Physical Situations Research Articles

Dynamics of optical pulses in fiber optics with stimulated Raman scattering effect

In this paper, we discuss the propagation of optical pulses in the nonlinear optical fibers. The generalized higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is under consideration as a governing model. The studied model is composed of group-velocity dispersion, self-phase modulation, third-order dispersion, self-steepening and stimulated Raman scattering. Researchers have been studying a wide range of natural phenomena in depth, and nonlinear science has gradually become a part of people’s consciousness. We have extracted the optical pulses in different forms like bright, dark, singular and combined solitons by assistance of recently developed integration tool, namely the new extended direct algebraic method (NEDAM). Moreover, the solutions for the hyperbolic, periodic and trigonometric functions are retrieved. Using proper parameters in numerical simulations and physical explanations, it is possible to demonstrate the importance of the findings. It is proposed that the offered method can be utilized to support nonlinear dynamical models applicable to a wide variety of physical situations. We hope that a wide spectrum of engineering model professionals will find this study to be beneficial.

Development and use of a Playful Learning Observation Tool (PLOT) for Active Game-based Learning in Physical Classroom Situations

This study presents the development and implementation of a qualitative observation tool for in-class observation of courses employing game-based learning (GBL), and playful learning situations. The design of the observation model exploits a literature review of classroom observation models, of cognitive psychology motivation scales, and of GBL evaluation models. It integrates relevant elements from these domains to offer an observation model for GBL implementation. In this model, in-class observations are coded and analysed for GBL effectiveness and potential to support intrinsic motivation in students. The model was then used in two courses using different forms of GBL (one digital cooperative multiplayer game, one analog board game). Observations were coded using NVivo and distributed according to type of motivation and type of motivated learning tasks. Due to Covid19 restrictions and the difficulties of finding in-person classes, only two courses were examined using the model. The model appeared efficient in both observational situations, and the coding confirmed previous studies to the potential of GBL to sustain students’ intrinsic motivation. The observations also showed that preparedness of students to the specific contents of the game reduced risk of amotivation and disengagement in students. The study allows us to reflect on best practices for GBL implementation and evaluation and how better understanding of in-class interactions during playful learning could enable educators and teachers to make better informed choices to implementing GBL. While there are many templates for classroom observation and GBL evaluation, there is a lack of dedicated observation models, that offer clear guidelines for qualitative data gathering in live, in-person classroom situations. This study aims at providing a specific tool to that purpose.

Estudio de caso: Adulto Mayor sedentario en contexto de pandemia a través de teleenfermería.

Introduction: Low back pain is a common occupational disease in Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the population was confined under strict regulations and sanitary controls with the objective of reducing contagion, especially among at-risk age groups, mainly the elderly. The confinement, and the few possibilities that the pandemic would cease, brought consequences related to different aspects, especially those related to their health. The lack of possibility for patients to be present for their periodic checkups contributed to worsen their physical, psychological and mental health situation, so new strategies had to be implemented to attendpatients, in order to provide attentive and quality care. One of these strategies corresponds to tele-nursing, which focuses on healthpromotion, prevention and education. The present study used this strategy for the care of an older adult belonging to the Vínculosprogram, for the subsequent nursing assessment, identification and prioritization of problems. Considering the pandemic context,the main health problem to be addressed is sedentary lifestyle, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and an indicatorof quality of life. For this reason, we worked to contribute to the reflection on the contribution of the tele-nursing process and thedevelopment of soft skills, to create new alternative strategies that can be implemented to perform relevant comprehensive care inolder adults in the current COVID-19 context.

Mathematical analysis of heat and fluid flow in a square cavity

Theoretical analysis of heat transfer plays a vital role in updating the quality of heat exchanger products. Experiments cost more compared to computational costs. In this direction, this work is concerned with the unsteady and incompressible fluid flow with a rod inside a square cavity. The disturbance in the flow is induced by the motion of the top and bottom walls of the cavity. The maximum fluid flow will arise, which will help in reducing the temperature of the heated wall or rod in any physical situation. A single wall is considered to be heated, which produces heat in the neighboring fluid layers. A rod is placed to reduce the motion of the heated fluid coming from the heated wall at a high-temperature. The transmission of thermal energy along with fluid flow is carried out using the energy equation and the Navier–Stokes equation of motion, respectively. These equations are transformed to dimensionless form by appropriate parametrization and solved using the finite element method for different parameters such as Rayleigh number and Prandtl number, temperature and velocity fields and are presented graphically

