Culture Sites Research Articles

First Contacts of the Danubian Slavs and Avars: The Evidences from the Byzantine Writers and Archaeology

This article addresses the question of the archaeological sites relating to the Danube Slavs (Sclavi), who first came into contact with the Avars in the sixth century. The isolated groups of the people of the Prague culture penetrated into the area in between of the Danube and the Adriatic, Pannonia to the south-west of Lake Balaton and the Eastern Alps in particular, from the first third of the sixth century onwards. These settlements possess some features similar to the Slavic sites of the Prague culture. No doubts, this area ap- peared under the rule of the Avars when the Pannonian Lombards migrated to Italy in 568 AD and left their lands for the Avars. The cemetery of Regensburg-Grossprüfening in Bavaria is of particular importance for the correct understanding of the situation in the region under study. The site contained 22 Slavic cremation graves, where Merovingian goods appeared. There were a few graves featuring prestigious artefacts. It has been assumed that there was the resettlement of the Slavs, most likely being an elite military grouping, ca 568 AD, under the pressure of the Avar expansion. If this interpretation is correct, there was a departure of the elites of the Middle Danubian Slavs from the Avar power zone. Perhaps it resulted in a change of the social structure of the Pannonian Slavs, which explained their more dependent place in the Avar Khanate, in contrast to those of the Lower Danubian and Balkan Slavs, who also found themselves in the sphere of the Avar power.

On the issue of studying the connection of the ancient people of the Upper Irtysh region and Zhetysu at the end of the 1stmillennium BC

In the archaeology of Kazakhstan, the controversial issues of the Xiongnu-Sarmatian era include the ethnic origin of sites, the origin of cultures, as well as the periodization and chronology of various complexes. There are difficulties with ethnocultural interpretation in the study of funeral and memorial complexes that were spread in the territory of Zhetysu and the Upper Irtysh region in the second half of the 1st millennium BC. Currently, the researchers believe that the first state formation on the territory of ancient Kazakhstan, in particular, in the Zhetysu region, was a political organization, founded by the Wusuns. Soviet researchers for the first time linked written sources about the Wusuns with specific archaeological sites based on excavations in Zhetysu. Although more than 70 years have passed since the Wusun sites were found, they continue to be relevant. As for the study of the sites of the Kulazhorga culture of the Upper Irtysh region, which began in the middle of the 20th century, they still remain at the database source extension level. In this work the authors consider various points of view on this issue and give their assessments of the events that occurred

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ РАДИОУГЛЕРОДНОГО ДАТИРОВАНИЯ КУРГАНА АФАНАСЬЕВСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ №4 ИЗ МОГИЛЬНИКА ИНСКОЙ ДОЛ

The article presents the results of radiocarbon dating of mound No. 4 of the Inskoy Dol burial ground located in the Krasnoshchekovsky district of the Altai Territory. Radiocarbon dating was carried out at the Analytical Center for Isotope Research of the Institute for Monitoring Climatic and Ecological Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Tomsk). Calibration of radiocarbon age to calendar age was performed using the CALIB REV -8.2 program. As a result, the following dates were obtained: according to 16 (68%) -3632-3099 BC. by 26 (95%) -3937-2876 BC. The dates obtained for burial mound No. 4 of the Inskoy Dol burial ground generally correlate with the results of dating other sites of the Afanasevo culture. In general, on the basis of the results of archaeological and radiocarbon dating, mound No. 4 is attributed to the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC.

ГЛИНЯНЫЕ ПРЯСЛА ТЕТЮШСКОГО-II ГОРОДИЩА ИМЕНЬКОВСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ И ИХ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ КОНТЕКСТ

