Situation In Different Ways Research Articles

To Navigate the Normative and the Not-Normative Family Therapists Negotiating Their Professional Identities with Parents Whose Children are Placed in Public Care

This article examines the professional identities of family therapists employed by Family Counselling Services (FCS) in Norway and their experiences providing therapeutic services to parents whose children are placed in public care. Through focus groups and individual interviews, a qualitative study of seven family therapists in FCS found that they struggle with contradictory positions when guiding parents due to the dichotomy between their personal feelings and theoretical background as systemic therapists. The struggle emerges when different systems indicate different versions of reality and when the therapists react to how the welfare system, in general, treats parents with such experiences. This study argues that a systemic approach to family therapy is useful both for dealing with parents’ often fragmented stories and for reconnecting parents to society by allowing them to tell their own stories. In these situations, the help offered by therapists is often inadequate for the complexity and enormity of the parents’ needs. Collaboration with other welfare institutions is particularly important in such cases, but this creates its own complications due to the fact that different actors interpret situations in different ways.

Sense of Solidarity Among Parents of Sons or Daughters Who Have Attempted Suicide: An In-depth Interview Study

A suicide attempt is a significant burden on the suicidal person, the family, and the community. The psychosocial strain on parents after their offspring’s suicide attempt is significant. The aim of this study was to gain insight into how a parent’s relationship with a partner was affected after their son or daughter’s suicide attempt or serious suicide threats. Individual in-depth interviews were made of 19 parents recruited through a Danish non-governmental organisation in 2013. Data were analysed using a generic thematic analysis. A key category “Sense of solidarity” and two sub-categories “Challenges to the relationship” and “Responding to different reactions and coping strategies” were constructed. Sense of solidarity was important for the parents’ co-parenting and how they engaged with the situation as a couple. The group of participants was heterogeneous and had learned to manage the stressful situation in different ways. Interventions to support parents of sons or daughters who have attempted suicide should include a stronger focus on parents’ co-parenting abilities in the family system in order to support the well-being of the whole family.

Israel-PLO Peace Process: Interview with Ambassador Daniel Kurtzer

Israel-PLO Peace Process:Interview with Ambassador Daniel Kurtzer Raphael Cohen-Almagor (bio) INTRODUCTION Over the past few years, I have been researching the failed peace process between Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), from Oslo 1993 until present time. I have examined how the conditions of peace were advanced and promoted via third-party mediation. This research is important, as the Americans continue to fail in their mediation attempts. The Oslo channel was opened at a time when formal, non-secretive negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians were stalled in Washington, D.C. Despite considerable political, economic, and diplomatic investments in the peace process, the United States has been unable to bring the Israelis and the Palestinians to sign a comprehensive peace pact and to settle their bloody conflict. While some progress has been made, peace is still a distant prospect. The Kurtzer interview unearths the historical processes constituting the peace process from an American perspective. In his 29-year career in the U.S. Foreign Service, Daniel Kurtzer served as ambassador to Israel (2001–2005) and to Egypt (1997–2001). He is the S. Daniel Abraham Professor of Middle East Policy Studies at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, and has published important books about the peace process.1 Evidence from people who were part of the process can help identify the factors that move history forward. The interviews I conducted with Kurtzer and some thirty others reveal that there is not one history, but many histories. People who were in the same room perceive the same situation in different ways. A classic Rashomon. The Kurtzer interview begins with Oslo 1993. The Intifada, which erupted in 1987, constituted a threat to Yasser Arafat's leadership.2 He was surprised by the scale of the uprising, which brought thousands of [End Page 126] protesters to the streets to fight against the Israeli occupation. The rise of Hamas further threatened his position in Gaza and the West Bank. Arafat was anxious to do something that would bring him to the center of attention. Moreover, his alliance with the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein during the 1991 Gulf War undermined his position in the moderate Arab world. Arafat needed to reinforce his leadership among the Palestinian people. Arafat was also well-aware of the warming relationship between Israel and Jordan.3 He understood that King Hussein was interested in signing a peace treaty with Israel. Egypt had signed a peace treaty with Israel without the Palestinians, and Arafat had no illusions that Hussein would insist on waiting for him, or would coordinate steps leading to peace with him. He thought another peace pact between Israel and an Arab country would further isolate him. The collapse of the Soviet Union, the arms race, technological deficiency, the rise of the former Soviet national republics, and the inner power struggle in Moscow, left the international arena with only one powerful actor, the United States, which aligned itself with Israel.4 Arafat could no longer count on the Soviet Union to serve as a counterbalance against U.S. interests and understood the need to create new opportunities for himself, inter alia, by establishing ties with the West and, especially, the United States. The return of Israel's Labor Party to power in the summer of 1992 signaled a moment of change. In his second term as prime minister, a more experienced Yitzhak Rabin5 wished to move away from containment to signing peace treaties with Israel's neighbors, first and foremost Syria. He was also prepared to address the core of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the occupation. His foreign minister, Shimon Peres, explained that "We were not going to rule the Palestinians against their will. We were always looking for a way to liberate them from our occupation and to liberate ourselves as occupiers."6 At the time, negotiations with the PLO were illegal for Israelis, as it was deemed a terrorist organization. Israel refused to officially negotiate with Arafat, although it was clear that he was still the person most capable of striking a deal, and the only true representative of the Palestinian people. Bilateral negotiations began in...

