Crime Situation Research Articles

Проблема соотношения понятий «общественный порядок» и «общественная безопасность» в современной правовой науке

Ensuring public order and safety is one of the main state tasks, one of the priority areas of state policy in the sphere of national security of the Russian Federation. Currently, the level of public safety is low, the situation continues to be unstable, which is complicated by the aggravated foreign policy relations, threats to the integrity of the state from external aggressors, worsening crime situation in the country, terrorist activity, activities of extremist groups, abuse of alcohol products, narcotic and psychotropic substances, as well as threats of man-made and natural origin, which can be countered only with the constant improvement of public safety systems. Being an object of criminal law protection, crimes against public safety and public order are singled out in a separate section of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation), and the protection of public order and public safety are defined in Article 2 among the tasks of the code. The legal and technical design of Section IX of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the use by the legislator of the concepts of “public safety” and “public order” raise questions in the course of law enforcement and discussion in the scientific community. In this regard, implementing state policy to ensure public order and security, it is necessary to understand the essential nature of social phenomena, including by comparing such related concepts as “public order” and “public safety”. In the course of the study, we come to the conclusion that these concepts are interconnected, their semantic fields intersect, thereby one ensures the implementation of the other, but each of them has its own content. In this regard, the concepts differ in their nature, scope of regulation. The issue of the relationship of these categories in the scientific community remains one of the debatable, which requires separate coverage.

International Cooperation in Combating Transnational Organized Wildlife Crime: The Case of Vietnam

As the fourth-largest transnational crime in the world, illicit wildlife trafficking has serious environmental, economic and social impacts. Therefore, international cooperation in the fight against wildlife crime has become indispensable and imperative. Vietnam, both a destination and transit country, plays an essential role in the global chain of wildlife trafficking due to its natural resources and geographic features. This study comprehensively addresses the situation of cross-border wildlife crime, particularly from a number of African and Southeast Asian countries to Vietnam, and the current international collaboration mechanism used by Vietnam to address illegal wildlife trade cases. Research findings show that transnational organized wildlife crimes connected to Vietnam are complicated and have no sign of decline, and certain shortcomings of the current legal frameworks on mutual legal assistance in detecting and settling illicit wildlife trafficking cases associated with other factors result in enforcement inefficiency. Specific recommendations are offered with the hope of resolving these limitations.

A Study on the Evolution of the Deceived Mode of Young Victims of Telecom Network Fraud

At present, the crime of telecommunication network fraud is still frequent and the crime situation is still severe and complex. With the emergence of new Internet technologies and new forms of business, youth groups have been impacted the most by telecommunications network fraud crimes. The victim group is characterized by the majority of young victims, with obvious differences in gender, education, and occupation, and the type of deception is highly related to age and gender. In the past three decades, the youth victim group has experienced the evolution of three modes of being cheated, from general netting to precise customization to incubation and operation. Analyzing the reasons for being cheated in specific crime situations from the perspective of victims is conducive to better predicting the potential victims of telecommunications network fraud crime and implementing more effective and accurate crime prevention.

Features of the situation of crimes against life and health committed by members of youth informal groups (associations)

