Action Situations Research Articles

Analisis Situasi Didaktis pada Modul Ajar Penjumlahan dan Pengurangan Bilangan Cacah Kelas 2 Sekolah Dasar

This research aims to describe how students’ understanding of adding and subtracting whole numbers is formed. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with teaching modules as the main data source. After surveying didactic situation theory in mathematics through various sources, the paradigm in this theory is then used as a basis for describing learning activities contained in the teaching module. Learning activities in the teaching module are classified based on the theory of mathematical didactic situations. The result shows that in these learning activities, the didactical situation was not developed sequentially. Apart from that, the action situation that is constructed does not show the existence of a dialectical situation between individual students and the milieu. Knowledge construction tends to come from teacher explanations, not from the process of solving problems that involve students' mental activity. This condition can potentially cause knowledge not to be constructed properly, making it possible for students not to be able to use it when facing new mathematical problems and allowing learning obstacles to occur. Keywords: didactical situations, teaching module

ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS AND EXOGENOUS VARIABLES AFFECTING THE OUTCOME OF SOCIAL FORESTRY POLICIES IN CENTRAL SULAWESI, INDONESIA

Social forestry (SF) is Indonesian policy that aims to provide legal access to the community in utilizing forest resources and seek sustainable forest management, contributing to the community's economic improvement. This study examines the action situation of implementing SF policies in Central Sulawesi Province and analyses the roles of stakeholders and exogenous variables determining SF policies' outcomes. The Institutional Analysis Development (IAD) framework was applied in the study by identifying and analyzing the action situation and its relation to the implementation of SF in Central Sulawesi. The research revealed that the implementation of social forestry in Central Sulawesi Province is not optimal. This is indicated by the fact that local institutions have not achieved self-governance, the sustainability of forest function has not been realized, and the social forestry programs have not significantly increased the income of the local community.. Implementing the SF policy depends on the facilitator's capacity at the site level and stakeholders' support. The action for strengthening social forestry at site levels requires strong collaboration among stakeholders by considering their interests and capacities. These findings suggested the urgency of future research to examine strategies for governing the role of stakeholders in boosting local institutional capacity and the outcomes of SF policies.

Features of the interrogation tactics of a suspect in illegal fishing, hunting, or other aquatic resource exploitation

The article discusses interrogation tactics of a suspect involved in illegal fishing, hunting, or other aquatic resource exploitation, necessitating the formation of specific tactical recommendations regarding the conduct of interrogations of suspects in criminal proceedings of this category. Based on an analysis of pre-trial investigation practices and scientific literature, the author proposes detailed specifications of the main provisions of interrogation tactics of suspects during the investigation of illegal fishing, hunting, or other aquatic resource exploitation. It is established that the peculiarities of interrogating a suspect during the investigation of illegal fishing, hunting, or other aquatic resource exploitation primarily depend on the situation of this investigative action. That is, whether the person wishes to testify or not. The article also distinguishes between conflict and non-conflict situations in interrogating suspects of these categories of criminal offenses. The author outlines typical investigative situations during the interrogation of suspects in the article and proposes a vision for resolving problematic situations during suspect interrogation based on an analysis of investigative practice and scientific literature. The article establishes that the successful conduct of interrogation of suspects involved in illegal fishing, hunting, or other aquatic resource exploitation is based on three main factors: a) the psychological process of forming testimonies; b) establishing contact with the person being interrogated; c) skillful application of interrogation tactics considering the situation that arises during the investigative action.

