Prevention of serious air embolism during cryoballoon ablation; risk assessment of air intrusion into the sheath by catheter selection and change in intrathoracic pressure: An ex vivo study.

Abstract

One cause of cerebral infarction during cryoballoon ablation is the entry of air into a sheath due to the use of inappropriate catheters. It is known that the left atrial pressure of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome can be negative. However, the effects of catheter selection and negative pressure changes in the sheath on air intrusion are not yet well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate how catheter selection and negative pressure changes affect air intrusion and to perform countermeasures for air intrusion. This experiment used siphon principle to create negative pressure in the sheath. Noncryoablation catheters (not designed exclusively for cryoballoon ablation) and cryoballoon catheters were investigated. Catheters were inserted into the sheath and then removed. Thereafter, the amount of air in the sheath was measured. For catheters producing significantly larger amounts of air intrusion, the catheters were inserted via a long sheath in the sheath (sheath-in-sheath technique) and the same procedures were repeated. We found that the amount of air intrusion through most of the noncryoablation catheters was significantly larger than that through cryoablation catheters. An increase in the magnitude of negative pressure in the sheath resulted in a proportional increase in air intrusion, but the sheath-in-sheath technique significantly reduced air intrusion. The amount of air intrusion increased when using catheters with complicated tip shapes and thin outer diameters and when the magnitude of negative pressure in the sheath increased. The sheath-in-sheath technique may be an effective countermeasure.