Siphon Principle Research Articles

Quantitative investigation of temperature-dependent bound water degeneration in bentonite clays

Temperature increases in saturated clay alter the physicochemical clay-water interactions and may lead to the conversion of bound water into free water. These changes significantly influence the physical, chemical, and engineering properties of clays, which are critical for geotechnical and geological engineering and minimizing risks in areas with expansive clay soils. However, quantifying this phenomenon remains challenging in the literature. This study presents a robust experimental approach for quantifying the thermal-induced conversion of bound water in clays, providing valuable insights into the mechanisms governing their thermo-mechanical behavior. A novel experimental method is proposed to quantify the degenerated bound water content in a clay system subjected to temperatures ranging from 20 to 50 °C. The research employs the siphon principle to examine volume changes in a clay system at elevated temperatures, focusing on measuring the conversion of bound water to free water. This method accounts for thermal expansion of both the soil constituents and the confining glass cylinder, as well as potential evaporation losses. To validate the setup's accuracy, a calibration test using standard Ottawa sand with negligible bound water was performed. After measuring system error, the primary outcome was calibrated. Results showed that at 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C, 3 %, 9 %, and 15 % of the initial bound water, respectively, converted to free water.

Self-Aerated Osmotic Microbial Fuel Cell System Based on Siphon Principle: Performance Investigation and Application Significance

Self-Aerated Osmotic Microbial Fuel Cell System Based on Siphon Principle: Performance Investigation and Application Significance

Considerations on static pressure gradients in closed circulatory systems.

Siphons are devices that transport liquids uphill between two containers. It has been proposed that a siphon principle operates in closed circulatory systems, as best exemplified by the circulation of blood in mammals. This principle is supposed to ensure that no additional work is necessary to pump blood above the level of the heart, and that there is no gravitational static pressure gradient in the column of blood. The first statement is correct, while we demonstrate that, ignoring hydraulic resistance to blood flow, the static pressure gradient is equal to the hydrostatic gradient in a siphon model of blood circulation, although the details of the proof do not depend on the geometry of the circulatory system and the proof can be trivially extended to other models such as a vascular waterfall. This implies that the controversy over the siphon principle has no implications for the description of blood circulation, and that mechanisms such as the "baffle," which some authors have appealed to in order to obtain the expected gradient, are not necessary. In our discussion, we also discuss empirical data that appear to provide additional verification of our results, as well as several everyday occurrences that provide additional support.

Innovative passive aeration process for synthetic deoxygenated water

ABSTRACT Aeration is a process of diffusing oxygen into water in order to stimulate the aerobic bacteria for starting wastewater aerobic treatment process. Zero energy aeration systems that do not require electric or mechanical power are known as passive aerators. A new technology for passive aerators using inverted bell siphon principle is innovated, which requires a lot less volume for its installation compared to other passive aeration systems as cascade, spray and perforated tray aerators. A laboratory experimental program investigated the inverted bell siphon system using deoxygenated water with almost zero dissolved oxygen concentration like anaerobic treatment effluent. The system is used to build water pressure through a distribution system used for scattering water in air to diffuse oxygen into it. Holed arm pipe with different hole diameters and numbers, showerhead, fire sprinkler and modified fire sprinkler were tested as distributors to reach the optimum type which verify good oxygen diffusion in water and ensure least possibility of clogging of distributors. Dissolved oxygen concentration was measured for each distributor water effluent. The experiments showed that the modified fire sprinkler achieved higher oxygen diffusion in water and best distribution, in addition to its geometry that prevents the distribution system from clogging.

Research on different toilet options and toilet improvement methods

This paper describes the flushing principles of various modern toilets and the effects of using different liquids to flush on objects, and provides relatively optimal options and improvement schemes through related research. The flushing effect of modern toilets can wash away objects more easily and cleanly, and through different flushing methods, direct water pressure or siphon principle can wash away those strangely shaped, hard surface, and sticky foreign objects. The device is suitable for a variety of ordinary homes and a variety of public areas for the use of basic human excretion, it is simple to operate, flushing raw materials are easy to obtain, has a complete set of hydraulic system and drainage channel pumping system, and does not require external power supply, through the water pressure plus external force to press the flush button can complete the cleaning of the object in the toilet.