The article deals with clay spindle whorls, special weights for spindles, necessary for spinning threads from various materials — wool, vegetable fibers (nettle, flax). They were found at the Tetyushy-II hillfort of the Imenkovo culture, in the Republic of Tatarstan. The hillfort was studied by K.A. Rudenko in 2007–2013. It differs from many other sites of the Imenkovo culture in its clear stratigraphy with dated layers. A total of 186 spindle whorls were found. This is currently one of the most representative collections of these artifacts from archaeological excavations at the settlements of the Imenkovo culture in the Kazan Volga region. According to the complex of features, 6 types of spindle whorls were distinguished. The typology is based on the shape of the product. Three types of these products, the shape of which is truncated-biconical, are the most common in the Imenkovo settlements. They differ in their sizes: small (diameter up to 2.6 cm), medium (diameter up to 3.5 cm) and large (diameter up to 5 cm). The objectivity of such a grouping is also confirmed by the weight parameters of these sections: small — up to 7 g, medium — up to 11 g, and large — up to 25 g. The dependence of the weight of the spindle whorls on the diameter of the channel through which it was put on the spindle whorls was revealed. At Tetyushy-II fortified hillfort, fragments of spindle whorls make up 33.8% of their total number and most often they are found in the lower horizon of the III — upper horizon of the IV layer, which were formed at the end of the 6th — the first half of the 7th century. There are few spindle whorls decorated with ornaments — 16% of the total. The most frequently decorated with ornaments (dots, crests, etc.) were medium-sized spindle whorls. Based on the materials of the Tetyushy-II hillfort and finds from the Imenkovo settlements located in the lower reaches of the Kama: Shcherbet’-I (island), the settlement, the settlements of “Kurgan” and “Devichiy Gorodok” and a number of others in the amount of 375 copies, methods for making Imenkovo spindle whorls. These products were made in 4 ways: from a blank in the form of a finished product; from a cylindrical billet with further sculptural refinement; from a ring blank with sculptural refinement; of three bundles, by winding onto a rod. For the first method, master models were probably used. Clay with an admixture of sand, sometimes fine chamotte and organic matter, and in some cases crushed shells of river mollusk shells was used for the manufacture of spindle whorls. It was found that in most cases the spinners were associated with buildings and were used in household crafts (spinning). Since the weight of the spindle whorls is small, then, apparently, several of them were put on the spindle, depending on the raw material for spinning. Thus, according to the materials of the Tetyushy-II hillfort, the systematization of the Imenkovo culture was carried out, for the first time methods of manufacturing were identified, the most characteristic types of these products for the 6th–7th centuries in the Kazan Volga region were determined.

High heat on the tell: An archaeobotanical view on house burning and socioeconomic relationships at the Neolithic Vinca site (SE Europe)

Buildings destroyed by fire are frequently discovered at sites of the Neolithic Vinca culture of south-eastern Europe. The social context and practical aspects of prehistoric house burning have long been studied through the analyses of architectural and artefactual remains and through experimental building and firing of wattle-and-daub structures. In contrast, very few studies have used the remains of plant foodstuffs from within and under the house rubble to address the cultural and technical particulars of this widespread tradition. At the Neolithic Vinca tell, several burnt buildings preserved hoards of wild pear and emmer grain, along with minor traces of other plant foods. Three of these burnt buildings date to the final decades of the Neolithic Vinca settlement, whose dissolution and abandonment seem to have been abrupt and continue to puzzle archaeologists. We examine the find-context and morphological characteristics of the wild pears and emmer and use our observations to discuss whether the burning was deliberate or accidental. Based on the archaeological and other available evidence, we suggest that these Vinca houses were set ablaze intentionally. Further, we propose that the prominence of emmer and pear can reflect a possible economic differentiation among the households and perhaps even incipient specialisation in food production. Our assumption is that such tendencies would have, in effect, both increased and decreased the economic independence of individual households. This would have had (negative) implications for social relationships in the time of apparently eroding social cohesion of the Vinca community.

Analysis of Communication Strategy of Xi’an Urban Tourism Industry in the Background of New Media -- Based on the Perspective of Integrated Marketing

Xi’an is among the ancient Chinese cities with rich culture and geographical sites. Technological development promises Xi’an a significant breakthrough in communicating the unique traits of a fact that boosts revenues from urban tourism. Most research on marketing strategy focuses on the impacts of an advertisement on brand reputation but does not narrow it down to a specific marketing strategy. The research reports the finding of meta-analysis and case studies whose focus is to determine how the network media and new media have contributed to Xi’an’s tourism by spreading a positive image of the city. The research proposed that integrated marketing on new media presents business entities as a platform for developing the required brand awareness. The findings of this research indicated that Integrated marketing on new media is the future of marketing since it incorporates various media forms in one platform. Even though new media bears some setbacks on the tourism docket, the benefits associated with integrated marketing promotion in the new media have boosted Xi’an’s tourism industry, as evident in the upsurge of tourists from 2018 to date.