A Triangular Conflict: The Nyasaland Protectorate and Two Missions, 1915–33

The idea that the churches became agents of empire through their missionary activity is very popular, but it is too simple. Established Churches, such as those of England and Scotland, could certainly be used by government, usually willingly; so could the Roman Catholic Church in the empires of other countries. But the position of the smaller churches, usually with no settler community behind them, was different. This study examines the effects of the Chilembwe Rising of 1915 on the British Churches of Christ mission in Nyasaland (modern Malawi). What is empire? The Colonial Office and the local administration might view a situation in different ways. Their decisions could thus divide native Christians from the UK, and even cause division in the UK church itself, as well as strengthening divisions on the mission field between different churches. Thus, even in the churches, imperial actions could foster the African desire for independence of empire.

\u201cI Feel It In My Heart When My Parents Fight\u201d: Experiences of7\u20139-Year-Old Children of Alcoholics

Children are vulnerable when exposed to parental alcohol abuse. Although much isknown about children of alcoholics (COA), research examining the experiences ofyounger COA is scarce. To gain knowledge of the consequences for these children, itis important to ask the children themselves. This study explored the consequencesfor a child of having an alcoholic parent, from the point of view of 7–9-year-oldCOA. Eighteen children were interviewed, whose alcoholic parent was undergoingtreatment, using a vignette. In the analysis, using qualitative content analysis,the findings show that the children of this young age had much experiences and tooka great responsibility for their alcoholic parent, and the family. The mostsignificant feeling of the children was a feeling of sadness. They tried to controlthe situation in different ways. They wished for a change in the future, but despiteproblems in the family they described things they did together with a loving parent.Implications include the importance of listening to and supporting all COA, alsochildren as young as 7–9 years old. Further studies should address the support thatcan and should be offered to COA.

Livelihood Transformations of the Orang Rimba as Tacit Resistance in the Context of Deforestation

The Orang Rimba are one of the hunter-gatherer groups remaining in Sumatra. Their livelihoods are based on managing the forest in which they live. They follow the tradition of natural resource management that is based on non-wood forest products (Ø. Sandbukt, 1988). State policies that focus on economic development since the New Order regime have ultimately affected their lives. Many forest areas and the territories in which they practice nomadism are being converted into plantations, agricultural land, and residential development, which all contribute to the condition of deforestation. State policy also does not favor the Indigenous people. If we look at spatial development in Jambi over the past 25 years, the allocation of land for other uses, such as residences, estates, and physical development, has shown little regard for the indigenous people who live in the forest region. Orang Rimba have no area left in which to roam and continue their lives as traditional hunters and gatherers. Cut off from their cultural roots, they cannot any longer live in accordance with their culture and tradition. As a group, they suffer both physical and socio-cultural displacement. Orang Rimba react to this situation in different ways to transform their livelihoods into a survival mode in order to face the everyday reality of accelerated deforestation. Under these new circumstances, Orang Rimba livelihoods can be regarded as ‘tacit resistance’ or, to use James Scott’s term, a ‘hidden transcript’ of the weapons of the weak(Scott, 1985). They use a variety of ways to make a living, both economic and sociocultural. NGOs also have a prominent role to support the Orang Rimba. NGOs assist the Orang Rimba to put themselves in a position parallel to other communities. This paper will look at the impact of Jambi spatial policies that have been unfavorable to Indigenous People and how the Orang Rimba respond to them