Mental models of aquaculture governance in Indonesia

Aquaculture stakeholders have mental models, which are the internal cognitive representations of how they understand and prioritize the different features of their aquaculture systems. Individuals and stakeholder groups are likely to have different mental models, with implications for making cooperative governance work and guiding the rapidly emerging sector’s sustainable development. We apply a participatory approach called fuzzy cognitive mapping to capture and compare the mental models of community-based coastal pond aquaculture stakeholders in Indonesia, including farmers, government managers, and researchers who need to work together to govern a rapidly expanding aquaculture sector which faces critical sustainability challenges. To conceptually structure our comparison, we use Elinor Ostrom’s social–ecological systems framework. Our results highlight important differences between stakeholder group mental models which represent potential conflicts of interest and barriers for collaborative governance. Fish farmer models emphasize resource system challenges relating to production instability and risk, while government managers emphasize increasing production intensity to meet sectoral growth targets. Researchers, in contrast, tend to focus on pond waste treatment and water quality management. Governance attributes were consistently perceived as less frequent and less influential compared to other social–ecological dimensions, reflecting perceptions of weak governance in the sector. We identify a critical need for programs aimed at strengthening community-level institutional arrangements for governing shared aquaculture resources, increasing technical knowledge capacity, and managing financial risk. By merging all stakeholder models into a single “community” model, we identify key consensus action situations across the three groups as potential focal points for aquaculture development which may serve as a starting point for actors to work together to identify context-appropriate institutional solutions to these sustainability challenges.

Didactical design to overcome learning obstacles in cuboid volume

This study aims to produce an empirical didactic design designed to overcome didactic barriers experienced by students on beam volume material. Didactical design research is a design in this study that contains three stages of analysis, namely prospective analysis, metapedadidactic analysis, and retrospective analysis. 25 9th-grade junior high school students and one mathematics teacher were selected using purposive sampling techniques to become subjects. Observation, tests using diagnostic tests, and interviews are techniques in data collection. The collected data is analysed and interpreted qualitatively using interpretive and critical paradigms. The results of this study show that through three stages of analysis, an empirical didactic design was obtained that contains four didactic situations: action situations, formulation situations, validation situations, and institutionalisation situations. However, the limitations of presenting problems in institutionalisation situations have an impact on the occurrence of other learning barriers, namely epistemological concepts. Thus, this limitation becomes an improvement material in empirical didactic design.

Collective participation in conservation easements in rural China: Evidence from the Qianjiangyuan National Park

Conservation easements (CE), as an emerging conservation strategy in China, have gained successful collective participation within the Qianjiangyuan National Park with all its collectively-owned forestlands under easements. This study uses an analytical framework developed from the social-ecological systems (SES) framework to explore systemic inter-dependencies among social, economic, political, and natural processes that contextualize the agreements and patterns of interaction where collective participation is achieved. The results indicate that broader-scale variables under socio-ecological contexts, by affecting the resource system, government system, actor system variables, and their interactions, play a more important role in CE participation than sole individual variables. At the regional scale, changing socio-political factors have influenced rural communities' resource utilization and reduced economic dependency on logging activities, facilitating CE adoption. Within the focal action situation, collective participation was achieved under the rural governance system in which actors interact to form community-level consensus through rural self-governance and consultation, influenced by the mobilizing power of the authority. The case study in China demonstrates the feasibility of using CE as a forest co-management strategy in densely populated protected areas under a common-property regime and the necessity of considering both regional-scale factors and local dynamics in CE design and implementation.

Speed qualities and their manifestations in football

This article examines the issue of skill in football, which is characterized by sudden and unexpected changes in the action situation every moment, complex motor reactions are often encountered. They are divided into disjunctive (with an exclusive choice) and differentiated. The reaction of a fighter to the actions of his opponent, which forces him to attack or defend, the reaction of a football player - to make a pass to a partner or shoot through the goal - are considered disjunctive (that is, we cannot simultaneously retreat and advance, pass the ball and hit the goal etc.). Differentiated reactions are the most complex type of reactions, which require great concentration of attention for the immediate selection of the most appropriate action in response, and sometimes the response has already started or switching to completely different actions. For example, an attacker who decided to strike, but saw an opponent blocking him, changes his mind and passes to a partner who is in a better position. A fencer who has started his attack must be able to intercept the opponent's counterattack and continue his own, etc.
 The performance of individual motor acts at high speed is determined by the speed of a single movement. This is, for example, the speed of movement of the leg during a kick in football or a stick during a throw in hockey, the speed of movement of the arm during an offensive shot in volleyball, throwing a javelin, javelin in fencing. The maximum speed of a single movement can be achieved in the absence of any external resistance. With an increase in external resistance, it is possible to increase the speed of movements due to an increase in the power of the forces exerted, and this depends on the explosive qualities of muscle fibers.

