Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Signal Research Articles

A Fault-Tolerant Control Method Based on Reconfiguration SPWM Signal for Cascaded Multilevel IGBT-Based Propulsion in Electric Ships

Electric ships have been developed in recent years to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this system, inverters are the key equipment for the permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system. The cascaded insulated-gated bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based H-bridge inverter is one of the most attractive multilevel topologies for modern electric ship applications. Usually, the fault-tolerant control strategy is designed to keep the ship in operation for a certain period. However, the fault-tolerant control strategy with hardware redundancy is expensive and slow in response. In addition, after fault-tolerant control, the ship’s PMSM may experience shock and overheating, and IGBT life is reduced due to uneven switching frequency distribution. Therefore, a stratified reconfiguration carrier disposition Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) fault-tolerant control strategy is proposed. The proposed strategy can achieve fault tolerance without any extra hardware. A reconfiguration carrier is applied to improve the fundamental amplitude of inverter output voltage to maintain the operation of the ship’s PMSM. In addition, the available states of faulty H-bridge are fully used to contribute to the output. These can improve the life of IGBTs by reducing and balancing the power loss of each H-bridge. The principles of the proposed strategy are described in detail in this study. Taking a cascaded H-bridge seven-level inverter as an example, simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed strategy, in general, has a potential future application on electric ships.

High-Precision Dead-Time Intellectual Property Core and Its Compensation for Inverters

In the inverter circuit, there exists a specific on-off time in each power transistor. As such, to prevent a short circuit of the two switch devices on the upper and lower bridge arms, a specific dead time must be set in the pulse width modulation (PWM) and the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) signals. In this paper, an intellectual property (IP) core that can introduce a high-precision dead time of arbitrary length into PWM or SPWM signals of the inverter is designed to increase the precision, convenience and generalization of dead time control, resulting in a boosted control accuracy of up to 10 ns. Moreover, the added Avalon bus enables IP cores to be accessed by the field programmable gate array (FPGA) processor in a standard manner and multiple IP cores of the same class can be easily incorporated. In addition, an application for setting and compensating for dead time in a three-phase inverter based on system on programmable chip (SOPC) technology is presented. With the Nios II CPU as its core, the system adopts the mean voltage compensation method to calculate the compensation voltage, and performs dead-time compensation in a feed-forward manner. The three dead-time IP cores are controlled by Avalon bus. These allow the dead time of three groups of power transistors to be accurately controlled and flexibly adjusted. The system also features the master computer communication function while boasting the advantages of flexible control, high precision and low cost.

Sensorless current prediction in single phase inverter circuits with machine learning algorithms

Inverter circuits are widely used in power electronics applications such as electric motor control, induction heating or different Alternating Current (AC) loads. The control signal applied to the switching elements can affect the quality of the sinusoidal signal that occurs at the output of the inverter circuit by the means of voltage and current values. The inverter circuit topologies are generally designed as closed loop. However, these cause complexity of the circuit topology, increase the production costs and give difficulties in designing the control signals. In the present work, simulations of a single-phase inverter circuit with the Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) control signal are performed. Thus, the effect of the SPWM signals on the output of the inverter has been observed by changing the Modulation rate (M), the carrier signal frequency (f_c) and the reference signal frequency (f_r). Through the data obtained, the output current of a phase inverter without a sensor is estimated by Machine Learning Algorithms (MLA) such as Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN).