A passive pump-assisted microfluidic assay for quantifying endothelial wound healing in response to fluid shear stress.

There as an urgent need to quantify the endothelial wound-healing process in response to fluid shear stress to improve the biological and clinical understanding of healing mechanisms, which is of great importance for preventing healing impairment, chronic wounds, and postoperative in-stent restenosis. However, current experimental platforms not only require expensive, cumbersome, and powered pumping devices (to, e.g., generate cell scratches and load shear stress stimulation) but also lack quantitative controls for quantitative analysis. In this paper, a passive pump-assisted microfluidic assay is developed to quantify endothelial wound healing in response to fluid shear stress. Our assay consists of passive constant-flow pumps based on the siphon principle and a three-inlet microfluidic chip for cell wound-healing experiments. We also propose a method for quantitatively adjusting cell scratch size by controlling trypsin flow. Both numerical simulations and fluorescein experiments validate the effectiveness of this method. Moreover, we use the designed microfluidic assay to successfully generate cell scratches, load a 12-h shear stress of 5dyn/cm2 to the cells, and observe wound healing. The results indicate that the healing of a cell scratch is significantly accelerated under the stimulation of shear stress. In conclusion, our passive pump-assisted microfluidic assay shows versatility, applicability, and the potential for quantifying endothelial wound healing in response to fluid shear stress.

Using a siphon to supply spring water to a remote village

Siphons have been used since ancient times to transport water between two points over an intervening barrier higher than the water source. This paper describes a practical application of a siphon to provide fresh water to a remote island community in the Solomon Islands. The siphon was constructed from 25 mm diameter blue line polyethylene pipe. The vertical height difference between the water source and outflow of the siphon was estimated to be 12–18 m at the first 5000 l storage tank. The siphon filled the 5000 l tank in 5 h, corresponding to an average flow of 0.28 l s−1, close to the theoretical value obtained using the Hazen–Williams equation. This method of supplying water from hillside springs could be used in other remote rural communities around the world, especially as accessing water becomes more challenging due to climate change. The siphon principle can easily be demonstrated in the classroom with just two water containers and flexible tube.

Prevention of serious air embolism during cryoballoon ablation; risk assessment of air intrusion into the sheath by catheter selection and change in intrathoracic pressure: An ex vivo study.

One cause of cerebral infarction during cryoballoon ablation is the entry of air into a sheath due to the use of inappropriate catheters. It is known that the left atrial pressure of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome can be negative. However, the effects of catheter selection and negative pressure changes in the sheath on air intrusion are not yet well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate how catheter selection and negative pressure changes affect air intrusion and to perform countermeasures for air intrusion. This experiment used siphon principle to create negative pressure in the sheath. Noncryoablation catheters (not designed exclusively for cryoballoon ablation) and cryoballoon catheters were investigated. Catheters were inserted into the sheath and then removed. Thereafter, the amount of air in the sheath was measured. For catheters producing significantly larger amounts of air intrusion, the catheters were inserted via a long sheath in the sheath (sheath-in-sheath technique) and the same procedures were repeated. We found that the amount of air intrusion through most of the noncryoablation catheters was significantly larger than that through cryoablation catheters. An increase in the magnitude of negative pressure in the sheath resulted in a proportional increase in air intrusion, but the sheath-in-sheath technique significantly reduced air intrusion. The amount of air intrusion increased when using catheters with complicated tip shapes and thin outer diameters and when the magnitude of negative pressure in the sheath increased. The sheath-in-sheath technique may be an effective countermeasure.

Emergency drain for post pneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula: a drain placement technique based on the siphon principle.

Post pneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is a life-threatening complication requiring pleural cavity drainage to avoid acute mediastinal shift and contralateral aspiration pneumonia. Chest drain insertion in this situation may be technically difficult because of drastic anatomical changes such as mediastinal dislocation, diaphragm elevation and, sometimes, massive subcutaneous emphysema. In addition, the most important part of the pleural cavity to be drained is the costophrenic recess that is scarcely drained by a standard chest tube with its tip aiming high and upwards. We propose a safe, simple and effective technique based on the siphon principle to drain the lowest part of the pleural cavity.