Comparing Ostrom's design principles to Habraken's open-building framework: disentangling a polycentric built environment

Abstract This article compares Habraken's Open-Building framework to Ostrom's design principles. While both frameworks aim to create adaptable and self-governing environments, Ostrom focuses on long-lasting commons governance, while Habraken focuses on designing for change. Unlike Ostrom, Habraken focuses on excludability, implying that private spaces include private and club goods, and public spaces combine public goods and common-pool resources. For Habraken, space is public to people from lower levels who have the right to enter but is private to people from higher levels who can only enter as guests. Habraken also focuses on separating design tasks, such as putting utilities in public spaces accessible from apartment building corridors, to reduce maintenance and repair costs. Utility access from public areas also reduces the need for temporary management and access rights from neighbouring territories, changing many repair and maintenance decisions from collective to private choices. Separating the infill level from the base building gives agents on the lower levels greater ability to adapt and control their own environments. Habraken views the built environment as a self-organizing polycentric system, and an important part of self-organization is appropriately applying themes, patterns, types, and systems. Unlike Ostrom, Habraken doesn't think there are focal action situations.

Learning obstacle of probability learning based on the probabilistic thinking level

This study aims to determine students learning obstacles in probability material based on their probabilistic thinking (PT) level using the theory of didactical situation (TDS) perspective. This is qualitative research with the case study method. The subject consisted of 23 grade 9 students in junior high school who had studied the material and had taken the test. The test results were used to classify students depending on their PT level using the framework developed by Graha A. Jones. Furthermore, interviews were performed with three representative students from each PT level. The interviews indicated that students in each PT level continue to face learning obstacles, which include instrumental ontogenic and epistemological obstacles. The lowest PT level demonstrated a more complex and comprehensive learning obstacle in all constructs of PT. From the TDS perspective, all students who are at various levels of PT have reached an action situation. Only 33% of the students at the subjective level and 83% of the students at the transition level reached the formulation situation. Still, students at that level needed help to reach the other two situations. Unlike the two previous levels, students at the level of quantitative informal thinking can achieve situations of validation and institutionalization.

Modelling agricultural innovations as a social-ecological phenomenon

Agricultural innovations involve both social and social-ecological dynamics where outcomes emerge from interactions of innovation actors embedded within their ecological environments. Neglecting the interconnected nature of social-ecological innovations can lead to a flawed understanding and assessment of innovations. In this paper, we present an empirically informed, stylized agent-based model of agricultural innovation systems in Mali, West Africa. The study aimed to understand the emergence of food security and income inequality outcomes through two distinct model structures: top-down, aid-driven (exogenous) innovation and bottom-up, community-driven (endogenous) innovation. Our research questions were: i) How does the inclusion of social-ecological interactions in the model affect food security and income inequality outcomes? ii) How do exogenous and endogenous mechanisms influence food insecurity and income inequality? iii) What are the conditions under which exogenous and endogenous mechanisms would improve food security? The structural design of the model was based on a combination of theory, empirics, and mapping of social-ecological dynamics within innovation systems. Using the Social-Ecological Action Situation framework, we mapped the social, social-ecological, and ecological interactions that jointly produce food security outcomes. The exploratory model analysis reveals three key insights: i) Incorporation of social-ecological interactions influences model outcomes. Scenarios with social-ecological interactions showed a stronger relationship between income inequality and food security, lower levels of food security, and higher levels of income inequality than scenarios with social interactions. ii) Endogenous mechanism leads to higher food security and income inequality than the exogenous mechanism. iii) Bidirectional outreach is more effective than unidirectional outreach in improving food security. Inclusion of social-ecological dynamics and interactions such as the role of climate risk perception, social learning and formation of innovation beliefs and desires is key for modelling and analysis of agricultural innovations.

