Situation In Iraq Research Articles

پلانی کارگێڕيی وه زار هتی ت هندروستیی عێراق و ڕەوشی دام و د هزگا ت هندروستیی هکانی سلێمانی

This study attempts to investigate the health conditions in the city of Sulaymaniyah, through the generalhealth situation in Iraq and the impact of economic and political factors and government decisions that fallwithin the health services of the Iraqi individual.This study consists of two main parts. The first part is devoted to the Iraqi government’s plan to manage thehealth sector, including the laws and finances allocated to this sector, as well as focusing on the internationalagreements in which Iraq has participated in the advancement of the health situation. The second part focused onthe health institutions in the city of Sulaymaniyah in terms of the numbers of hospitals and clinics and the capitalallocated to this sector, with mentioning the most important steps taken by the government to advance the sector.

Science Fiction in the Post-occupation Iraqi Short Story in English Translation

English translations of Arabic literary works have interacted with -and possibly influenced- the Western context of science fiction literature. This thesis investigates how the English translations of post-occupation Iraqi short stories possibly contributed to the evolution of the Western science fiction genre. The study seeks to explain the relationship between post-2003 Iraqi literary works -that are a diverse range of corpus- as well as the possible influence of their translations and their counterparts in Anglophone literary systems. The research particularly focuses on Iraq +100 and The Corpse Exhibition and Other Stories of Iraq by Hassan Blasim. Blasim’s edited anthology, Iraq +100, is a prominent element in this study as it is analyzed to illustrate the interrelation between Arabic science fiction and Western traditions of this genre of fiction. As the roles of this edited anthology and short story collection are addressed and discussed in terms of the interaction between Anglophone and Arab literary systems, the study discusses the science fiction theories of Thomas Lombardo (2006) and Darko Suvin (2010). The primary objective of this study is to analyze the two selected books as they are introduced to the Western world and scrutinize how these books can be considered as a response to the evolution of the science fiction genre. Moreover, the translated works of post-occupation Iraqi short stories deal with the political and social impacts of the situation in Iraq after 2003. This thesis follows up by proposing that the anthologized English translations of these Arabic post-occupation Iraqi texts have contributed to the making of a dialogue between Arab and Western cultural and literary canons as well as traditions. The study also analyzes the short stories of the Iraqi writers, as illustrative of a specific expression of post-2003 Iraqi fiction that depicts the terror of violence in Iraq by delivering scenes of excessive violence in their texts. All in all, this study appears as an interdisciplinary work as it engages with translation studies, literary studies, history, and in a way, political science.

Emerging Threats in the Age of Pandemics: A Focus on COVID-19 and the Novel Sub-Variant EG 5 ("Eris"): Review Article

This paper draws attention to a recently identified sub-variant of SARS-CoV-2 known as EG 5, colloquially named "Eris," designated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a variant of interest. The organization has urged nations to monitor and respond to the spread of this sub-variant since its identification on February 17, 2023. The discovery of the EG 5 variant, a sublineage of the Omicron variant, has introduced new challenges. Designated a "variant of interest" by the WHO, EG 5 carries distinctive genetic mutations, including an additional F456L amino acid mutation in the spike protein. Global prevalence has doubled, raising concerns about increased transmissibility. Although specific symptoms of EG 5 are not yet fully characterized, the variant has spread to 51 countries, with over 7,000 reported cases by August 15, 2023. The manuscript also explores the unique situation in Iraq, where, as of August 17, 2023, no EG 5 cases have been officially recorded. However, challenges such as self-treatment at. As the world grapples with the ongoing challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding the dynamics of emerging variants is crucial for effective public health responses and the development of targeted interventions.