Agreement between two photoplethysmography-based wearable devices for monitoring heart rate during different physical activity situations: a new analysis methodology

Wearables are being increasingly used to monitor heart rate (HR). However, their usefulness for analyzing continuous HR in research or at clinical level is questionable. The aim of this study is to analyze the level of agreement between different wearables in the measurement of HR based on photoplethysmography, according to different body positions and physical activity levels, and compared to a gold-standard ECG. The proposed method measures agreement among several time scales since different wearables obtain HR at different sampling rates. Eighteen university students (10 men, 8 women; 22 ± 2.45 years old) participated in a laboratory study. Participants simultaneously wore an Apple Watch and a Polar Vantage watch. ECG was measured using a BIOPAC system. HR was recorded continuously and simultaneously by the three devices, for consecutive 5-min periods in 4 different situations: lying supine, sitting, standing and walking at 4 km/h on a treadmill. HR estimations were obtained with the maximum precision offered by the software of each device and compared by averaging in several time scales, since the wearables obtained HR at different sampling rates, although results are more detailed for 5 s and 30 s epochs. Bland–Altman (B-A) plots show that there is no noticeable difference between data from the ECG and any of the smartwatches while participants were lying down. In this position, the bias is low when averaging in both 5 s and 30 s. Differently, B-A plots show that there are differences when the situation involves some level of physical activity, especially for shorter epochs. That is, the discrepancy between devices and the ECG was greater when walking on the treadmill and during short time scales. The device showing the biggest discrepancy was the Polar Watch, and the one with the best results was the Apple Watch. We conclude that photoplethysmography-based wearable devices are suitable for monitoring HR averages at regular intervals, especially at rest, but their feasibility is debatable for a continuous analysis of HR for research or clinical purposes, especially when involving some level of physical activity. An important contribution of this work is a new methodology to synchronize and measure the agreement against a gold standard of two or more devices measuring HR at different and not necessarily even paces.

On the solution technique for the interior electric displacement in a piezoelectric crack with the semi-permeable electric condition

In the study of crack problems in piezoelectric materials, the choice of electric conditions on the crack surface is crucial. The semi-permeable condition is believed to be more consistent with the real physical situation than the impermeable and permeable. In the semi-permeable crack condition, one task is to solve the crack interior electric displacement. However, there is no discussion in literature on the possible general method for its solution. A feasible method is proposed in this paper, addressed by taking as an example a penny-shaped crack in a piezoelectric layer with strip-like electrical saturation and mechanical yielding zones. The mixed boundary value problem is transformed into a set of coupling Fredholm integral equations of the second kind by Hankel transform and Copson method. With appropriate numerical discretization, the bisection method is adopted to solve the crack interior electric displacement. The algorithmic flow of the problem is given and some degenerated examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Finally, numerical results are presented for the relation of external load as well as the crack face electric displacement versus zone-lengths. Comparison and discussion are presented for the results of semi-permeable and impermeable crack condition. Results show that the crack interior electric displacement increases with electrical load but decreases with mechanical load. The electrical saturation zone-length is affected by the mechanical load as well as electrical load, regardless of the thickness of piezoelectric layer as well as the size relation of the mechanical and electrical zone-length. The present solution technique has a direct reference value for solving the problem of semi-permeable crack with distinct strip-like yielding zones in the finite piezoelectric material.

Real-Time Regulation of Physical Training Intensity Based on Fuzzy Neural Network

In this paper, the fuzzy neural network model is studied, the real-time regulation model of physical training intensity is analyzed and a real-time regulation system based on a fuzzy neural network is designed. The real-time, accurate and effective regulation of the physiological load intensity in the body of the exerciser is consistent with the predetermined goals of the training program. In this paper, we propose an RBF neural network, combined with the plan and demand of physical training operation situation sensing, and considering that most of the biological training operation data is fuzzy, this paper connects a fuzzy logic inference system and a neural network and proposes a network operation situation sensing model based on an RBF neural network structure. The RBF neural network and the traditional fuzzy neural network are compared. The experiments prove that this paper’s fuzzy neural network model has a faster training speed. In this paper, we use time-realistic control equipment to monitor the physical training process of athletes so that we can grasp the training situation of athletes in real-time and ensure that athletes can achieve better training results by changing training methods and changing training loads in time for those athletes who cannot reach their sports goals. In the process of physical fitness training monitoring, an effective monitoring of training, time-accurate regulation monitoring has the advantage of timely feedback on the training situation. This model has a better convergence effect during exercise and a higher accuracy of posture prediction during testing.