Этические риски в практике искусственного интеллекта

The article raises the question of the relationship between the practice of artificial intelligence and universal ethics. The topic is fundamentally important, since a person and society that have lost their ethical foundations are deprived of their humanity. The ethics of scientists, designers, high-level managers play a decisive role in modern processes of development and application of artificial intelligence. In their activities, an ethic of responsibility develops, originating from the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, published in 1955 in the conditions of a nuclear standoff during the Cold War. The article shows the modern indescribably rapid growth and development of artificial intelligence applications in the practical life of people. Attention is drawn to the fact of the presence of uncertainty in situations of practical application of artificial intelligence, the presence of unforeseen consequences in addition to the expected consequences, who is responsible for those consequences (individuals, corporations, governments). The responsibility lies with the one who decides on the action: the actor. The actor is in a situation of ethical risk. It is shown that the risk increases due to a number of circumstances: 1) a variety of applications; 2) uncontrolled rampant growth; 3) difficulties in tracking the empirical situation of application; 4) difficulties in theoretical analysis of the situation of action. The article focuses on the risks of the practice of peaceful use of remotely piloted aircraft, as well as their military use and automated weapons without operator confirmation. The sharp, apparently exponential growth of information technology, the practical implementation of artificial intelligence, puts people in a difficult situation, an ethical situation: what to choose ‘to have or to be’. Or is there a third choice?

How Can Collective Action Support the Agroecological Transition in Geographical Indication Vineyards? Insights from the Loire Valley Wine Area

Few studies have examined the agroecological transition in viticulture, which involves transformation processes, especially at the territorial scale where collective action plays a key role in the dissemination of transition strategies. Collective action in the agroecological transition must be studied in order to encourage and accelerate changes in practices. In this study, collective action is analyzed to understand how governance structures influence the development of collective agroecological transition strategies. Elinor Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development and Social–Ecological Systems analysis frameworks were applied to the Anjou-Saumur wine area in the Loire Valley, where nearly 80% of wine production is under protected designations of origin. Data were collected through seven semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed qualitatively in order to identify the main actors and collective strategies in the agroecological transition. The study showed that the polycentric structure of governance in the protected designations of the origin system enables institutional actors to collectively coordinate their actions. Moreover, collective action is structured in three focal action situations that overlap at the institutional level due to two key actors in the agroecological transition, but also due to tacit rules of the organizational structure for some actors. Action situations dynamically interact with each other across time and geographical scales, helping the agroecological transition process forward by combining top-down and bottom-up strategies. This study provides a novel way of applying the IAD/SES framework as well as a new look at collective action for the agroecological transition at the institutional scale in French viticultural systems under protected designations of origin. This paves the way for interdisciplinary research for the agroecological transition, and might help to select the best strategies to encourage changes of viticultural practices.

An agent-situation-based model for networked action situations: Cap-and-trade land policies in China

Expanding the analysis unit from a single action situation to networks of action situations (NAS) is a theoretical development in response to complex systemic issues. However, the methodology of this emerging field is still in its infancy. This article develops an agent-situation-based model to evaluate the interaction effects of targeted policies by translating a NAS into an agent-based model (ABM). This paper applies this NAS–ABM method to China’s top-down land planning control system to evaluate the performance of two cap-and-trade (CAT) policies, implemented simultaneously, which aim to preserve cultivated land and restrict land expansion for construction. The results show that either CAT policy can improve land allocation efficiency and reduce income gaps in different regions but is not Pareto-improving. Furthermore, if implemented jointly, the two CAT policies expand the income gap between urban and rural areas and are not conducive to protecting soil quality and the environment.