Neck length and mean arterial pressure in the sauropod dinosaurs.

How blood was able to reach the heads of the long-necked sauropod dinosaurs has long been a matter of debate and several hypotheses have been presented. For example, it has been proposed that sauropods had exceptionally large hearts, multiple 'normal' sized hearts spaced at regular intervals up the neck or held their necks horizontal, or that the siphon effect was in operation. By means of an experimental model, we demonstrate that the siphon principle is able to explain how blood was able to adequately perfuse the sauropod brain. The return venous circulation may have been protected from complete collapse by a structure akin to the vertebral venous plexus. We derive an equation relating neck height and mean arterial pressure, which indicates that with a mean arterial pressure similar to that of the giraffe, the maximum safe vertical distance between heart and head would have been about 12 m. A hypothesis is presented that the maximum neck length in the fossil record is due to the siphon height limit. The equation indicates that to migrate over high ground, sauropods would have had to either significantly increase their mean arterial pressure or keep their necks below a certain height dependent on altitude.

The Design of Water Saving System for College Dorms

We designed a set of water saving system for college dorms based on the current college water use status. This system mainly included a water collection tank and the enclosed sanitary-wares. We designed the subsidence area on one side of the water collection tank so it’s easy to clean the sludge and the allocation of water-saving effect demonstration system. There are no devices in the water collection tank for eliminating the peculiar smell of wastewater, heterochromatic carbon absorber and ozone generator. In order to ensure the smooth implementation of the system, in view that the peculiar smell and different color of the wastewater affecting users mood, in order to reduce the users conflicted emotion, according to the shortage of current toilet sanitary-wares,we designed an enclosed squats bedpan that using the user’s gravity to expansion and it will be closed automatic when users left. We also designed an enclosed toilet that using the user’s gravity to expansion and it will be closed automatic when users left. And we designed an enclosed urinal that using the user’s gravity to expansion and it will be closed automatic when users left. And according to the lower pressure situation of the upper water collection tank, the special structure of the squats bedpan and toilet in this project don't need a large scouring force, rejected the “siphon principle” that widely used in the traditional design scheme, reduce the required water, improve water saving effect.

Fuel Consumption Instrument for Diesel Locomotive Test Based on Siphon Principle

The design of a fuel consumption instrument for diesel locomotive including its working principle, hardware and software is presented in this paper. As one of constituent parts of overall performance test system for DF series diesel locomotive, it is applied to measure the fuel level in the tank of diesel locomotive based on Siphon Principle, collect and process data, output or store the fuel consumption in the overall performance test.

The Structure Optimization of Double Feeder System Core Components

The work investigates the structure parameters of adjustable subatmospheric pumping scraps device and oil feeder, which have extremely significant impacts on double feeder system in the deep-hole drilling process. Equations for subatmospheric zone pressure are derived herein using the siphon principle, and experiments are performed the trends of pressure on the single factor condition, which provide reasonable structure parameters for adjustable subatmospheric pumping scraps device. Oil feeder is studied based on the Euler column theory, and it can be optimized that is intermediate support, pilot bushing as well as sealing. The universal finite element software is used to design the structure of adjustable subatmospheric pumping scraps device and oil feeder, also reasonable structure design scheme of double feeder system core components is given.

Study on Solar Automatic Waterfall-Type Aeration System

photovoltaic system, optimum tilted angle, siphon principle, water treatment Abstract. Based on the recent research at home and abroad and the local meteorological data, this study aims to determine the optimum tilt angle of the solar-cell array surface and the best month on the system to achieve the optimal design of PV system. Full mechanical automatic control system is designed by using lever principle and siphon principle to realize the purpose of all-day and maintenance-free operational situation. It can replace the motor control system and at the same time，enjoys reliability, low cost, long life and energy conservation. The indoor and local river data of the experiment shows that this system has an evident effect on water decontamination. Furthermore， comparing with traditional aeration system. It has many advantages, for instance, it can save more than 20 thousand and carbon emission can be reduced by 683 ton and other aspects.