C${\cal C}$osmological G${\cal G}$eometric P${\cal P}$hase F${\cal F}$rom P${\cal P}$ure Q${\cal Q}$uantum S${\cal S}$tates: A Study without/ with having Bell's Inequality Violation

AbstractIn this paper, using the concept of Lewis Riesenfeld invariant quantum operator method for finding continuous eigenvalues of quantum mechanical wave functions we derive the analytical expressions for the cosmological geometric phase, which is commonly identified to be the Pancharatnam Berry phase from primordial cosmological perturbation scenario. We compute this cosmological geometric phase from two possible physical situations, (1) In the absence of Bell's inequality violation and (2) In the presence of Bell's inequality violation having the contributions in the sub Hubble region (), super Hubble region () and at the horizon crossing point () for massless field (), partially massless field () and massive/heavy field (), in the background of quantum field theory of spatially flat quasi De Sitter geometry. The prime motivation for this work is to investigate the various unknown quantum mechanical features of primordial universe. To give the realistic interpretation of the derived theoretical results we express everything initially in terms of slowly varying conformal time dependent parameters, and then to connect with cosmological observation we further express the results in terms of cosmological observables, which are spectral index/tilt of scalar mode power spectrum () and tensor‐to‐scalar ratio (r). Finally, this identification helps us to provide the stringent numerical constraints on the Pancharatnam Berry phase, which confronts well with recent cosmological observation.

New Soliton Solutions of Time-Fractional Korteweg–de Vries Systems

Model construction for different physical situations, and developing their solutions, are the major characteristics of the scientific work in physics and engineering. Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) models are very important due to their ability to capture different physical situations such as thin film flows and waves on shallow water surfaces. In this work, a new approach for predicting and analyzing nonlinear time-fractional coupled KdV systems is proposed based on Laplace transform and homotopy perturbation along with Caputo fractional derivatives. This algorithm provides a convergent series solution by applying simple steps through symbolic computations. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is tested against different nonlinear time-fractional KdV systems, including dispersive long wave and generalized Hirota–Satsuma KdV systems. For validity purposes, the obtained results are compared with the existing solutions from the literature. The convergence of the proposed algorithm over the entire fractional domain is confirmed by finding solutions and errors at various values of fractional parameters. Numerical simulations clearly reassert the supremacy and capability of the proposed technique in terms of accuracy and fewer computations as compared to other available schemes. Analysis reveals that the projected scheme is reliable and hence can be utilized with other kernels in more advanced systems in physics and engineering.

Enhancement in heat transfer due to hybrid nanoparticles in MHD flow of Brinkman-type fluids using Caputo fractional derivatives

The flow of fluid through porous media is of great importance in industry and other physical situations, Darcy’s law is one of the most useful laws to describe such situation, however, the flows through a dense swarm of particles or through a very high porous media cannot be elaborated by this law. To overcome this difficulty, Brinkman proposed a new idea of Brinkman-type fluid in highly porous media. In this study, the Brinkman-type fluid flow is analyzed with hybrid nanoparticles (a hybridized mixture of clay and alumina), suspended in water taken as a base fluid under the effect of an applied magnetic field. The fluid motion is taken inside a vertical channel with heated walls. Free convection is induced due to buoyancy. The momentum and energy equations are written in dimensionless form using the non-dimensional variables. The energy equation is modified to fractional differential equations using the generalized Fourier’s law and the Caputo fractional derivatives. The fractional model is solved using the Laplace and Fourier transformation. Variations in velocity and temperature are shown for various fractional parameter values, as well as charts for the classical model. For the volume fractions of nanoparticles, the temperature distribution increases, with maximum values of hybrid nanoparticles with the highest specified volume fractions. Moreover, due to hybrid nanoparticles, the rate of heat transfer is intensified.