КОЛЛЕКЦИИ АХРЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ НАХОДОК В АГКМ ИЗ РАСКОПОК В.А. МОГИЛЬНИКОВА ПАМЯТНИКОВ ПАЗЫРЫКСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ

In this article, the author analyzes the activities of the head of the Altai expedition of the Institute of Archaeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, V.A. Mogilnikova in the 1970s-1980s. In this context, special unterest is focused on the results of archaeological surveys on the of the Pazyrsyk culture site Kyzyl-Jar-I, Kyzyl-Jar-VIII, Kara-Koba-II, Borotal-II, Borotal-III, Alagail. The conducted research of archaeological collections in the Altai State Museum of Local Lore demonstrates that some of the finds were transferred by V.A. Mogilnikov for permanent storage in the main fund of the museum. The available artifacts shown in the author’s photographs present a ceramics of the Pazyryk culture. The contribution of V.A. Mogilnikova to the formation of the museum collection was noted. Further research to identify the finds of the Pazyryk culture in the museum collections of Russia and their fixation will allow us to systematize the data obtained into a single database.

НАУЧНАЯ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ШКОЛА А. И. МАРТЫНОВА: НАЧАЛО ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ

The study of the formation of scientific schools in Russian science is one of the topical issues. It should be noted that a scientific school may be established under certain conditions, while in other situations, even sometimes more favorable, it does not take shape. The article aims is to reveal the conditions and circumstances under which the scientific archaeological school began to form in Kemerovo. Besides, the authors intend to determine the period and criteria for its formation. Based on archival research, some unknown facts of the school formation have been revealed, a number of archival documents are introduced here for the first time. It has been found that thanks to the leadership qualities of A.I. Martynov an archaeological school was created in Kemerovo Pedagogical Institute during the period of 1956–1975. The research program of the school was based on a comprehensive study of the Tagar culture sites in the northeast of Kemerovo Region. The archaeological laboratory, established with the efforts of A.I. Martynov at Kemerovo Pedagogical Institute in 1963, became the consolidating link in which Institute students, schoolchildren, technical staff and researchers worked on a voluntary basis. Attracting young people to archaeological research in the field and in the laboratory contributed to their education and the creation of a scientific school. In the period under study, disciples of A.I. Martynov developed from undergraduate and post-graduate students to candidates of sciences and became his support in further scientific research.

Обь-Иртышское междуречье в эпоху раннего неолита – бронзы, Средневековья: культурогенез, хозяйство, мировоззрение (по материалам археологических комплексов)

This paper describes the research findings from the archaeological sites of the Neolithic – Early and Developed Bronze Age, the Middle Ages, located on the territory of Barabinskaya wood and steppe area in the Middle Omsk region, within the framework of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) projects. The excavations of diverse sites (burials, settlements, ritual sites) of various periods helped to obtain insights into residential and economic buildings, burials and ritual objects. As a result, new data on the economy and ideology shared by the representatives of some archaeological cultures, i.e. Odinovskaya, Krotovskaya, Andronovskaya (Fedorovskaya), Kyshtovskaya, were obtained. Based on the materials from the early Neolithic sites, a new archaeological culture Barabinskaya has been identified. The archaeological evidence of contacts between two Early Bronze Age populations, Odinovskaya and Krotovskaya cultures, during the 3rd millennium BC has been documented. The economy of the early Neolithic Middle Omsk population has been characterized as mainly based on fishing: taking into account the evidence of fishing development in Baraba microdistrict, the use of river and lake bio resources for this purpose as early as since the 8th–7th millennia BC is quite obvious. For the early Neolithic era, a specific method of preserving fish – “fish pits”, as well as fish smoking, – was documented. The bronze casting production acquires the first features of crafts. The analysis of the osteological materials from Odinovskaya culture sites in Central Baraba helps to reconstruct that economy as transitional from appropriating to producing type.
 The materials of the Middle Ages sanctuaries of the southern Khanty Kyshtovskaya culture are presented. The connection of cult complexes of this culture with small barns from the sacred places of the Siberian peoples and grave structures has been established. Based on the project results, two monographs were published.