The article emphasizes that the circumstances of crimes against life and health committed by members of youth informal groups (associations) are no less important elements of forensic characteristics than the trail picture and methods of their commission, because it allows obtaining objective forensically significant information , which contributes to more effective detection and investigation of criminal offenses. It is worth noting that the circumstances of committing the investigated crimes largely determine the overall mechanism of criminal activity of informal groups (associations) and are somewhat different from the circumstances of other types of crimes. the study of criminal proceedings (cases) made it possible to establish that crimes against life and health are committed by members of youth informal groups (associations), as a rule, in public places, in the time period from 18 to 24 hours. The date of the crime may be different and may be affected by the socio-psychological climate in the middle of the youth informal group (association), i.e. it may be in the evening from 18.00 to 24.00, or it may be at another time considering that sometimes such crimes occur spontaneously, are not planned in advance and can be committed under the influence of alcoholic beverages, psychotropic substances, narcotic drugs, etc. Also, delinquent behavior of representatives of informal groups can be provoked by spontaneous aggression towards representatives of other informal youth groups (associations). The commission of the researched type of crime can be associated with state, religious, cult holidays, dates of ceremonies and other important events for a certain informal youth group (association), as well as crimes can be committed on days of mass events, including sports events, rock concerts, festivals, etc. The practice of investigating crimes against a person’s life and health committed by members of youth informal groups (associations) shows that as tools and means in most cases criminals use metal sports equipment, rods, sticks, metal pipes, broken bottles, chains, military belt buckles, cold and firearms, etc. In addition, the places where informal youth commit crimes are mostly public places - roads and highways, underpasses, bus stops, premises of shops and entertainment establishments, residential areas located near houses, the same entertainment establishments and shops, recreation areas, including parks, parks, stadiums, concert halls, etc. Analysis of processed criminal proceedings indicates that crimes of the specified category are committed, as a rule, in conditions of obviousness (about 80%). The key factor for the specified category of crimes is that the situation of crimes against life and health committed by members of youth informal groups (associations) depends, first of all, on the type of youth informal group (bikers, skinheads, rockers, football fans, etc. .); secondly, from the degree of organization, hierarchy and structure of the group itself; thirdly, from other factors that immediately preceded the crime (drinking of alcoholic beverages, use of psychotropic or narcotic substances, etc.).

EFEITOS DAS ALTERAÇÕES RECENTES NO ESTATUTO DO DESARMAMENTO: UMA ANÁLISE DAS IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A SEGURANÇA PÚBLICA NO BRASIL

This research addresses recent changes to the Disarmament Statute in Brazil and their implications for public safety. The Disarmament Statute, established by Law No. 10.826/2003, was created to reduce the circulation of firearms in the country and reduce violence rates. However, in recent decades, significant changes in legislation have made access to weapons more flexible, sparking debates about the possible impacts of these changes on the security and crime scenario. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that gun control is a central issue for public safety, being widely discussed in various political and social contexts. Thus, the research is justified by the need to understand the possible effects of changes to the Disarmament Statute, considering the increased flexibility of access to weapons. The main objective of this research was to analyze these recent changes to the Disarmament Statute and evaluate their effects on the regulation of access to weapons and on violence and crime rates in Brazil. To achieve this objective, the methodology adopted was based on a bibliographic review and analysis of laws related to the topic. The results of this research showed that recent changes to the Disarmament Statute have the potential to significantly impact public safety in Brazil. The analysis of the legislative changes revealed that, with the relaxation of access to and possession of weapons, there is an increased risk of weapons circulating in the hands of the civilian population, which can aggravate situations of violence and crime.

RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE USE OF STATE BORDER GUARD SERVICE ASSETS IN COOPERATION WITH THE SECURITY AND DEFENCE FORCES OF UKRAINE

The article analyses the border guard scholars’ views on the algorithmisation and procedure for the use of State Border Guard Service of Ukraine’s assets, as well as the organisation of interaction with the security and defence forces to counteract enemy sabotage and reconnaissance groups on the state border. The article reviews the scientific works on possible options for the use of state border guard units of the state border guard bodies while performing tasks related to state border protection and defence. It is established that the protection of the state border of Ukraine under current conditions is carried out under the legal regime of martial law. The war is ongoing in the East of Ukraine, and the rest of the country has seen a deterioration in the crime situation, and therefore the border guard detachment headquarters must be constantly prepared to work in such circumstances and, particularly, be ready to counteract the enemy’s sabotage and reconnaissance activities. Based on the above, we have identified a number of recommendations for the border guard detachment’s headquarters to organise special measures to search for and eliminate enemy sabotage and reconnaissance groups and to involve the defence forces in these actions. Taking into account the latest risks and threats arising on the state border of Ukraine, as well as the approval of the “Military Security Strategy of Ukrain” perspective directions for further work improvement on ensuring reliable protection and defence of the state border of Ukraine and countering enemy sabotage and reconnaissance groups on the state border are outlined, which can be reflected in the development of a wide range of algorithms for the actions of the head of the state border guard body, for localising situations of various genesis, as well as organizing interaction with units from the security and defence forces of Ukraine.