Strategies of Iranian nurses to overcome professional discrimination: An explorative qualitative study

Discrimination is a situation in which individuals receive unequal social benefits in return for equal roles they play. They react to such a situation in different ways. This study aims at identifying the strategies used by Iranian nurses to overcome professional discrimination. This qualitative study was conducted with the participation of 23 nurses who worked in hospitals in the cities of Tehran, Tabriz, and Ilam. They were selected based on purposive sampling. Data were collected using deep and unstructured interviews in a period of time between May 2013 and June 2014. Interviews were simultaneously analyzed using conventional content analysis method after being transcribed. This study was approved by the Regional Committee of Medical Research Ethics. Also, voluntary participation, anonymity, and confidentiality were considered. "Presenting a positive image of oneself," "objection," and "expectation" were three themes extracted through data analysis. Organizational discrimination puts nurses under stress and pressure. Nurses react to unfair behavior in different ways. These reactions are harmful to an organization and lead to negative consequences. Professional discrimination has made nurses adopt strategies which would lead to such consequences, which in turn influences their performance as nurses.

Penal Measures and Policies Governing the Phenomenon of Human Trafficking with a Look at International Documents

Human dignity, and respect and commitment to it, is considered as one of fundamental principles of divine religions and international instruments on human rights. Benefit from valuable moral and theological virtues in order to provide of human growth and development exclusively is in the light of fundamental rights and the principle of preserving human dignity. Accordingly, today the concept of human rights and commitment to follow it in the international and national legal systems has a very important position. Rejection of all forms of exploitation humiliation and torture is one of the first underlying layer of human rights which known as negative human rights or social Don'ts. Although as the interpretation of the famous French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the eighteenth century, human is born free but in the process of social life and adapting to social situations in different ways to be distracted from their pure nature. Countless people in the world today are subject to oppression, even are subject to varying degrees of slavery instances including humiliation and degradation and prostitution. This research attempts to analyze the irreparable consequences of this phenomenon on human society, and also to look beyond national and transnational criminal measures and policies on this phenomenon.

The Strategic Uses of Petty Corruption

Do governments always want to stamp out corruption among their bureaucrats, or is it sometimes useful? I present a simple model in which the government extorts firms for bribes in order to generate informal tax revenues for distributive purposes. The model predicts that, when firms are faced with a supply chain shock that increases their susceptibility to extortion, governments will take advantage of the situation in different ways as a function of their preferences over rents, electoral returns and trade protectionism. To test the predictions of the model, I analyze a case of petty corruption that is highly observable and that governments have demonstrated their capacity to manipulate: the extortion of cargo trucks at checkpoints along trade corridors in West Africa. I treat the 2011 civil war in Cote d'Ivoire as an exogenous supply chain shock that re-directed the trade flows of firms that relied on the Ivoirian corridor, and thus provided an opportunity for transit states to increase extortion. I trace flows of goods along the highways using a dataset that contains one observation for every single truck that entered or left Burkina Faso from 2010-2014 (N>100,000). Data on corruption comes from a dataset of geo-localized bribe payments reported by West African cargo truck drivers from 2007-2013 (N>300,000). I find evidence for large and positive effects of the supply chain shock on extortion. Importantly, such effects are present only for firms exposed to the shock, and not among those who use the Togolese corridor, which I treat as a placebo test. Moreover, the patterns of evidence that arise are suggestive of distinct extortionary strategies: whereas Ghana appears to use petty corruption purely in order to subsidize its bureaucracy, Mali appears to use it in a more targeted way, so as to protect its exports from competition by neighboring countries.