Compliance in small-scale fisheries is linked to fisher-trader relations: not fishers alone (Southeast Asian case study)

Fisher-trader relations are influential in many small-scale fisheries worldwide. The ability to influence emergent fishing practices has shifted traders into focus of fisheries policy-making. Formal policies could be more effective if they were complementary to and build on an understanding of the role of traders, their interaction with fishers, and how these contribute to the emergence of compliant or non-compliant fishing practices. Here, we first compared fishing practices with policies to assess the latter's effectiveness in Indonesia, Spermonde. Second, we identified the roles and interactions of fisher-trader relations in shaping emergent fishing practices using the social-ecological action situation framework. We found that 6 out of 7 fishing practices were at least partially non-compliant with formal policies. Second, fisher-trader relations mediated by social norms enabled more fishing practices to emerge than those focused solely on selling and buying fish. Third, traders' interactions with other fishery actors enabled non-compliant fishing practices. These findings comprehensively characterize fishers' and traders' roles and interactions in the emergence of fishing practices. Policy effectiveness could be enhanced by engaging in traders' interactions with other fishery actors.

Pembelajaran Bentuk-Bentuk Aljabar Berlandaskan pada Teori Situasi Didaktis pada Siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas di Yayasan Graha Asuh Jabal 165 Kabupaten Bandung

Algebra becomes an essential topic for all school mathematics topics. Nevertheless, many students still experience difficulties in learning algebra, one of them is senior high school students in Yayasan Graha Asuh Jabal 165, Kabupaten Bandung. Lack of effective learning activity in the class becomes the primary source for students’ difficulty. As an attempt to overcome this problem, the theory of didactic situation (TDS) could be adopted as a reference to implement the learning activity that possibly engages the students to be more active in the learning process. Therefore, this activity is held to help students in understanding the concept of algebraic forms with the learning based on the TDS. The method of this activity consisted of three stages, that was 1) the analysis of students’ difficulty in understanding the algebraic forms, 2) the learning implementation based on the TDS, and 3) the evaluation of students’ learning. The result shows that in the analysis stage, many students did not understand the concept of variables, coefficients, constants, equations, and algebraic operations. The next stage is learning implementation based on the TDS which comprises of the situation of action, formulation, validation, and institutionalization. The last one is evaluation where all students manage to understand the concept of algebraic forms and their application in daily life. This shows an improvement of their conceptual understanding in algebra.

Engagement in water governance action situations in the Lake Champlain Basin.

Water quality governance encompasses multiple "wicked" interacting problems that manifest within social-ecological systems. Concerned governments, institutions, and actors concerned with addressing these issues must wrestle with complex systems that span time, space, and scale. This complexity of connected systems requires the participation of multiple actors across political boundaries, problem areas, and hydrologic domains. In Lake Champlain (US), frequent cyanobacteria blooms negatively affect property values, recreational activities, and public infrastructure, in addition to their impacts on the aquatic ecosystem. Through a survey of actors working on water quality in the Lake Champlain Basin, we analyze how actor participation in structured issue forums creates a network of connected action situations across multiple spatial scales and problem domains. We apply exponential random graph models to quantify the effects of scale, issues, and homophily on actor participation in these forums. Our findings show that actors tend to favor participating in similarly scoped forums at their spatial scale, that actors are less likely to participate in structured forums focused on agriculture, and that actors participate independently of others with whom they have pre-existing collaborative relationships. Further, we find that in the case of the Lake Champlain Basin, actor participation in issues related to water quality is misaligned with modeled sources of nutrient pollution. This study demonstrates that the design and maintenance of water quality action situations play an important role in attracting the participation of actors working collaboratively to address wicked social-ecological problems. Further, linking current and potential configurations of governance networks to social-ecological outcomes can aid in the effective and efficient achievement of management objectives.

Designing artificial intelligence policy: Comparing design spaces in Latin America

AbstractGovernments are designing policies for artificial intelligence to facilitate the digital transformation and respond to the diverse ethical and regulatory challenges that emerge with the penetration of this technology in society. This article aims to analyze the policy design dynamics focusing on national strategies for artificial intelligence in Latin America. It starts from the premise that different dynamics of political regimes and governance modes shape different design spaces, which create action situations that assign different dynamics of policy design. The article compares national strategies for artificial intelligence in Latin America, through a documentary analysis of the national strategies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Uruguay, to identify the characteristics and dynamics of the design spaces applied to Artificial Intelligence policies in Latin America. The research findings indicate that the dynamics between political regimes and governance modes in Latin American countries delimit different outcomes for Artificial Intelligence policy.