Криминальное поведение в контексте миграционных процессов

Migration processes have a decisive role for the modern development of Russia, since migration has an extremely negative impact on the socioeconomic spheres of life and significantly aggravates the crime situation. In particular, the influx of illegal immigration stimulates the underground economy and limits the possibility of replenishing the state budget. The illegal component of migration processes has turned into a well-established criminal business with a developed structure, as well as the development of an “economic economy” with many participants and a large turnover of funds. The criminal activity of immigration crime has a significant impact on criminological security in the country and aggravates the criminogenic situation as a whole. Without eliminating the criminal impact, it is impossible to improve its demographic and socio-economic situation. In this regard, the study of the nature of offenses in the context of migration processes is timely and justified.

Environmental Security, Environmental Crime and National Security

In this paper we address environmental security, environmental crime and national security, which are important issues for the individual, society and the state. In this situation, we would be interested to look at the level of environmental security, environmental crime situation and the connection these two have with national security. Last decades have shown serious environmental damage and environmental security, despite the legal and criminal measures taken by the government and the state. This disturbing phenomenon remains a major problem for solution. Further we analyzed the legal framework for environmental protection, criminal offenses against the environment, the necessity of "insurance" environmental security. From the analysis results that environmental security and environmental crime threaten the national security of our country. The paper also presents some conclusions and recommendations for a more successful environmental security solution and respect for human rights and freedoms for the protection of the environment. Environmental protection through criminal legislation, criminal law and environmental law, required to be realized in accordance with international standards, resolutely fighting corruption and organized environmental crime.

Structure and Content of Forensic Characteristics of High-Tech Crimes

The paper identifies the main classifying characteristics of the forensic group of high-tech crimes. The problems of developing a forensic characterization of crimes included in this group are considered. The most important structural elements of the forensic characteristics under consideration are described. The determining role of the high-tech method of committing crimes has been established and its features have been analyzed. Debating points related to the object and subject of high-tech criminal encroachment are noted. With regard to the subject of the crime, the author concludes that such is a group, while the accomplices of the crime have personal characteristics that prevent the construction of a single typical portrait. The specificity of the crime situation is considered, because the main cause-and-effect relationships are formed in cyberspace. Important features of the trace pattern, manifested in the formation of electronic digital traces, are noted. It is shown that the means of committing high-tech crimes are special software, hardware and software-hardware, the peculiarity of which is their novelty. The role of counteraction to the investigation of high-tech criminal acts on the part of criminals and persons associated with them is revealed. For the first time in criminological theory, the glocalization factor is noted, and the relevance of this element of criminological characteristics for the study of high-tech crimes is shown. The cause-and-effect and correlation relationships between the elements of the forensic characteristics are analyzed.

Application of the Theory of Routine Activities in Criminology to the General Crime Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina

A significant number of criminologists, applying the theory of routine activities, believe that a criminal offense is the result of three convergent elements that combine in time and space (a motivated perpetrator, a suitable target, and the absence of adequate protection). When analyzing these three independent factors, custody is usually given a less significant position in this triangle, without any real reason. It is important to point out that the social structure can significantly affect any form of its violation because ordinary citizens can largely protect each other, as well as citizens' property. In the context of this paper, we will consider routine activities in the light of certain daily determining activities, such as education, economic crises, unemployment, mass communication means, migration, family circumstances, and free time, which can be key to explaining the rate of increase or decrease in crime. When all these activities are analyzed through the theory of routine activity, then we can have a complete overview in terms of criminal activity and the exposure to a criminal act of an individual or the social community as a whole.