Kurdish Women’s Experience in Iraq: History, Politics and Literature

AbstractThe aim of this article is to study the conspicuous impact of the changing historical and political situation in Iraq on the Kurdish intellectual and literary production with particular attention to Kurdish women’s position and perspective on these changes. Focusing on the hectic periods of the Kurdish history and national movement in Iraq, the article answers such intriguing questions as how do the social and political discourses in Iraq shape Kurdish women’s roles and contributions and how has the interplay between Kurdish nationalism and women’s participation developed within the different literary, intellectual and political circles. Chronicling the various socio‐political dimensions of Kurdish national movement and investigating the ways in which Kurdish women’s participation has been relegated both by the Iraqi regimes and within the Kurdish national movements, the article presents a content analysis of different intentions, oversights, and insights of Kurdish and non‐Kurdish political, literary and intellectual actors regarding Kurdish women’s changing roles and desires in Iraq and of the images by which Kurdish women have been presented, thereby positioning itself within a socio‐political studies.

الإحتلال البريطاني للعراق دراسة في تطوره السياسي


 يتناول هذا البحث مرحلة مهمة من تاريخ العراق([i]) الحديث، ألا وهي مرحلة الاحتلال البريطاني للعراق منذ 1917م، عندما دخل البريطانيون بغداد بقيادة الجنرال ستانلي مود وأعلنوا احتلالهم للعراق. ويلاحظ ان تاريخ العراق المعاصر يتوافق مع هذا الحدث المؤثر. لذلك فأن فهم هذا الاحتلال ودوافعه وموقف الشعب العراقي منه مهم جداً لفهم التاريخ العراقي في مراحله اللاحقة. ويبين كذلك فهم الآخرين للعراق وشعبه وكيفية تعاملهم معه. وبعد مرور قرن من الزمن على هذا الحدث فأن اعادة دراسته له أهمية خاصة وبصورة عامة وان كان تحدي الاحتلال كبيراً بالنسبة للعراقيين فان الاستجابة لهذا التحدي كان عظيماً حيث أثبت بأنه لايمكن حكم العراقيين بصورة مباشرة. إن البحث الذي قمت بكتابته وبتوفيق من الله عز وجل يبدأ قبل فترة الاحتلال المباشر فقد تناولت في بدايته وقوع العراق في نفوذ الدولة العثمانية وأوضاعه تحت سيطرة العثمانيين وأهمية العراق الستراتيجية وكذلك المعاهدات التي جرت بين الحكومتين العراقية والبريطانية، وأثر ذلك على كردستان الحلم ويختتم البحث بدور المقاومة وإنهاء الاحتلال البريطاني في ثورة العشرين التي كان للكرد نصيب فيها ضمن حركة التحرر الكردية ولا أجزم بأن البحث قد نال مرحلة الكمال، لأن الكمال لله عز وجل وحده ولكن أدعوا أن يكون قد نال رضا الله ومن يقرأه، والله الموفق.
 
 ([i]) هناك آراء كثيرة حول اصل ومعنى العراق: ينظر: سالم الآلوسي، اسماء العراق وبغداد، بيروت، الوراق للنشر، 2013، ص ص9-174.

Food Security and The Current Situation in Iraq

Food is the basis of human well-being. Increasing food production represents a basic and important strategy to alleviate global food insecurity. But despite the fact that world food production for the last century has remained ahead of demand. About a billion people around the world do not have enough to eat. Another billion people lack adequate nutrition. Food insecurity faces many pressures on both sides of supply and demand. The most important of these factors are housing growth, climate change, globalization, urbanization, and diseases. In addition to other factors that cause a change in food consumption patterns, many countries have resorted to approaches and policies to achieve food security for them. They have tired of the approach of production support, the liberalization of food trade, the policy of subsidizing consumption, in addition to the micronutrient supply program. And starting to understand food security from the perspective of shifting from the pillars to the tracks and addressing food security by encouraging growth in the agricultural sectors and increasing knowledge to implement the foundations of food security and to define foodborne diseases and the correct management of urban centers.Recently, international organizations have stressed the importance of sustainability to preserve natural and environmental resources and agricultural ecosystems, thus “achieving a comprehensive, food-secure and sustainable social system.” Considering food security and sustainability is an integral part, as today and in the future sustainable food systems will play a major role in maintaining nutritional well-being and health, in addition to sustaining food security in the future.

