at the SOS CHILD service, in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The research protocol was approved by CEP/UFRN under CAAE 0166.0.051.000-11. Results: In the analysis of 69 children, the results were presented from three points of view: 1) the victim—female (56.5%), aged one to 11 years old (66.7%) and lived with one of the parents (43.5%); 2) the abuser—female (60.9%) in the 14 - 23 years old and 34 - 43 years old, with the same percentage (24.6%), history of alcohol use and abuse (42.0%), the mother was the one who attacked the most (34.7%); 3) types of violence, among the physical ones, the most frequent were slaps (43.2%) and punches (18.9%); the prevalence, among the psychological violence, were curses (35.4%) and abuse (27.8%); negligence, omission of care (73.5%), deprivation of care for personal appearance (18.4%); among sexual violence: sexual caresses (57.1%) and forced sex (42.9%). Conclusion: Children and adolescents placed in an unfavorable social-economic context, under the care of mothers with a history of use and abuse of alcohol and other drugs, are more vulnerable to intra-domiciliary violence.

Beyond "Witnessing": Children's Experiences of Coercive Control in Domestic Violence and Abuse.

Children's experiences and voices are underrepresented in academic literature and professional practice around domestic violence and abuse. The project "Understanding Agency and Resistance Strategies" (UNARS) addresses this absence, through direct engagement with children. We present an analysis from interviews with 21 children in the United Kingdom (12 girls and 9 boys, aged 8-18 years), about their experiences of domestic violence and abuse, and their responses to this violence. These interviews were analyzed using interpretive interactionism. Three themes from this analysis are presented: (a) "Children's experiences of abusive control," which explores children's awareness of controlling behavior by the adult perpetrator, their experience of that control, and its impact on them; (b) "Constraint," which explores how children experience the constraint associated with coercive control in situations of domestic violence; and (c) "Children as agents," which explores children's strategies for managing controlling behavior in their home and in family relationships. The article argues that, in situations where violence and abuse occur between adult intimate partners, children are significantly affected, and can be reasonably described as victims of abusive control. Recognizing children as direct victims of domestic violence and abuse would produce significant changes in the way professionals respond to them, by (a) recognizing children's experience of the impact of domestic violence and abuse; (b) recognizing children's agency, undermining the perception of them as passive "witnesses" or "collateral damage" in adult abusive encounters; and (c) strengthening professional responses to them as direct victims, not as passive witnesses to violence.

Critical paths of women in situation of domestic violence. Cases study at Buenos Aires city

La violencia familiar es una de las tantas manifestaciones de la violencia de genero y constituye para las mujeres una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad. A traves de un estudio de casos, utilizando registros de admision y entrevistas a usuarias de un servicio de atencion de violencia familiar de un Hospital General de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, s e analiza el proceso recorrido (ruta critica) por mujeres con experiencia de violencia para obtener atencion, enfrentar y resolver su problema. Se examinaron las respuestas institucionales, comunitarias y sanitarias segun la percepcion de las mujeres, atendiendo a la calidad y accesibilidad de recursos. El 80% sufrio violencia fisica. El 36% llego por recomendacion judicial y un 32% derivadas por servicios del propio hospital. El 78% habia efectuado denuncia policial. Un tercio inicio la ruta critica por riesgo de sus hijos. 70% de los agresores fueron parejas varones. Recursos institucionales dispersos e inconexos, el inadecuado accionar policial, la carencia de medios para enfrentar un proceso judicial y la desarticulacion intra e interinstitucional, generan re - victimizacion y recrudecen el padecimiento de las mujeres.