An Assessment of Neighborhood Safety Concerns in South African Peripheral Urban Communities

Given the current crime situation in South Africa, this present study investigates the nature of residents' neighborhood safety concerns, the social and demographic determinants, and how to ameliorate the situation in peripheral urban communities. The study used a sample of 110 participants drawn through a stratified random sampling technique from the adult population of peripheral urban communities of Libode and Ngqeleni in South Africa. The study adopted a mixed method approach, dominated by a quantitative approach, where a survey instrument (Questionnaire) was mainly used to collect data. The study found youth unemployment in the area, night walks, absence of organized neighborhood watch, lack of police visibility, and abandoned houses as major critical safety concerns in the communities' neighborhoods. Notably, most residents expressed safety concerns, but higher neighborhood safety concerns were significantly associated with marriage, lower number of years living in the neighborhood, and femaleness. On the other hand, even though more urbanized locations, being old (over 60 years), being employed, salaried, and of high school level are associated with higher safety concerns in the neighborhood, but not at a statistically significant level. While residents believe that more job creation and community participation in organized neighborhood watch could be a source of solution, this study's major implication lies in the importance of addressing these critical factors in the relevant policies and practices in the country.

Spatial and Temporal Analysis: A GIS-Based Application Tool for Crime Monitoring and Clustering in Malawi

For the purposes of monitoring, evaluating, and conducting a geographical analysis of crime-related data, the study used geospatial technology to collect crime data based on spatial location and the Malawi Police Data Digest of 2019 and 2020. In a more generic sense, knowing the geographic patterns of crime in Malawi using GIS technology can help determine how to make and implement important decisions to reduce crimes in Malawi. The Malawi Police Service has established a number of database management systems to help with crime monitoring. Notwithstanding, it has not yet fully integrated Geographic Information Systems across all jurisdictions. Maps showing crime locations and crime hotspot zones are therefore not included in the crime data and statistics report provided by the Malawi Police Service. In this light, a lot of people have become victims of various forms of crimes in areas where those crimes are also prevalent. To collect, track, and analyze crime data in Malawi for this study, Geographical Information System (GIS) particularly network analysis techniques were used. Network Analysis was used to identify crime hotspots by analyzing crime data as a network of interconnected events and locations. The rationale behind this was to treat each crime event as a node in the network and the spatial relationships between the crimes as edges. By analyzing this network, patterns and relationships between crime events were revealed, allowing for the identification of crime hotspots. The study found that Lilongwe in the central region and the capital city registered the highest number of crimes seconded by Blantyre in the southern region and followed by Mangochi. Mzimba recorded high crimes in the northern region. In Malawi, the traditional systems of intelligence and criminal record keeping have failed to satisfy the demands of today's crime situation. Manual methods neither give accurate, dependable, or complete data 24 hours a day nor do they help in trend forecasting and decision assistance. It also leads to poorer productivity and inefficient workforce use. The appropriate application of information technology is the solution to this ever-increasing challenge.

Research on International Police Cooperation from the Perspective of Foreign - Related Rule of Law - Taking Lancang - Mekong Law Enforcement and security Cooperation as an Example

The current level and capacity of China's international police cooperation is clearly unable to adapt to the evolving and increasingly rampant situation of transnational crime. In order to better safeguard national interests, it is necessary to strengthen the guidance of foreign-related rule of law thinking on international police work. As a good example of international police cooperation, the Lancang Law Enforcement and Security Cooperation (LLEC) is a good example of international police cooperation, which is a good example to think about the internal logic between international police cooperation and the rule of law, analyse the shortcomings and deficiencies in legislation, treaties, jurisdiction, platforms and talents, and then put forward a path to optimize the international police cooperation under the perspective of the rule of law and propose policies and recommendations for the deepening of China's international police cooperation in the Lancang Basin. Suggestions.

Patient Victimhood and the Risks of Using Artificial Intelligence Technology in Healthcare

Artificial intelligence technologies are of increasing interest in the field of medicine and are one of the key areas for the digital transformation of healthcare . According to a number of experts, medical professionals and digital technology developers, the use of medical devices equipped with artificial intelligence technologies will raise healthcare to a high level, which will lead to improved clinical decision-making, high-quality analysis of digital images, prediction and control of the correctness of the prescribed treatment .However, failures associated with the use of medical devices equipped with artificial intelligence systems can have serious consequences for both clinical outcomes and patients . These consequences could undermine public confidence in artificial intelligence technologies and health care institutions in general . Given the certain novelty of technological solutions, data on the clinical efficacy and safety of products equipped with artificial intelligence are currently considered insufficient .This publication raises two important issues . The first part of the study describes the main physical, social and mental characteristics (properties) of patients that increase the likelihood that they will be victimized in the event of a crime situation in innovative health care services . The second part of the study identifies the risks of using AI technologies in health care that are of greatest concern to both patients and those exploiting innovative technologies .