A strange fountain

I describe an unusual fountain that produces a jet using the siphon principle. Fountainshave always attracted and fascinated people from the time of the ancient Greeks to thepresent day, and during this period there have been several ways in which fountainshave operated based on different laws of physics. The fountain that I describebelow is a siphon fountain and the principle on which it works dates back to theend of the 18th century and may be attributable to the French nobleman theMarquis of Mannoury D’Ectot (1777–1822) (Comi 1995 Giornale di Fisica 36 (1)).

Application of siphon principle to fluid drainage in transurethral surgery

Transurethral resection is usually performed using an all-in-one drape with a fluid collection pouch, drainage port and hose. Gravity drainage of irrigation fluid through the hose is often hampered, resulting in fluid retention in the pouch. We applied a siphon principle to facilitate fluid drainage by making a U-shaped bend near the distal end of the hose, using an adhesive tape, and hooking the distal end of inverted U shape on the edge of bucket placed on the floor. When the hose is filled with irrigation fluid up to the crest of the siphon, fluid flow driven by atmospheric pressure continues until the pouch is evacuated. Repriming and restarting occur automatically throughout the operation. This simple device has virtually eliminated fluid retention in the pouch and proved to be especially useful in transurethral prostatectomy, which requires a large amount of irrigation fluid.

The siphon controversy counterpoint: the brain need not be “baffling”

The application of siphon principles to the cerebral circulation has engendered a surprising amount of controversy (1–3, 11, 19, 22, 23). The reluctance to apply siphon principles to the cerebral circulation probably stems more from its inescapable, but counterintuitive, corollary: if the

Controllable fabrication of fiber nano-tips by dynamic chemical etching based on siphon principle

A dynamic chemical etching method based on siphon principle has been developed for controllable fabrication of fiber nano-tips, which could be used in near-field optical microscope and optical nanosensors. Compared with traditional static chemical etching, this method has advantages such as reproducibility, controllability, convenience, less cost, and making tip surface smooth. The overall shape and the tape angle of the tip can be effectively controlled through the speed and direction of water flux. Tips with taper angles from 20° to 55°, and tips with double tapers have been achieved by this method.

The heart works against gravity.

The circulatory systems of vertebrate animals are closed, and blood leaves and returns to the heart at the same level. It is often concluded, therefore, that the heart works only against the viscous resistance of the system, not against gravity, even in vascular loops above the heart in which the siphon principle operates. However, we argue that the siphon principle does not assist blood flow in superior vascular loops if any of the descending vasculature is collapsible. If central arterial blood pressure is insufficient to support a blood column between the heart and the head, blood flow ceases because of vascular collapse. Furthermore, the siphon principle does not assist the heart even when a continuous stream of blood is flowing in a superior loop. The potential energy gained by blood as it is pumped to the head is lost to friction in partially collapsed descending vessels and thus is not regained. Application of the Poiseuille equation to flow in collapsible vessels is limited; resistance depends on flow rate in partially collapsed vessels with no transmural pressure difference, but flow rate is independent of resistance. Thus the pressure developed by the heart to establish a given flow rate is independent of the resistance occurring in the partially collapsed vessels. The pressure depends only on the height of the blood column and the resistance in the noncollapsed parts of the system. Simple laboratory models, involving water flow in collapsible tubing, dispel the idea that the siphon principle facilitates blood flow and suggest that previously published results may have been affected by experimental artifact.

Design and manufacture of the dipole coil for the CEBAF High Momentum Spectrometer

The superconducting coil for the CEBAF High Momentum Spectrometer is under construction. The coil is a bath cooled system with an external coolant reservoir tank. Design and manufacturing procedures of the bobbin structure and coil are described. The overall coil/cryostat dimensions are about 7.3*3.9*1.9 m. The cooling system works on the thermal siphon principle. An outline of the conductor layout and its physical performance are shown. Bare conductors separated with special glass epoxy insulation spacers are used to get a sufficient surface for cryogenic stability. A special method for coil clamping has been developed to get sufficient mechanical prestress after cooldown and during operation up to nominal current.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>