On The Importance of A Socio-Culturally Designed Teaching Model in an EFL Writing Classroom

Writing is a means of articulating ideas, arousing feelings, persuading and convincing other people, but the procedure of writing has become arduous and labyrinthine for Iranian EFL learners. The educational system in Iran is structure-based and it ignores the communicative role of writing, so students' performance in writing wouldn’t be desirable. To tackle the mentioned problem, the present paper develops a scaffolding environment to maximize students writing dexterities through the application of various scaffolding means coined by Tharp and Gallimore (1988) during the stages of Seow's process model. The purpose was to determine the procedure of teacher guidance in a process- oriented situation and trace the scaffolding means which had a pre-eminent role in enhancing students' writing proficiency by observing the class and conducting an interview. To this end, 15 female students within the age range of 15-18 studying in Be’sat Language Institute in Salmas, Iran participated in this study. The results elucidated that students could benefit from the established situation in different ways during the accomplishment of their writing tasks. At the end, the study provided some pedagogical implications for teachers in terms of teaching writing.

The tango of two deadly sins: The social-functional relation of envy and pride.

Envy stems from a social comparison with a superior standard. Its 2 distinct forms are directed at changing this situation in different ways, either by becoming as successful as the envied person (in benign envy) or by lowering the envied person's advantage (in malicious envy). In essence, envy is thus a social phenomenon. Nevertheless, most previous research has focused on its underlying intrapersonal processes, overlooking envy's interpersonal core. In contrast, we show in 6 studies (N = 1,513) that envy and pride are intertwined in a social-functional relationship. Envy and pride often co-occur (Study 1) and pride displays enhance envious feelings (Studies 2 and 3). Specifically, authentic (success attributed to effort) and hubristic pride (success attributed to talent) modulate envious intentions and behavior toward their benign and malicious form (Study 2 to 6). This effect is mediated via liking, perceived prestige, and perceived dominance (Study 4). In accordance with a social-functional approach, the effects emerge only when authentic and hubristic pride are expressed by the superior person and not when the respective information about the superior person's feelings is simply available in the environment (Study 5). These effects are present when participants recall envy situations (Study 1), when they imagine being in a competitive situation (Studies 3, 4, and 5), or when envy is elicited in situ (Studies 2 and 6). Our findings show the value of studying envy as a social phenomenon and open up numerous avenues for research on envy at the interpersonal and intergroup level.

Gender Mainstreaming and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria

The paper attempted to investigate the issue of Gender Mainstreaming and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria. It examined the issue of Gender equality for sustainability development. Also, UNESCO activities in the area of Gender mainstreaming was x-rayed as well as UNESCO Gender lenses was critically analyzed in terms of how meetings, workshops and conferences are held, the workshop processes, processes of issuing communiques, recommendations as well as publications were examined.Moreover, The Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment (PCIA) technique was employed as an instrument for the evaluation (ex post facto) of development interventions, and anticipation (ex ante) of the impact of potential projects on the structures and processes which either strengthen the prospects for peaceful co-existence and decrease the probability of violence, or increase the likelihood of responding to conflict through violent means. When we conduct PCIA ex post facto, we analyze and provide explanations for occurrences that have happened, but ex ante PCIA anticipates or predict certain phenomena and events which are yet to occur. The PCIA also helps to track positive, yet unintended peace building impact that could result from development administration.We conclude with a number of essential findings which emerge from the study, amongst which are: That Crisis prevention and conflict management are indeed highly gendered activities. It also observed that not only do women and men have different access to power structures and material resources before, during and after the escalation of a conflict, but they also experience the pre-conflict phase, the open conflict and the post-conflict situation in different ways as well. At the same time, women and men play different roles in different types of violent conflicts. The same holds true for peace-building activities: depending on their ethnic origin, class, and cultural identity, women (and men) may have different needs and roles in crisis prevention/conflict management and post-conflict peace-building.The study therefore reiterated that a gender perspective plays an important part in understanding the complex internal dynamics of crisis prevention and conflict management activities, and promoting social justice is germane in peace-building activities and sustainable development