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: Risk Factors for Isolation Among Hospitalized Patients

Background: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is an important healthcare-associated pathogen. This study aimed to identify factors associated with CRKP isolation among hospitalized patients, describe molecular epidemiology, and mortality associated with CRKP isolation. Methods: We performed a case-control study at two university-affiliated teaching hospitals. We included 150 patients (30 cases and 120 controls). Each patient with CRKP, a case-patient, was matched with four controls by admission facility, admission date, age, and sex. Controls, patients without CRKP, were randomly selected from a computerized list of inpatients whose admission date was the same as that of the case, within 48 hours of the date of the initial positive culture. We calculated the risk of in-hospital death as the number of deaths divided by the number of cases and evaluated the risk of mortality associated with the site of positive culture. Molecular epidemiology investigation using comparison of restricted DNA patterns of CRKP by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was conducted. Results: A greater proportion of cases than controls had undergone an invasive procedure, including use of a central vein catheter, or mechanical nutrition by tube feeding. Pre-admission treatment within two months with the following antibiotic classes was associated with CRKP isolation: carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, anti-pseudomonal penicillins, and cephalosporins. The molecular analysis indicated that over 90% of isolates shared similar PFGE patterns. CRKP isolation was associated with significantly higher in-hospital mortality in comparison to controls. Positive cultures from sites other than urine were associated with substantially higher mortality than was a positive urine culture (RR= 4.0). Conclusions: The use of multiple broad-spectrum antibiotics, multiple comorbid conditions and poor performance status are important risk factors for developing CRKP in a hospitalized population.

649. Cefiderocol in Treating Patients Confirmed with Gram-negative Infections in US Hospital During Jan 2020 - Jun 2021

Abstract Background Cefiderocol (CFDC) has a broad activity against Gram-negative (GN) pathogens. This study describes the usage of CFDC in US hospitals in patients with microbiology data during the initial phase of commercialization. Methods This retrospective study included patients with laboratory-confirmed GN infections in US hospitals treated with CFDC consecutively for ≥3 days between March 2020 to June 2021, as captured by Premier Healthcare data. This study describes the clinical characteristics, microbiology profile, CFDC usage, and post-CFDC initiation 14-day and 28-day in-hospital all-cause mortality (IH-ACM). Index culture was defined as the last day that culture sample(s) was taken before CFDC initiation or the first day the culture sample(s) was taken after CFDC initiation if no microbiology data before CFDC use was available. Index pathogens were all pathogens identified from the index culture(s). The index culture site was where the index culture was taken. Results A total 187 in-patients received ≥3 days CFDC and had ≥1 microbiological result(s). The clinical characteristics of the patients and index culture results are provided in Table 1 and Table 2. About 60% of patients had at least one positive respiratory culture. The most frequent pathogens from the index culture were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Nearly 75% of patients had one index pathogen, and 91% with one culture site. Almost 30% of patients had either one pathogen identified in multiple culture sites, or multiple pathogens from ≥1 culture site. Crude 28-day IH-ACM for patients with any A. baumannii was 8.3% (95%CI: 0% -19.4%), any P. aeruginosa was 17.3% (95%CI: 9.9-24.8%), any S. maltophilia was 18.4%, (95%CI: 6.1%-44.0%) and any K. pneumoniae was 26.1% (95%CI: 8.1%-44.0%). Crude 28-day IH-ACM for patients with positive respiratory culture was five times higher in COVID patients than non-COVID patients. Conclusion During the initial phase of CFDC availability, the most frequent pathogens treated using CFDC were non-fermenters, and the most frequent culture site was respiratory. IH-ACM appears to be affected by infection characteristics, especially COVID-19 status. Disclosures Bin Cai, MD, PhD, Shionogi: Shionogi employee Yun Zhou, MS, Shionogi: Employee of CRO hired by Shionogi Andrew Cooper, PhD, Shionogi: Shionogi employee.