Local Government and Its Relationship with The Central Government In Light of Iraqi Legislations

Objective: The study deals with the situation in Iraq after 2003, which is a new stage in the political and administrative history of Iraq after the adoption of the federal system and the transition from the centralization system to the administrative decentralization system, which was explicitly stated in the Iraqi constitution of 2005, and the law of irregular governorates in Region No. 22 for the year 2008. Method: the descriptive approach was used in explaining the concept of local governance and local administration and the differences between the two concepts, using the comparative method in defining the competencies of each of the central government and its local units in accordance with the Iraqi constitution of 2005 and comparing that with the law of irregular governorates in the region No. 22 of the year 2008 and its amendments. Results: Because the federal experience in Iraq came as a result of the occupation and its repercussions and not as a result of the maturation of social and political awareness, its legislation was characterized by weakness with regard to the distribution of competencies for both the local administration and the central administration. Also, the Governorates Law No. 22 of 2008 failed to set a general policy for local governments for their establishment, organization, management and the way of distributing their competencies, which led to a conflict between the competencies of each of the local governments and the central government.

Iran-Arab Relations: A Brief History and the Present in the Conditions of the Western Issued Global Disorder

Iranians identify themselves with the Aryans, heirs of the great empires of Achaemenids and Sassanids, poets — philosophers of the Middle Ages — Saadi, Hafez, Ferdowsi, Khayyam, recognized throughout the world. The state religion of Iran is Shiism. The Arabs, who imposed Islam, destroyed the Persian civilization. Being Sunnis, they do not recognize Iran's leadership in the Shiite community and, moreover, in the Muslim world, they seek to restrain Tehran's ambitions, they consider Shiism a heresy. At the same time, the Iranians, like the Arabs, were aware and understand now the need for normal constructive relations that correspond to the Middle East and international realities. In this context, the countries of the Near and Middle East came to the conclusion that in the current conditions of geopolitical and economic turmoil that arose as a result of the war of the West against Russia, one should independently, by joint efforts, achieve long-term stability and sustainable economic development. In order to solve this problem, it was important to overcome the confrontation between two infl uential regional powers — Iran and Saudi Arabia. China, which has signifi cant fi nancial and technological resources and enjoys international prestige, was chosen as a partner and mediator. Russia also played a positive role, maintaining mutually benefi cial ties with both Iran and the Arab states. On March 10 2023 in Peking an agreement was reached between Tehran and Riyadh to restore diplomatic relations. The Iranian-Saudi reconciliation caused a positive reaction and led to the advancement of the solution of the Syrian, Yemeni and other problems, the stabilization of the situation in Iraq and Lebanon. It is difficult to predict how the situation in the Middle East will develop, but the Arabs' desire for independence and their rapprochement with Iran is in Russia's interests.

The Antagonist Pro-Iranian Militias In The al-Hashd al-Shaabi As Sources Of Terror And Instability In Iraq

The precarious political and security situation in Iraq in the post-2003 era led to unprecedented instability and a power vacuum in the country, which turned into an arena of regional competition between the USA and Iran. While the former had a widescale military presence, the latter exerted influence through support to certain Shiite political factions and militias. Following the U.S. military withdrawal in 2011, the deterioration of the security situation manifested itself more visibly when Daesh gained ground and captured Mosul, the second-biggest city in the country. With the crippled security sector unable to fight Daesh, the militias in the country were brought together under the umbrella of the “al-Hashd al-Shaabi”, which was funded and supported by the government. Proving instrumental in defeating Daesh, the al-Hashd al-Shaabi organization also involved pro-Iranian militias with anti-West agendas that had mainly been formed in the early times of the post-2003 era and later within the anti-Daesh movement. These pro-Iranian militias under the al-Hashd al-Shaabi have been posing threats within separate contexts to the U.S., Türkiye and the international organizations led by NATO operating in the security realm in the country. Shedding light on the evolution and dynamics of the al-Hashd al-Shaabi first, this study examines the antagonist pro-Iranian militias as sources of terrorism and instability and puts forward implications through an analytical approach.