Asymptotic Stability of the Relativistic Boltzmann Equation Without Angular Cut-Off

This paper is concerned with the relativistic Boltzmann equation without angular cutoff. We establish the global-in-time existence, uniqueness and asymptotic stability for solutions nearby the relativistic Maxwellian. We work in the case of a spatially periodic box. We assume the generic hard-interaction and soft-interaction conditions on the collision kernel that were derived by Dudyński and Ekiel-Je\(\dot{\text {z}}\)ewska (Comm. Math. Phys. 115(4):607–629, 1985) in [32], and our assumptions include the case of Israel particles (J. Math. Phys. 4:1163–1181, 1963) in [56]. In this physical situation, the angular function in the collision kernel is not locally integrable, and the collision operator behaves like a fractional diffusion operator. The coercivity estimates that are needed rely crucially on the sharp asymptotics for the frequency multiplier that has not been previously established. We further derive the relativistic analogue of the Carleman dual representation for the Boltzmann collision operator. This resolves the open question of perturbative global existence and uniqueness without the Grad’s angular cut-off assumption.

Asymptotic structure with a positive cosmological constant

This is the second of two papers (Fernández-Álvarez F and Senovilla J M M 2021 Class. Quantum Grav. 39 165011) that study the asymptotic structure of space–times with a non-negative cosmological constant Λ. This paper deals with the case Λ > 0. Our approach is founded on the ‘tidal energies’ built with the Weyl curvature and, specifically, we use the asymptotic super-Poynting vector computed from the rescaled Bel–Robinson tensor at infinity to provide a covariant, gauge-invariant, criterion for the existence, or absence, of gravitational radiation at infinity. The fundamental idea we put forward is that the physical asymptotic properties are encoded in , where the first element of the triplet is a three-dimensional manifold, the second is a representative of a conformal class of Riemannian metrics on , and the third element is a traceless symmetric tensor field on . The full set of physically relevant properties of the space–time cannot be characterised at infinity without taking D ab into consideration, and our radiation criterion takes this fully into account. We similarly propose a no-incoming radiation criterion based also on the triplet and on radiant supermomenta deduced from the rescaled Bel–Robinson tensor too. We search for news tensors encoding the two degrees of freedom of gravitational radiation and argue that any news-like object must be associated to, and depends on, two-dimensional cross-sections of . We identify one component of news for every such cross-section and present a general strategy to find the second component, which depends on the particular physical situation. We put in connection the radiation condition and the news-like tensors with the directional structure of the gravitational field at infinity and the criterion of no-incoming radiation. We also introduce the concept of equipped by endowing the conformal boundary with a selected congruence of curves which may be determined by the algebraic structure of the asymptotic Weyl tensor. We also define a group of asymptotic symmetries preserving the new structures. We consider the limit Λ → 0, and apply all our results to selected exact solutions of Einstein field equations in order to illustrate their validity.

A phase field model for fatigue fracture in piezoelectric solids: A residual controlled staggered scheme

Prediction of the fatigue life of piezoelectric devices and structures is of scientific and engineering significance. In this work, a phase field model for fatigue fracture in piezoelectric materials is developed by means of the Hamilton principle. Two classical phase field fracture models are unified in the present framework. A cumulative history variable is introduced to quantify the degradation of the fracture toughness under cyclic loading. The proposed model accounts for three representative electric boundary conditions on crack faces describing the fatigue fracture behaviors in different physical situations. The residual controlled staggered scheme is extended to address the fatigue fracture problems in the context of electro-elasticity. The present algorithm overcomes the convergence problem for the monolithic approach and shows higher accuracy with lower computational effort in comparison to the single-pass staggered scheme. Systematic numerical simulations are carried out in 2D and 3D cases. The effects of the electric boundary condition, external electric field, and the geometry of the crack tip on the fatigue fracture behaviors of piezoelectric solids have been discussed. The effect of the electric boundary conditions on the fatigue life varies depending on the direction of the external electric field. The present work is beneficial to assess the lifetimes of piezoelectric devices in practical applications.