Knowing‐doing gaps in ICT: gender and culture

PurposeA problem for many organisations today is what is referred to as the “knowing‐doing gap” or the difference between possessing the knowledge and the actual application of it. This paper aims to explore the perception that differences exist with regard to soft or tacit knowledge‐knowing and utilisation in the IT workplace, but at the level of gender and ethnic‐culture specifically. Through a statistical examination of electronic survey results from two ICT organisations in Australia, the study explores the validity of such claims.Design/methodology/approachContinuing from previous grounded theory research, a series of workplace scenarios testing for such knowledge utilisation were created. After trialling the initial scenarios on a pilot population, they were further refined and made part of an online survey questionnaire. Some 119 employees of two Australian ICT organisations rated how they would deal with soft knowledge situations both in principle and in practice. The sample was not selected along gender or cultural lines beforehand; however statistical analysis was conducted to determine if differences to situation‐handling existed.FindingsThe paper provides empirical insights into how genders and cultures deal with soft knowledge situations in different ways. The findings do tend to support certain stereotypes such as females generally appearing more passive, relationship and high context oriented and less individualistic. Whilst males appeared more achievement‐oriented and individualistic, Anglo‐males were closer to females for relationship and high context ideals.Research limitations/implicationsDue to the limited sample size the research results may lack generalisability. Furthermore criticism of Likert scales also exists, as does the use of language other than English as a representation of ethnic culture.Originality/valueThe study adopts a novel use of soft knowledge inventories when applied to the parameters of gender and culture.

Changes of Employment in Enterprises in the South-Moravian Region during and after Economic Recession

In the period 2008–2010, the labour market of the European Union was significantly affected by the economic recession, which impacted economic development in all regions of the Czech Republic including the South Moravian Region. Impacts of the economic recession in the labour market were primarily reflected on decline of vacant work places, an increase in job seekers, and thus an increase in the unemployment rate, as well as an increase in long-term unemployment, etc. Enterprises in the region are responding to this situation in different ways, but all have to flexibly adapt – increase or decrease – the number of employees and production as movements in the labour market have been very significant for the past four years. In 2011 and 2012, the economic recession was not discussed anymore. However, has it already finished? The analysis of movements in the labour market, especially comparison of plans and reality in enterprises during and after economic recession is the aim of the paper.

Experiences of the First Days of Postpartum Psychosis: An Interview Study with Women and Next of Kin in Sweden

The aim of this study was to explore accounts of the first days of postpartum psychosis from different perspectives, that is, that of the women and their next of kin. Interviews were conducted with seven women with postpartum psychosis and six interviews were done with the next of kin. The overall theme was Shades of Black with A Ray of Light, revealing a difficult experience of darkness, despair, and suffering. For the women, the experience cannot be shared fully other than with those who have lived through it themselves. For the next of kin, the illness is incomprehensible and it proved difficult to express in words what these relatives believe the women were going through. The women and their next of kin spoke about loss of sleep, being in an unreal world, thoughts that moved from having a wanted to an unwanted baby, being infanticidal, and having suicidal ideation. The women and their next of kin described the situations in different ways. The women gave an account of their illness in the strongest of terms, while the language used by the next of kin was much milder. The findings underscore the importance of recognizing the next of kin as key sources in early recognition of the disorder, which would make early treatment possible and support recovery.

Ressourcen pflegender Angehöriger - eine Forschungslücke? Gesundheitssoziologische und empirische Annäherung an ein bislang vernachlässigtes Forschungsfeld

Family caregiving changes everyday life. Caregivers deal with the new situation in different ways and they feel more or less stressful. Actually there is little knowledge about possible causes of this situation. But there is an assumption that using varied resources and coping strategies lead to differences in health outcomes and well-being. As caregiving is a phase of life with special stressors, the caregiver needs specific resources to cope with these requirements. According to Antonovsky (1997) and Hobfoll (1989), this research asks which resources caregivers poses and use to deal with the unusual situation. On the basis of a salutogenetic and resource-orientated theoretical approach and additional qualitative analysis of interviews important resources for caregivers will be identified. The results lead on the one hand to the construction of an assessment instrument and on the other hand facilitate nurses to get to know more about the individual approach of resources and their specific meaning for caregivers.