הריאליזם ברומן העברי המודרני הרומן של אלי עמיר "מפריח היונים" כדוגמה

This research sheds light on realism in the Hebrew novel, “Mutayrul-Hamam" (Birdman) by the Jewish writer, of an Iraqi origin, Eli Amir. Realism is a method for portraying life in all its aspects honestly, as it describes the var-ious abstract things, the lifestyle of the environment accurately. Realism derives its material from reality and reflects it as much as it can through the various literary productions that appear. The Jewish writer used this genre in writing his novel (The Bird of Pigeons), which occupied the list of the most widely read novels. This novel reveals to us the extent of the Jews' attachment to their Iraqi singing heritage, in addition to that, the writer was able to take the reader to the alleys of Baghdad, the beaches of the Tigris, and the picturesque nature. And since the novelist Eli Amir is a Jew of Iraqi origin, it became clear to me that his novel is closely related to the Iraqi environment, and we find among its folds many events that reflect his biography and the history of the Jewish community in Iraq. For the Baghdadi families and other sects, and all these events formed a major suggestive source in his novel, in order to draw the reader's attention to the situation in Iraq and to highlight the aesthetic side of the novel.

The Impact of Arabic Diglossia on L2 Learners Studying in Iraq: the Difficulties Encountered and the Appropriate Arabic Approach to Teach

The main purpose of this research paper is to explore and assess the challenges and difficulties facing L2 learners of Arabic due to the diglossic situation in the Arab world and whether to learn both codes, standard and dialectal or one of them. The study also tries to understand the nature of the awareness and motivation of L2 learners about the Arabic diglossic situation in Iraq. Therefore, the procedure followed to achieve this assignment highly based on, and thoroughly examined, enormous references, verified and analyzed some statistical procedures previously used by other scholars related to diglossia along with the debate sessions held with some native teachers of Arabic as a Foreign language who have taught and still teaching this language to non-native speakers. The originality of the study lies in the invaluable information gained, through the discussion sessions as well as interviews held with these well-experienced teachers and students which definitely added a significant depth to the findings of this study. Further, the study has presented and discussed the perspectives of some scholars, who are prominent in the field of sociolinguistics, as well. This really reflects the practical objective implications of the study teachers. Eventually, the findings reveal that teaching/learning Arabic as a foreign language is not an easy task due to the diglossic situation in the Arab World.

Analytical study of cultural programs of Iraqi satellite TV channels

The authors examine the trends of Iraqi television after 2011, when the national broadcasting reached a new level. During this period, cultural programs with the aim of stabilizing the public mood and moral recovery began to be developed and popularized. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the cultural programs of the Iraqi satellite channel, taking into account the socio-historical background. A general analysis of modern Iraqi television, which was formed after the end of the protracted military conflict with the United States, is given. The general thesis is put forward that the tense military and political situation in Iraq was naturally reflected in the airwaves of TV channels in the country, where the volume of the cultural component is extremely small. As the country goes through the post-war years, stabilizing the public mood is very important, and cultural programs can play an important role in this aspect. Modern Iraqi satellite television is in its formative and developmental stage due to external social and political factors. The research contributes to the development of scientific methodological and theoretical basis for the further study of Iraqi media.

The Economic Impacts of Using Renewable Energy Technologies for Irrigation Water Pumping and Nanoparticle Fertilizers on Agri-Food Production in Iraq

While traditional energy sources such as oil, coal, and natural gas drive economic growth, they also seriously affect people’s health and the environment. Renewable energies (RE) are presently seen as an efficient choice for attaining long-term sustainability in development. They provide an adequate response to climate change and supply sufficient electricity. The current situation in Iraq results from a decades-long scarcity of reliable electricity, which has impacted various industries, including agriculture. There are diverse prospects for using renewable energy sources to address the present power crisis. The economic and environmental impacts of renewable energy systems were investigated in this study by using the solar pumping irrigation system and nanoparticle fertilizers on agri-food production with the Farm Simulation FARMSIM model. The results show that using all REs with Carefree Water Conditioner for water treatment resulted in the highest net present value and profit compared to other scenarios. The findings, however, indicate that the All RE scenario (using a solar irrigation system with a nanoparticle fertilizer system, a low-cost technology) is the most feasible and has the highest benefit–cost ratio. Due to high initial investment costs, all traditional approaches (using traditional irrigation and fertilizer systems) had a lower benefit–cost ratio than the other scenarios. According to simulation results, all four scenarios are profitable and feasible for implementation.