1306. Real-World Experience of Cefiderocol in Treating Bacterial Infection in US Hospitals (Jan 2020-June 2021)

Abstract Background Cefiderocol (CFDC) is a Gram-negative antibiotic (GNA) with a unique mode of cell entry against carbapenem resistance. This study described the initial use of CFDC in US hospitals since its approval in November 2019. Methods This was a retrospective study of patients treated with CFDC consecutively for ≥3 days in US hospitals, as captured in Premier Healthcare Data from January 2020 to June 2021. This study described the clinical characteristics, CFDC usage, and Post-CFDC initiation 14-day and 28-day in-hospital all-cause mortality (IH-ACM). For patients with microbiology results, the pathogen, susceptibility and culture site associated with CFDC use were described. Index culture was the culture(s) taken on the day closest to CFDC initiation. Results Among 313 of 360 in-patients who received ≥3 days CFDC, the median age was 58 years (range: 17 - 89 years), and 91% were hospitalized via emergency room, trauma, or urgent admission. The most common conditions were severe sepsis with septic shock, palliative care, and multi-drug resistant infection. Also 34% had a ‘do not resuscitate order’. About 64% of patients received mechanical ventilation and 79% had ICU stay. Median length of hospital stay was 27 days (range: 3-310 days). Median days on CFDC was 8 days (range: 3 - 66 days). Over 58% received ≥2 other GNAs within 14-days of initiating CFDC. Among 187 patients with microbiology results, 75% had index cultures with one pathogen, and 73% had confirmed carbapenem resistant pathogens. The most common pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. The most common index culture site was respiratory. The 14-day and 28-day crude IH-ACM from CFDC initiation was 16.3% (95%CI: 12.2%-20.4%) and 23.6% (95%CI: 18.9 – 28.4%), respectively. Among those with microbiology results, 14-day and 28-day IH-ACM was 17.1% (95%CI: 11.7% - 22.5%) and 23.5% (95%CI: 17.4-29.6%), respectively. Among patients who died, 83% had severe sepsis with septic shock, 76% were in palliative care, 71% had a ‘do not resuscitate order’, and 44% had COVID-19. Conclusion CFDC was used most frequently in critically ill patients. IH-ACM was comparable with other studies. Disclosures Bin Cai, MD, PhD, Shionogi: Shionogi employee Yun Zhou, MS, Shionogi: Employee of CRO hired by Shionogi Andrew Cooper, PhD, Shionogi: Shionogi employee Stephen Marcella, MD, MPH, Shionogi: Shionogi employee|Shionogi, Inc: Employee.

2012. A Descriptive Study of Infections Complicating Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenations in Trauma Patients

Abstract Background Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is a growing modality for respiratory and circulatory support in patients with traumatic injuries. There is limited data on the pathogens complicating a trauma patient’s ECMO course and thus empiric antibiotic choices are difficult in this cohort. We report the incidence and infection type in trauma patients receiving ECMO to potentially guide future empiric antibiotic treatment and improve outcomes. Methods A descriptive chart review was performed on all trauma patients at Brooke Army Medical Center receiving ECMO between February 2013 and July 2021. Charts were reviewed to identify pathogens by culture site as well as time to infection following cannulation. This protocol was approved by the 59th Medical Wing Institutional Review Board. Results Twenty-one trauma patients underwent ECMO during the study period. The majority of patients were men (n=19, 90%) with a median age of 30 years [IQR 27-38] with a median ECMO run of 227 hours [IQR 93-338]. Motor vehicle crashes (17, 81%) accounted for the majority of injuries, with gunshot wounds (2, 10%), blast injuries (1, 5%) and falls (1, 5%) accounting for the remainder. 16 (76%) patients survived to discharge, and infection was not associated with mortality (p=0.11). Of the 24 infections, the majority were respiratory (13, 58/1000 ECMO days) followed by skin and soft tissue (6, 26/1000 ECMO days), blood stream (4, 18/1000 ECMO days), and urinary tract (1, 5/1000 ECMO days). Gram-negatives were the most commonly isolated organism from all sites (Table 1) and at all time periods after cannulation (Table 2). Multi-drug resistant organisms accounted for 32% (n=9) of infections and were independent of time from cannulation. Conclusion This is the first study to describe infections in trauma patients requiring ECMO support. We observed majority Gram-negative infections regardless of culture site or time after cannulation. Determining empiric antibiotics will require a larger study of patients to identify trends in pathogens and ultimately improve antimicrobial stewardship in this unique population. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Zavodoukovskoe 11 — a fortified settlement of the Late Bronze Age of the Trans-Urals