Holomorphic Family of Dirac–Coulomb Hamiltonians in Arbitrary Dimension

AbstractWe study massless one-dimensional Dirac–Coulomb Hamiltonians, that is, operators on the half-line of the form $$D_{\omega ,\lambda }:=\begin{bmatrix} -\frac{\lambda +\omega }{x} &{} - \partial _x \\ \partial _x &{} -\frac{\lambda -\omega }{x} \end{bmatrix}$$ D ω , λ : = - λ + ω x - ∂ x ∂ x - λ - ω x . We describe their closed realizations in the sense of the Hilbert space $$L^2(\mathbb {R}_+,\mathbb {C}^2)$$ L 2 ( R + , C 2 ) , allowing for complex values of the parameters $$\lambda ,\omega $$ λ , ω . In physical situations, $$\lambda $$ λ is proportional to the electric charge and $$\omega $$ ω is related to the angular momentum. We focus on realizations of $$D_{\omega ,\lambda }$$ D ω , λ homogeneous of degree $$-1$$ - 1 . They can be organized in a single holomorphic family of closed operators parametrized by a certain two-dimensional complex manifold. We describe the spectrum and the numerical range of these realizations. We give an explicit formula for the integral kernel of their resolvent in terms of Whittaker functions. We also describe their stationary scattering theory, providing formulas for a natural pair of diagonalizing operators and for the scattering operator. We describe the point spectrum of their nonhomogeneous realizations. It is well-known that $$D_{\omega ,\lambda }$$ D ω , λ arise after separation of variables of the Dirac–Coulomb operator in dimension 3. We give a simple argument why this is still true in any dimension. Furthermore, we explain the relationship of spherically symmetric Dirac operators with the Dirac operator on the sphere and its eigenproblem. Our work is mainly motivated by a large literature devoted to distinguished self-adjoint realizations of Dirac–Coulomb Hamiltonians. We show that these realizations arise naturally if the holomorphy is taken as the guiding principle. Furthermore, they are infrared attractive fixed points of the scaling action. Beside applications in relativistic quantum mechanics, Dirac–Coulomb Hamiltonians are argued to provide a natural setting for the study of Whittaker (or, equivalently, confluent hypergeometric) functions.

Tethered Architectures in Cyber-Physical System Development: The Case of Tesla’s Autopilot System

Cyber-physical systems developed to operate under environmental uncertainty, such as self-driving cars, represent challenges within the new product development process. The amount of data and need for iteration of software in addressing the variety and complexity of use environments can conflict with the realities of hardware development lead-time and manufacture. Furthermore, developing new capabilities requires the ability to learn from product use. Current theories regarding product architecture do not provide an adequate architectural blueprint for the development of cyber-physical systems. In this research, through a longitudinal analysis of Tesla's Autopilot system, we propose the concept of a “tethered architecture”. A tethered architecture simultaneously allows the slower, incremental iteration of hardware to be linked with faster, exploratory development of software and continual data-rich feedback loops between product development and use. This paper demonstrates how a tethered product architecture and related development process can enable continuous cycles of learning and adaptation to the variety and complexity of physical environments and situations. This architectural reconfiguration decouples hardware and software while introducing a tight integration between the consumer-facing product and backend software infrastructure and operations. The iterative nature of product development may prove identity-challenging for firms that have traditionally focused on developing complete products, as a tethered architecture gives rise to new product strategies, lifecycle models, knowledge regimes, and organizational arrangements.

2D energy-momentum tensor distributions of nucleon in a large- Nc quark model from ultrarelativistic to nonrelativistic limit

Form factors of the energy-momentum tensor (EMT) can be interpreted in certain frames in terms of spatial distributions of energy, stress, linear and angular momentum, based on 2D or 3D Fourier transforms. This interpretation is in general subject to ``relativistic recoil corrections,'' except when the nucleon moves at the speed of light like e.g. in the infinite-momentum frame. We show that it is possible to formulate a large-${N}_{c}$ limit in which the probabilistic interpretation of the nucleon EMT distributions holds also in other frames. We use the bag model formulated in the large-${N}_{c}$ limit as an internally consistent quark model framework to visualize the information content associated with the 2D EMT distributions. In order to provide more intuition, we present results in the physical situation and in three different limits: by considering a heavy-quark limit, a large system-size limit and a constituent-quark limit. The visualizations of the distributions in these extreme limits will help to interpret the results from experiments, lattice QCD, and other models or effective theories.