Olympic Truce during the Nagano Olympics: Between Diplomacy and Public Diplomacy of the International Olympic Committee

The activities undertaken by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to realize the Olympic Truce initiative during the Olympic Winter Games in Nagano in 1998 offer a great opportunity to analyze how the IOC leadership communicated with the UN officials and political leaders of states. These endeavors included an attempt to secure vast support for the Olympic Truce resolution during the Nagano Olympics in the UN General Assembly (GA) and an attempt to secure the observance of the Olympic Truce in the light of the situation in Iraq and its conflict with the UN over the weapon of mass destruction inspections. In reference to both goals, specific patterns included communication through the intermediation of Olympic officials and communication directly by the IOC leadership. The Olympic Truce exemplifies how an international non-governmental organization, in pursuit of realizing its public diplomacy goals, engages in activities typical for traditional diplomacy.

Obstacles to investment in joint fields between Iraq and neighboring countries and ways to address them

The investment of the joint oil fields between Iraq and neighboring countries has economic, social and political importance. From an economic point of view, it preserves the oil wealth. Besides, it provides the state treasury with the expected revenues from the sale of oil and gas production - assuming that Iraq’s share specified by OPEC is adapted to production. From a social point of view, it absorbs part of the unemployment, but from a political point of view, the agreement of the two countries concerned to invest in these fields promotes stability and reduces tensions and mutual accusations. However, there are a number of obstacles that prevent this, the most important of which is the security situation in Iraq, the history of relations, and Iraq's non-acceptance of the demarcation of international borders, especially with Kuwait. As well as other obstacles such as financial and technical capabilities, on top of which is the weakness of strategic planning .

Iraqi University Students’ Emergency Remote Learning Experiences During Covid-19

The Covid-19 outbreak spurred the adoption of eLearning in many countries around the world, but relatively little is known about students’ experience on the subject. This study examined university students’ knowledge and experience of face-to-face and emergency remote education in two well-known universities in Iraq. An online survey with random sampling approach was used, and a total of 323 respondents shared their learning experiences, satisfaction, preferences, and challenges using a remote learning system was analysed. The findings indicated that respondents were not able to cope with the remote teaching system in the short term, expressing somehow their negative experience with it overall. Given the instability situation in Iraq is hard to predict the successful outcomes of such system in the long term. Respondents’ preferences were still for a face-to-face education system, thus they highlighted the challenges for eLearning in Iraq, especially those related to improving the facilities e.g., Internet infrastructure and online system.

Drought Severity and Frequency Analysis Aided by Spectral and Meteorological Indices in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

In the past two decades, severe drought has been a recurrent problem in Iraq due in part to climate change. Additionally, the catastrophic drop in the discharge of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and their tributaries has aggravated the drought situation in Iraq, which was formerly one of the most water-rich nations in the Middle East. The Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) also has catastrophic drought conditions. This study analyzed a Landsat time-series dataset from 1998 to 2021 to determine the drought severity status in the KRI. The Modified Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI2) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) were used as spectral-based drought indices to evaluate the severity of the drought and study the changes in vegetative cover, water bodies, and precipitation. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Spatial Coefficient of Variation (CV) were used as meteorologically based drought indices. According to this study, the study area had precipitation deficits and severe droughts in 2000, 2008, 2012, and 2021. The MSAVI2 results indicated that the vegetative cover decreased by 36.4%, 39.8%, and 46.3% in 2000, 2008, and 2012, respectively. The SPI’s results indicated that the KRI experienced droughts in 1999, 2000, 2008, 2009, 2012, and 2021, while the southeastern part of the KRI was most affected by drought in 2008. In 2012, the KRI’s western and southern parts were also considerably affected by drought. Furthermore, Lake Dukan (LD), which lost 63.9% of its surface area in 1999, experienced the most remarkable shrinkage among water bodies. Analysis of the geographic distribution of the CV of annual precipitation indicated that the northeastern parts, which get much more precipitation, had less spatial rainfall variability and more uniform distribution throughout the year than other areas. Moreover, the southwest parts exhibited a higher fluctuation in annual spatial variation. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between MSAVI2, SPI, NDWI, and agricultural yield-based vegetation cover. The results also revealed that low precipitation rates are always associated with declining crop yields and LD shrinkage. These findings may be concluded to provide policymakers in the KRI with a scientific foundation for agricultural preservation and drought mitigation.