Analysis of factors that affect the utilization of antenatal care in developing countries: a systematic review

To explain the factors related to the implementation of antenatal care in developing countries. The systematic review was conducted in June 2020 and comprised literature search on Scopus, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed and Garba Rujukan Digital databases for cross-sectional, survey-based, prospective, mixed-method, correlational, experimental, longitudinal, cohort and case-control studies published after 2015 in either English or Indonesian. The studies included involved pregnant women and discussed the factors of implementing antenatal care in developing countries, and explained the factors related to the implementation of antenatal care in accordance with the World Health Organisation recommendation. The Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes and Study framework was used, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines were followed. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics with a narrative approach. Of the 9,733 studies initially found, 50(0.005%) were shortlisted for full-text review, and, of them, 15(30%) were reviewed and analysed. There were 3(20%) each from Pakistan and Ghana, 2(13.3%) each from Nepal and India, and 1(6.66%) each from Jordan, Egypt, Yemen, South Africa and Vietnam. Overall, 10(66.6%) were cross-sectional studies. There were five factors identified regarding antenatal care; behaviour intention, social support, accessibility of information, personal autonomy, and action situations, including economic status, availability of facility and transportation. Antenatal care in pregnant women in developing countries is influenced by several factors, and economic status and the availability of facilities and infrastructure optimise the use of such services.

Human Being and the World in the Capricious Radiance of Talmudic Mythology (Based on a Religious Study of the Little-Researched Work of Yakym Olesnytsky)

The article continues and develops the experience of actual reading of one of the significant, but littlestudied works of the prominent Kyiv Hebrew scholar and biblical scholar of the last third of the XIX – early XX century, professor of the Kyiv Theological Academy Yakym Olesnytsky. Through the religious study reinterpretation of the structural elements of Talmudic mythology discovered by Olesnytsky, the peculiarities of the evolution of the agadic picture of the world were revealed. Being quite structurally heterogeneous, this phenomenon is characterized by “human dimension”, which is the leitmotif of universal natural harmony, social order, moral balance of good and evil. Both the actions of God, and the elements of nature, and the norms and requirements of society are full of mental, psycho-emotional tension, placed in a situation of moral choice and action, appear in fact anthropological projections, the image of human abilities. Therefore, the anthropological aspects of the transformations of agadic consciousness have been studied from the standpoint of religious studies. The transformation of psychological and anthropological motives in agadic angel and demonology and ideas about the human soul is singled out; revealed dimensions of the sacred symbolization of the unity of man with nature, humanity and the universe in the agadic doctrine of metempsychosis; anthropological and socio-political projections of agadic sacred geography and ritualized practices of contact with the afterlife as with the “Other Reality” are demonstrated; the sacred dimensions of ethno-, cultural- and religious-genesis engraved in the agada are traced.

Networks of action situations in social–ecological systems: current approaches and potential futures

“Action situations”—instances of decision-making and agency—have become central to studying social–ecological systems. This special feature collects research using the network of action situations (NAS) approach to structure the way these action situations are embedded into broader interdependent instances of decision-making in different policy or discursive realms, spatial and jurisdictional context, or at different institutional levels. In this editorial, we summarize the key themes that emerged throughout the collection of the 17 articles included in this special feature. The editorial emphasizes the value of NAS in appropriately and sensitively reconstructing relations while pursuing consistency in modes of analysis. It highlights as key themes the complementarity of and disconnects between situations, temporality of NAS, and how NAS can structure the analysis of power in SES. Going further, we suggest expanding on the relational turn, developing NAS archetypes, and studying polycentric governance theories and hypotheses using the NAS approach.