Design Inverter SPWM Tow Frequency Based Soil Moisture Sensor Using Arduino

Inverters on induction motor control are widely used both in industry, transportation, household, and agriculture. This inverter is designed to convert Direct Current electricity into Alternating Current electricity. In this study, the inverter is designed using the Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) switching method and is able to produce pure sine waves of two frequencies of 50 Hz and 25 Hz with input control based on the reading of the soil moisture sensor. The purpose of this research is to apply to the controller of automatic watering plants. This system uses Arduino Uno as a SPWM signal generator and processes the reading of the soil moisture sensor and controls the LC filter. Based on the test results of the inverter control system, it is obtained an output voltage of 200 volts with a measured frequency of 48.83 Hz and 24.61 Hz with an input voltage of 12 Volt DC. The inverter system when loaded with single phase induction motors obtained efficiency at a frequency of 50 Hz by 36% and at a frequency of 25 Hz obtained by 70%. Thus, it can be concluded that this single-phase inverter can be used for applications in single phase induction motor speed control.

Selection Method of Modulation Index and Frequency ratio for Getting the SPWM Minimum Harmonic of Single Phase Inverter

Harmonic content is an important parameter in relation to the power generated by inverter. In power conversion technology of inverter, sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is the most popular used by many researchers. The advantages of SPWM inverter operation as a conversion technique compared to other inverter types can be seen from the low harmonic distortion in the output voltage of inverter. Therefore, the SPWM signal generation process becomes a determining factor for the performance of the overall system. This paper present the method for selecting the modulation index (ma) and frequency ratio (mf) using Cubic Spline Interpolation to get minimum harmonic of SPWM inverter that generated. Both parameters controlled with varied values digitally using microcontroller to generate SPWM, then the output of inverter with and without LC filter was investigated. The results show that the use of Cubic Spline Interpolation method in the selection of ma and mf precisely managed to produce SPWM inverter with minimum harmonic content. At the inverter output, the use of LC filter is not only useful for converting SPWM signals to sinusoidal waveforms but can also reduce harmonic content significantly less than 3 %.

Pengiriman Daya dari Inverter Lima Tingkat ke Grid Satu Fasa Menggunakan Arduino Due

Inverter has been used for a wide variety of applications in renewable energy system. The use of inverter in a solar power plant system can off-grid and on-grid. H-Bridge inverter is one of the commonly used inverter. One of its disadvantages is the requirement of high frequency in order to get a low defect level on the output current. The use of a five-level inverter with considering the amount of a power semiconductor switch in can be as an alternative. This study aims to use a five-level inverter with five power semiconductor switches to deliver power to the grid.The working principle uses two sinusoidal signals that are shifted by 1800 compared to two carrier signals to produce a sinusoidal pulse width modulation signal. A sinusoidal pulse width modulation signal is used as a controller on each power semiconductor switch. The transmitted power is in the form of a current that is injected into the single-phase grid. The transmission of a power using five-level inverter to a single-phase grid was validated by a Power Simulator software. The final stage was a hardware implementation in the laboratory. The result shows that the inverter could transmit a power as current with 4.01% THDi, transmitted power as 36.4 Watts, and transmitted current as 0.52 Amps.

DSC-based Generation of Sinusoidal PWM Signals with the Least Number of Variables for Single-, Two- and Three-phase inverters(Dept.E)

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Simulation of SPWM Fed Three-phase Induction Motor Drive Mathematical Model Using MATLAB Simulink

Three-phase induction motors are used in a vast area of applications mainly due to their simplicity, ruggedness and high reliability. With recent advancement in semiconductor technologies, the use of fixed speed induction motor drive is becoming obsolete, majority of the applications now requires inverter-based drives for variable speed operation. In the study of induction motor drive operation, mathematical models are often used to simulate the steady state and transient behavior of induction motor. However, developing such models are not as simple. One must develop the understanding of the mathematical equations to be used and also having the knowledge to solve the equations with the use of computer simulation software. To address this issue, this work presents an approach to implement the mathematical model of a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) fed three-phase induction motor drive in MATLAB Simulink. The sub models include induction motor direct quadrature-model and a voltage source inverter fed by SPWM signal generator. The presented model implementation is able to simulate the dynamic behavior of an induction motor operation, this mathematical model implementation would be useful for further studies on the development of induction motor drive system.