This publication is aimed at introducing the Late Bronze Age materials obtained during the five-year excava-tions of the fortified settlement of Zavodoukovskoe 11 located in the forest-steppe area of the Tobol River basin. This is the first site of the Pakhomovskaya Culture with defense structures. The aim of the analysis of its materials is their comprehensive characterization and determination of their place among the Andronoid antiquities of the Late Bronze Age. In the paper, the methods of planistratigraphic observation, relative and absolute dating, and typological and traceological determination of artefacts have been used, as well as statistical analyses in the study of the pottery. The Late Bronze Age complex comprises remains of six structures, most of the pits beyond their boundaries, and defense lines represented by the earthwork of a mound and two non-contemporaneous ditches. The buildings investigated at the settlement of Zavodoukovskoe 11 can be characterized as frame-and-pillar semiburied dwellings (half-dugouts?) of a rectangular or square shape, with an entrance porch or with an additional chamber — a housekeeping area, as well as with the inground hearths delineated by grooves. These housebuilding elements bear a similarity with the materials of other Pakhomovskaya Culture sites. The Late Iron Age toolset of Zavodoukovskoe 11 bears evidence of a population engaged in fishing, metalwork, leathermaking, pottery making, spinning, and stone working. The faunal materials and fishing items suggest that the economy of the Pakhomovskaya population was complex, combining elements of producing and procuring. The pottery com-plex of Zavodoukovskoe 11 is a peculiar one and combines ornamental traits of two cultural traditions — Pakho-movskaya and Suzgun. The high density of wire staples, rows of vertical impressions, and horizontal lines formed by comb stamp impart a Suzgun flair to the ceramics of Zavodoukovskoe 11. The similarity of the pottery of this site with both Pakhomovskaya as well as Suzgun pottery materials may indicate its transitional nature, the direct succession between the two Cultures. On the basis of the existing chronological margins for the Andronoid Cul-tures, radiocarbon dates from the Zavodoukovskoe 11 site, and specifics of its pottery complex, it has been sug-gested that this fortified settlement likely was functioning in the 13th–12th centuries.

663. Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) among Adult Hospitalized Patients (pts) with Carbapenem Resistant Gram-Negative Infections (CR-GNIs) Who Received Early Targeted Treatment (TX) with a Newer β-Lactam (BL)-, Colistin (COL)-, or Aminoglycoside (AG)-Containing Regimen

Abstract Background Patients who develop AKI are at increased risk of adverse outcomes. The consequences of AKI are well-described in most therapeutic domains but there are scant data on the incidence of AKI among pts with CR-GNIs. This study sought to characterize the incidence of AKI and AKI-associated outcomes among adult, hospitalized pts with CR-GNIs who received early targeted tx with a newer BL, COL, or AG-containing regimen. Methods Design: multi-centered observational study using 2016-20 data from the PINC AI Healthcare Database. Inclusion criteria: hospitalized; age ≥ 18 yrs; diagnosis for pneumonia, complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI), or bloodstream infection; CR-GN on culture site consistent with diagnosis; receipt of a newer BL, COL, or AG within 3 days of index CR-GN culture; and ≥3 consecutive days of a newer BL, COL, or AG (first received for ≥3 d defined tx group). Exclusion criteria: receipt of any renal replacement therapy prior to index tx day; and serum creatinine (SCR) ≥2 mg/dL ± 2 d of index tx initiation day. Outcomes: on-tx AKI based on RIFLE criteria (50% increase in tx day 1 SCR, assessed from tx day 2 through 3 days after BL, COL, or AG discontinuation); in-hospital mortality, and hospital LOS post-index culture day. Incidence of AKI was compared between tx groups and logistic regression (LR) was used to adjust for baseline differences. In-hospital mortality and hospital LOS post-index culture were compared between AKI groups. Results Overall, 1,061 pts met criteria and the majority received BL (45%), followed by AG (36%), and COL (19%). We present baseline characteristics by treatment in Table 1. The rate of AKI was highest among COL (COL: 27.1% vs BL: 13.5% vs AG: 16.3%, p< 0.01). In the LR (Figure 1), receipt of COL was associated with a higher adjusted probability of AKI relative to BL and AG (p< 0.01). Occurrence of AKI was associated with higher mortality (AKI: 19.3% vs. No AKI: 5.9%, p< 0.01) and increased median [IQR] post-index culture LOS (AKI: 15 d [9-29] vs No AKI: 9 d [6-15], p< 0.01). Conclusion Incidence of AKI among hospitalized pts with serious CR-GNIs was highest in pts who received an early-targeted COL-containing regimen. Occurrence of AKI was associated with increased in-hospital mortality and longer post-index culture hospital LOS. Disclosures Thomas Lodise, Jr., Pharm.D., PhD, BioFire Diagnostics: Grant/Research Support|cidara: Advisor/Consultant|cidara: Honoraria|Entasis: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Grant/Research Support|Paratek: Advisor/Consultant|Shionogi: Advisor/Consultant|Spero: Advisor/Consultant|Venatrox: Advisor/Consultant Ryan J. Dillon, MSc, Merck: Employee|Merck: Stocks/Bonds Brian H. Nathanson, Ph.D., cidara: Grant/Research Support|Merck: Advisor/Consultant|Merck: Grant/Research Support.