Ways to implement risk management in the fight against organised crime

The aggravation of the state of operations under martial law poses a threat to a wide range of rights, interests of individuals and society. To prevent further deterioration of the crime situation, it is necessary to find progressive mechanisms to combat organised crime. The purpose of this study was to formulate scientifically sound proposals for the development of mechanisms for combating organised crime and counteracting the establishment of corrupt ties by criminals in institutions, organisations, and enter- prises, especially those belonging to the national security system. According to the purpose and specifics of the subject under study, the historical approach, comparative legal, and systemic-structural methods were employed. The study outlined the content of the processes of organising the management of subsystems involved in ensuring national security. The need to ensure its effective implementation is evidenced by statistical data on the complication of the operational situation in certain regions, the general socio-po- litical situation and threatening trends in the criminalisation of society. The state of stagnation does not correspond to the course of the most secure development of society, and therefore the main task of the state is to actively protect citizens from dangerous anti-social, criminal, and violent manifestations. It was sub- stantiated that the success of counteracting these negative phenomena depends primarily on the unification of certain mechanisms at both the international and domestic levels, including standards. It was proved that legal forms of combating organised crime should be improved towards the betterment of standards in the risk management system, specifically, ensuring information security, and stimulating the protection of information flows. It was argued that the introduction of the term “compliance audit” into certain laws of Ukraine defining the basic principles of implementation of the state financial control, audit of financial statements, and organisation of audit activities will provide a positive effect in combating these negative phenomena. The findings of this study can serve as the basis for the preparation of forecast and programme documents by supreme audit institutions, anti-corruption bodies, and the business community to counteract manifestations of organised crime, identify and eliminate corrupt ties with criminals

Face perception in deep learning and safety

Face perception are very useful and common in our daily life today. Not only in the unlock phone but also in some crime situation. This article will introduce several way for computer to do the face perception. In this article, I will introduce the modern majority way to do the face perception. The common way to reading face is whether separate in different part or building 3D figure for face. There are several advantage by using different way like Face net, Fece++. They could be used in different condition. After reading the image from picture, we need to train computer to do the match and do better. This is the machine learning, the best tool today is CNN or python. Even all of face perception tool could not handle the low quality picture or video, but they could have 90% accuracy in certain condition. That is the accuracy for human to do it, but computer have faster speed in face perception than people did.

Профессиональный преступный мир в первые годы утверждения советской власти: особенности детерминации и условия развития

At turning points in the history of the development of any state, the underworld is noticeably transformed. During periods of political destabilization, crisis phenomena in the socio-economic, cultural spheres of society, the crime situation in the country, as a rule, worsens. At the same time, during the collapse of the statehood foundations, the criminal world not only transforms, but changes the vector of its development. Such a period in the history of Russia was the revolutionary events of 1917 and the civil war – a time of radical breakdown of all state institutions, socio-economic and spiritual-moral foundations, which became the starting point for the formation and development of a monolithic and well-organized professional Soviet underworld. The purpose of the study is to analyze the features of determination and conditions for the development of professional crime in the first years of the establishment of Soviet power. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are being solved: to study the features of the development of the domestic professional underworld in the conditions of political instability of the 1917–1920s; determine the essence of the ideological confrontation between representatives of the “tsarist” criminal world and the “new” Soviet one in the first years of the establishment of Soviet power; identify the determinants of the development of professional crime in Russia during the period under study. In the process of work, the method of synthesis, analysis, generalization, and comparative legal method are used. It is proven that against the backdrop of pronounced political instability of the 1917–1920s, which led to a crisis of traditional legal consciousness, erosion of spiritual, moral and religious values, deterioration of the socio-economic situation of the majority of the population, there was a sharp aggravation of the crime situation and, as a result, especially the active development of professional crime, which during the period under study created a real threat not only to society, but also to the national security of the state.