Imagining the Consequences of Human Biotechnology

Given that there are huge uncertainties about how contemporary advances in human biotechnology are going to affect human life, different scholars try to understand the situation in different ways. This essay reviews four recent books devoted to fostering a fundamental ethical, philosophical, and practical understanding of the issues related to the use of genetic technologies in the human medical field. Each of these books sees these issues from different perspectives and provides different understandings of the issues through a distinct process of analysis. While the first three books provide significant theoretical insights about the consequences of contemporary biotechnological advances, explaining them from different philosophical perspectives and contexts, the fourth book shows how bioethics itself is being instrumentalized in the United States in favor of scientific and medical practices.

Die Wirtschaft in der Krise – Wie weit sollte der Staat eingreifen?

Abstract From Joachim Starbatty’s point of view the answer of many politicians to today’s economic crisis is deficit spending and protectionism. He declares that these are typical keynesian tools - which are - even in Keynes’ theory - only suitable in special circumstances and argues that the actual economic crisis is no Keynesian crisis. The actual lack of demand was predominantly caused by a problematic US monetary policy, not by a lack of marginal efficiency of capital. Keynesian tools cannot solve the crisis and risk to even worsen the situation in different ways. Karen Horn represents the opinion that the global financial and economic crisis has brought about a shift in the relative importance of government and market as well in terms of scope as in popularity. She says: The dichotomy may however seem overstated: both politics and the market are no more than evolved arenas for the social interaction of fallible humans. The crisis just demonstrates the natural failures and limitations of both more clearly than ever. But this is precisely the reason why social processes should become freer discovery procedures allowing for a dynamic generation of new knowledge. The precautionary principle recommends more active government focus on the rule level and clear limits of state action elsewhere in order to prevent a ratchet effect of intervention. In politics, a slippery slope leads directly from pragmatism to constructivism. Gustav Horn addresses the question if and under what conditions economic policy should intervene with markets during an economic crisis. He explains that two different forms of interventions are distinguished: A macroeconomic and microeconomic intervention. Their mutual impact is discussed and a theoretical macroeconomic approach of de Grauwe is used to derive a theoretical foundation. The conclusion is that at a time of crisis both macroeconomic interventions as well as microeconomic interventions that serve to stabilize production of a public good are appropriate. Not appropriate is a state intervention for purely microeconomic reasons.

Dynamic and static patterns in language: instrumental verbs unfolded

Our mental capacity to construe a perceived situation in different ways and the distinct modes of construal become evident when comparing various linguistic structures possible for verbalizing one and the same event. These structures can be distinguished according to a range of different features - among them quantities known from physics: state and dynamics. To demonstrate the gradual difference between static and dynamic concepts discernable in language this paper focuses on distinct presentations of a complex form of causatives - namely instrumentals. After some introductory comments in section one, section two will display the conceptual differences between plain causative constructions and instrumental construals. The third section analyzes different instrumental patterns with regard to the static-dynamic distinction and the conceptual import of these structures. Some concluding words will close the article.

Restoring Ethnographic Landscapes and Natural Elements in Redwood National Park

National Park Service resource managers throughout the country are increasingly struggling with what appear to be contradictory philosophies about managing vegetation. That National Park officials have interpreted the National Park Service’ s enabling legislation to mean that parks should be maintained in their natural condition may be due to the fact that the Yellowstone Park Act of 1872, and the acts creating many of the first National Parks, called for the retention of those sites in their natural condition, although “ natural” was not defined (Sellars 1997). The lack of a comprehensive definition of “ natural” has allowed different park managers to manage similar situations in different ways. The situation becomes even more complex when ethnographic landscapes, archeological sites, and cultural landscapes are overlaid or interspersed within a “ natural” area. The Bald Hills of Redwood National Park are just such a complex area, containing a mixture of natural and cultural resources. In 1828, when trapper and explorer Jedediah Smith traveled through Chilula Indian territory in the Bald Hills, he is thought to have camped at Gans Prairie where he noted in his logbook that he could see the Pacific Ocean. In 1970, the Pacific Ocean was still visible from this location, but today Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) encroachment into the prairie obstructs any ocean view and exotic grasses, forbs, and shrubs threaten to dominate the remaining grassland. The loss of historic and ethnographic landscapes, grasslands, oak woodlands, and other natural resources is indicative of the problems faced in managing an area as complex as the Bald Hills.