902. Evaluation of Post-Discharge Sterile-Site Positive Microbiology Results and the Impacts on Patient Care

Abstract Background Half of patients have cultures pending at discharge. Failure to address these results may delay diagnosis and time to appropriate antimicrobials. The purpose of the study is to evaluate appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy and result documentation in patients with positive cultures finalized post-discharge. Methods Retrospective cohort study of patients from 7/2019-12/2019 with positive sterile-site microbiologic cultures finalized post-discharge. Pertinent inclusion and exclusion factors were admission ≥48 hours and non-sterile sites, respectively. The primary objective was to determine the frequency of discharged patients warranting antimicrobial intervention based on finalized culture results. Secondary objectives included incidence and timeliness of result documentation and rates of 30-day hospital readmission, among intervention warranted vs not warranted. Chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests were used as appropriate. Binary multivariable logistic regression was completed for 30-day hospital re-admission stratified by infectious disease (ID) team involvement. Results 208 of 768 patients screened were included. Most patients were discharged from a surgical service (45.7%); deep tissue and blood were the most common culture sites (29.3%). Antimicrobial intervention was warranted in 36.5% of patients (n=76). Rates of result documentation were overall low (35.5%). Time to documentation of results was significantly shorter in patients warranting intervention compared to those who did not, but hospital readmission was higher (Table 1). Finally, result documentation in patients not being followed by ID was associated with decreased odds of 30-day readmission (OR 0.19, 95% CI, 0.07-0.53) (Table 2). Conclusion A significant number of patients with cultures finalized post-discharge warranted antimicrobial intervention. Acknowledgment of final culture data can decrease the risk of 30-day hospital readmission, especially in patients not followed by ID. Quality improvement efforts should focus on methods to improve documentation and follow-up of pending cultures to improve patient outcomes. Disclosures Kimberly C. Claeys, PharmD, BioFire Diagnostics: Honoraria|La Jolla Pharmaceuticals: Advisor/Consultant.

A question of rite—pearl millet consumption at Nok culture sites, Nigeria (second/first millennium BC)

The Nok culture in central Nigeria, dated 1500–1 cal bc, is known for its famous terracotta sculptures. We here present a study on > 11,000 botanical macro-remains from 50 sites, including 343 samples from Nok contexts and 22 samples dating between cal ad 100 and 400, after the end of the Nok culture. With 9,220 remains, pearl millet (Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone, syn. Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.) is dominant in the Nok samples, followed by cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), Canarium schweinfurthii Engl., Nauclea latifolia Sm. (syn. Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) E.A.Bruce), wild fruit trees and wild Poaceae. The pearl millet remains consist exclusively of charred caryopses; chaff remains are completely absent. Because we studied all size fractions, including the small 0.5 mm fractions usually containing the involucres, bristles and husks, the absence of pearl millet chaff is real, excluding a methodological explanation, and distinguishes Nok from contemporary other West African sites. We propose that most excavated Nok sites were consumer sites where clean grain was brought in from outside and consumed in a ritual context connected with feasting. This is in line with the archaeological evidence from the larger excavated sites with stone-pot arrangements that are interpreted as ritual places related to mortuary practices. In addition to the known southward branches of pearl millet diffusion from the Sahara we propose a new, hitherto unknown branch directly from the central Sahara to the central Nigerian savannas.