Правове регулювання міжнародно-правової протидії нерегулярній міграції

This article is devoted to the study of the content of international legal acts that regulate the implementation of legal migration and combating illegal migration. The migration situation in Ukraine is formed under the influence of negative factors that affect the life of society due to the global economic crisis and the on-going Russian military aggression against Ukraine. In this situation, the lack of proper migration control when entering and leaving Ukraine, the uncontrolled stay of foreign citizens and stateless persons on its territory has led to an increase in the flow of migrants and the number of crimes they commit. Persons who organize illegal migration demonstrate disregard for the rights and interests of persons who are illegally staying on the territory of Ukraine. It is necessary to look for new approaches to regulating the socially beneficial integration of migrants, taking into account their age, gender characteristics, level of health, and professional qualifications. Migration in the modern world is a logical result of globalization processes; without it, modern political, economic and socio-cultural development of the world is impossible. At the same time, migrants who are in the country illegally constitute a significant reserve of crime. Many of them commit various crimes, which negatively affects the crime situation in the country. The existing positive foreign experience in combating crime in the field of migration, which is carried out by criminal legal means, should be introduced into domestic practice. Ukraine, due to historical and geopolitical reasons, is accessible to illegal migration flows from the East, Southeast Asia, post-Soviet states and other countries. Terrorist and other threats to national security necessitate the introduction of decisive and tough measures that are related to the implementation of migration control. It is necessary to tighten criminal and administrative legislation as evidence of the tough position of the legislative bodies of Ukraine on this issue. The above circumstances indicate the relevance and special significance of this problem in modern conditions. Key words: irregular migration; crime; globalization; international legal acts.

Review on the concentration of police stations in the Accra Metropolitan Area and its implications on security and social control

The increasing urban crime rate in Ghana is causing the development of police stations in the Accra metropolitan area. The location of a police station depends on factors influencing crime-prone areas. In Accra, 16 departments report crime situations to the metro coordinator director, who then organizes meetings with the presiding member. Crime rates are typically high in densely populated areas. This study aims to reveal the density of police stations and their impact on security and social control in the Accra metropolitan area. GIS spatial data and tools were used to observe the concentration of police stations, while Arc Software was used to determine the level of concentration and its impact on crime response and social control. Hotspots were also used to collect crime data for better monitoring of police station concentration in Accra and number of crime cases observed in each police station and more police stations presents with its impact on response to crime and social control.

Effect of institutional performance on combating crimes, A case of South Sudan National Police Service

The study aims to investigate the effect of institutional performance on combating crimes in the case of the South Sudan National Police Service. And examine the relationship between judiciary roles and national police performance in Juba County Police, Central Equatoria State, South Sudan. However, the South Sudan National Police Service functions and performs combating crime as a way to guarantee efficient service delivery. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative research design techniques for effectiveness and accuracy during the analysis stage. The source of data was retrieved from both primary and secondary data sources to encourage comprehensiveness and inclusivity of the data. In-depth interviews, questionnaires, and observation were used in the study to collect data from participants. These methods are convenient and easy to administer. The study targeted 360 respondents, who are private legal attorneys, crime control heads, criminals, public attorneys, and men on duty. With the help of the Slovene formula for sample size determination, the researcher obtained 186 sample populations. The data was analysed with the help of the statistical package of social science (SPSS software version 16.0 with advanced Excel). Both tools are cost-effective and best for the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data. The study findings indicated that the socio-political order prevalent in South Sudan affects effective police performance, in addition to the fact that high levels of unemployment have made the crime situation overwhelming for the police to control effectively. The study recommends that for the police to effectively prevent and control crime, there is a need to improve police-public relations and recognize the importance of different private security organizations working side-by-side and hand in hand with the police and other government agencies of law enforcement for the public to realize harmony and peaceful co-existence. The language barrier was among the challenges that affected this study.