The Winery in Context: The Workshop Complex at Ambarçay, Diyarbakır (SE Turkey)

Abstract The paper examines the physical and contextual situation of a series of nine rock hewn pressing installations forming a complex of a winery workshop (ca. 5 decares) which was unearthed during excavations executed at the Roman site of Ambar village. Matching the Upper Mesopotamia and fed by a fair distance permanent water source – the Ambarçay Stream in close proximity, the site lies over limestone bedrock convenient for processing in a hard ground, right nearby a moderate size quarry besides two spring spouts. The site’s scale and function is cross-questioned through the instrumentality of original data and interrelatedness of a couple of archaeo-environmental features as well as through a selection of comparative evidence and proxy figures addressed in the ancient and historical accounts. Appearingly; topography, surrounding agricultural land and hydrology were three driving agents of the positioning and planning of the complex which looks spacious for household usage but rather demonstrates itself as an atelier of inhabitants (belike run at the institutional level) that expanded into post 3rd century. When also confined to the economic convergence of the value of wine recorded in the ancient and pre-modern sources, total relative capacity of one-time pressing operation generates an idea over figures that could suffice to more than a latifundium or a resident population.

The influence of diamond–graphite ratio on the calculation of detonation performance in VLWR

ABSTRACT For high negative oxygen balance explosives, the phase state of solid product carbon will affect the detonation performance parameters of CJ and energy release process. The description of the solid carbon by the Viral theory-based VLWR thermodynamic code only allows the selection of single-phase carbon, which does not correspond to the real physical situation. We set up a thermodynamic calculation model that gives the initial graphite/diamond ratio, and by validating the model with experimental data based on the additional graphite and RDX (C3H6O6N6) systems, we found that considering the graphitization process during isentropic expansion, the simulated data can match well with the experimental values, so the mixed-phase model we proposed can describe the more specific morphology of solid detonation product carbon. Also, based on this model, the effect of diamond/graphite ratio on the detonation performance of negative oxygen explosives TNT (C7H5O6N3), TATB (C6H6O6N6) and HNS(C14H6O12N6) was investigated, and the most probable diamond percentage was reverse calibrated by experimentally measured detonation performance parameters. The component and heat of detonation at the freeze temperature of 1500–1800 K were calculated at this ratio. Finally, the pressure P-volume V relationship for the isentropic expansion of TNT and HMX (C4H8O8N8) was calculated, the JWL equation of state (EOS) was fitted and the reduction of internal energy was calculated. The impact of the diamond/graphite ratio on the energy release of the isentropic expansion zone was investigated.

A soliton solution of the DD-Equation of the Murnaghan’s rod via the commutative hyper complex analysis

In this study, we apply the commutative hyper complex algebraic method to solve analytically the Doubly Dispersive Equation (DDE) in (1+1)-D, for the strain waves propagating in a cylindrical circular rod in complex polymer systems, within the framework of analytical mechanics. Relying on the stability of the solutions via phase portrait analysis, the resulting solitary waves obtained by applying the complex Jacobi elliptic function method, show the compression characters in the non-linearly elastic materials tackled in our article. The estimated Lagrangian density confirms the potential well criterion of the physical situation. Some comparisons are made with recent models conducted by several authors.

'You're in a new game and you don't know the rules: Preparing carers to care'.

AimBeing an informal carer for a person living with dementia can be a demanding role which can have detrimental effects on personal well-being and affect a person’s ability to provide care for their loved one. This evaluation of support courses, offered by a leading UK charity dedicated to dementia family carers, highlights the impact of training to support the caring role.SettingParticipants completed booklets at the training venue and subsequently online or by post. Interviews with participants took place by telephone. Participants: 84 participants completed booklets containing measures which generated quantitative data whilst 19 family carers participated in qualitative telephone interviews.DesignA mixed methods approach was taken using booklets of validated measures to capture quantitative data, including capture of demographic information, together with semi-structured interviews conducted by telephone which were recorded, transcribed and subsequently analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsOverall, both the quantitative and qualitative analysis demonstrate that attending the carers support courses had a positive impact on carers with improvements being maintained over time. Outcomes indicated that carers generally remained in a better physical, mental and emotional situation than that experienced before the course.ConclusionBeing prepared for the trajectory of the caring role when providing care for a person living with dementia can help informal carers to be better prepared, better supported and better informed. Evidence gained from this evaluation demonstrates the impact of the courses and adds to the current weak evidence base relating to dementia courses aimed at preparing carers to care.