A Model for Investigating the Iraqi Politics During the Elections

The Iraqi political arena has witnessed a dramatic change after the year of 2003. It moved from the dominated republican system to a democratic system. This movement in the political system has affected the situation in Iraq in terms of economic, education, industrial, trading, to mention a few. This paper analyses the Iraqi parliament representatives’ affiliations in terms of their coalitions they formed in the elections. Moreover, this study tries enabling us to deeply understand how the Iraqi parliament representatives are connected to each other and the relations among them. It also provides us with information on how different provinces adopted different coalitions regardless their religion and other tendencies. Several political networks were generated and visualized based on the concepts of complex networks. Each network represents a particular political aspect of the current Iraqi parliament. This study also reveals a new trend of forming coalitions in Iraq and the strategy followed by the representatives in attaching to coalitions. Finally, we believe this is the first kind of work that uses this approach of analysis in understanding the trend of Iraqi politicians.

A comparison between rural and urban residents attending Basrah Dental College south of Iraq for tooth extraction between 2018-2021 and its relation to the dental health care situation in Iraq

Most studies confirmed caries are the main cause of tooth extraction in urban and rural areas, especially in young people. There is a relationship between the level of education and dental extraction, particularly in rural areas. In this cross-sectional examination overall 1257 patients were treated in the teaching clinic of the oral and maxillofacial surgery department, College of Dentistry, the University of Basrah between 2018-2021. Data were collected from patients' data after taking the agreement of the ethical committee in the college. The comparisons include age, gender, educational level, occupation, chief complaint, diagnosis and tooth site. reasons and pattern of tooth loss were recorded and data were computed on SPSS. Version 20. The numbers of tooth extraction in urban and rural were very close 632(50.3%) and 624(49.7%) extractions respectively. The male to female percentage was 38.2 %, 61.8% respectively and the highest number of extractions was observed in females in rural areas most of the patients are a housewife. Tooth extraction has seen more in the third, fourth and fifth decade than other age groups 20.4%, 22%, 19.9% respectively. A significant difference between education and dental extraction was noted between urban and rural areas. The main complaint was for prosthetic therapy 45.3% and 43.2% because of pain. The largest proportion considered as the main cause of extraction was dental caries consequences of 80.5% and the lowest 16.9% from periodontal disease. Key Words: Extraction, Rural, Urban, dental health care, First Molar.

Winston Churchill’s Middle Eastern Strategy and the Idea of a Kurdish Buffer State, 1921–1922

This study investigates Churchill’s attitude towards the Kurdish question and explains how and why the idea of a Kurdish buffer state initially formed as part of Churchill's Middle Eastern strategy before ultimately being abandoned. It primarily focuses on the role of behind-the-scene officials in influencing and directing the policy decisions towards the future of Kurdistan. It argues that the contention between the Colonial Office and Baghdad did not reflect as much disagreement between Churchill and the High Commissioner of Baghdad Percy Cox, as previous works have suggested, as between their advisers, particularly Hubert Young, Assistant Secretary in the Middle East Department, and Gertrude Bell, Oriental Secretary at Baghdad. This study argues that behind the scenes, Young and Bell exerted great influence over the views of Churchill and Cox, respectively. Young’s standpoint in favour of Kurdish independence influenced Churchill’s initial advocacy of a Kurdish buffer state to protect British colonial interests in the Middle East. However, Bell was ultimately fundamental in determining the future of Kurdistan, contributing significantly to the absence of Kurdistan from the political map. She was at the core of British imperial policymaking for the Iraqi state through her significant influence over Cox regarding the political situation in Iraq. Facilitated by Churchill’s indecision, Bell was successful in obstructing the implementation of the ethnographic approach advocated by the Cairo Conference, and finally, in preventing the establishment of an independent Kurdistan, instigating the perpetual complexity of the Kurdish question.