1980. A Case Series of Serratia Marcescens Endocarditis in Persons Who Inject Drugs

Abstract Background Serratia marcescens is a gram-negative bacillus that is widespread in the environment and has been recognized as a rare cause of infective endocarditis (IE), particularly in persons who inject drugs (PWID). The literature consists of a 19 person case series in the 1970s followed by just a handful of case reports and small case series. At AHWFB (Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist), we have noticed an increasing number of severe infections, including IE, with Serratia marcescens in PWID. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of all cases of Serratia grown from sterile culture sites in the AHWFB system between 8/1/2016 -10/31/2021. Charts were reviewed to confirm status of injection drug use in the 3 months prior to admission, ≥18 years old, and possible or definite IE by Modified Duke’s criteria. Results Twenty two participants were included in the study. The median age was 29.5 years. Eighteen (90%) were white and 16 (73%) were female. Sixteen (73%) had injection of opioids and 3 (14%) had injection of stimulants clearly indicated. Ten (45.5%) had stimulant use documented but the route was not clear. Nineteen (95%) had evidence of active or resolved HCV infection. The median duration of bacteremia was 2 days. Two cases of IE involved the aortic valve, 8 mitral, 3 pulmonic, and 10 tricuspid. Four (18%) of the participants had prosthetic valve IE. Nine (41%) of the participants had a history of previous IE episode. Eighteen participants had evidence of septic emboli: 10 pulmonary, 7 cerebral, and 5 major arterial. In terms of disposition, 4 (18%) patients died, 4 left against medical advice, 12 (54%) remained at a facility for the duration of their antibiotics. One patient was transferred to another facility and one was discharged to complete antibiotic therapy via peripheral IVs in an infusion center. Two patients expired before a final antibiotic regimen could be determined. Ten participants were treated with beta lactam monotherapy, 1 with fluoroquinolone monotherapy, and 9 with dual therapy with a beta lactam and fluoroquinolone. Conclusion Serratia marcescens, a rare cause of IE, has been found in a population of PWID in a North Carolina hospital system. More research is necessary to understand why this unusual infection is clustering in this population and the optimal treatment regimen. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

THE YAKUT BRANCH OF Y-CHROMOSOME AS A PART OF THE HAPLOGROUP N-M2016

Based on the massive parallel sequencing, phylogenetic tree of the Y-chromosomal haplogroup N-M2016 was built. The branch N-M1982 of Yakut-Sakha men majority is located on the tree. The ages of tree branching nodes are estimated. Time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) 970 ± 210 years BP (“present” defined as AD 1950) of one of the main Yakut male lineages N-M1991 is confirmed by accelerator mass spectrometry dating of a sample of the ancient man Yana Young [1] who died about 766 yBP. A sharp increase in the number of Yakut-Sakha ancestors observed on the Yakut branch N-M1982, began from 1320 ± 100 AD. Age of the population explosion is consistent with the radiocarbon dating of the Kulun-Atakh archaeological culture sites.

Construction of cultural heritage evaluation system and personalized cultural tourism path decision model: An international historical and cultural city

World cultural heritage (WHS) is of great significance to promoting the sustainable development of cities, and history culture is very important to achieve the goal of sustainable development. The purpose of this paper is to construct a cultural heritage evaluation system and to explore and optimize tourist routes. We take cultural heritage sites as the research object, and comprehensively use Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Delphi method and fuzzy mathematics to establish a cultural heritage tourism resource evaluation system. According to the evaluation results and questionnaires, a decision-making system for cultural tourism route planning is established, and additional sites of Qin culture are found, and a complete Qin culture route is established to provide data and theoretical basis for Xi'an's perfect cultural tourism route. The traveling salesman problem is the most basic path problem. In this study, the ant colony algorithm is used to improve the model combined with the actual problem of Xi'an tourist routes, and the optimal solution of the cultural parade route is obtained. Xi'an authorities and managers can strategically use these findings to promote Xi'an as a green destination WHS.