Design and Simulation of a Grid Tied Single Phase SPWM Inverter Using Matlab

The work objective is to design and simulate grid tie photovoltaic module with Simulink software, to investigate the characteristics of photovoltaic module as well describe the maximum. power point tracking using the single diode equivalent circuit. As well as developing single phase H bridge inverter a control circuit which generates output of a pure sine wave and voltage of alike frequency and magnitude such as the voltage of the grid. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation signal (SPWM) a common PWM method to achieve perturb and monitor (P&O), the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method.

Development and Modelling of Three Phase Inverter for Harmonic Improvement using Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Control Technique

This paper describes the design of a 400 V, three-phase voltage source inverter system using Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) control technique. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is an internal control technique for inverters. The Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique is the type of PWM used in this work. The aim is to reduce the harmonic produced by the inverter. Current standards require that total harmonic distortion (THD) be minimal. A three-phase SPWM signal is implemented in order to create an output voltage which is closer to a true sine wave and reduce harmonics. The development and model were implemented using MATLAB Simulink soft-ware and hardware parameters. The addition of a low pass filter circuit aids the achievement of smoother sine waveforms and a reduced THD value of 0.17%. The proposed concept has been validated through experimentally on a laboratory prototype by using DSP TMS320F28335 real-time digital control. The experimental outcomes emphasize the authenticity of the suggested technique in reducing harmonics, which can be promising to power quality improvement.

Design and Implementation of Three-phase Sine Wave AC Power Supply Based on the Embedded System STM32

Because of inverter power supply with high power consumption, low transfer efficiency rate, a three-phase sine wave AC power supply is designed based on the embedded system STM32 which has the advantage of low power consumption and high speed. It has the capacity of output frequency of 50 Hz, the RMS of line voltage and current of star load connection up to 24V and 2A. The system consists of a three-phase inverter drive circuit, filter circuit, STM32 minimum system, the isolation circuit, SPWM (sinusoidal pulse width modulation) signal generator, measurement circuit of voltage and current and LCD display circuit. The experiments show that when the input voltage is set at 36V at room temperature and the line current of load is 0∼2A, the load regulation rate is less than 0.3% and transfer efficiency can reach 88%.

Automatic Frequency Identification under Sample Loss in Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Signals Using an Iterative Autocorrelation Algorithm

In this work, we present a simple algorithm to calculate automatically the Fourier spectrum of a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Signal (SPWM). Modulated voltage signals of this kind are used in industry by speed drives to vary the speed of alternating current motors while maintaining a smooth torque. Nevertheless, the SPWM technique produces undesired harmonics, which yield stator heating and power losses. By monitoring these signals without human interaction, it is possible to identify the harmonic content of SPWM signals in a fast and continuous manner. The algorithm is based in the autocorrelation function, commonly used in radar and voice signal processing. Taking advantage of the symmetry properties of the autocorrelation, the algorithm is capable of estimating half of the period of the fundamental frequency; thus, allowing one to estimate the necessary number of samples to produce an accurate Fourier spectrum. To deal with the loss of samples, i.e., the scan backlog, the algorithm iteratively acquires and trims the discrete sequence of samples until the required number of samples reaches a stable value. The simulation shows that the algorithm is not affected by either the magnitude of the switching pulses or the acquisition noise.

A Comparative Harmonic Analysis of Single Level and Two Level Matrix Converter with various Load Condition

This paper presents the electrical harmonic analysis of a single-phase single level matrix converter and a single phase two-level matrix converter for various load condition. The matrix converter eliminates the rectifier and dc link due to direct ac-ac conversion. Multiple PWM for multilevel (Two level) and normal sinusoidal PWM signal generation for single level have been used here. Simulation is performed for both single level and multi-level matrix converter. The results obtained here demonstrate a high performance matrix converter.

A microcontroller-based variable voltage variable frequency sinusoidal power source with a novel PWM generation strategy

The present paper describes the development of a low cost, microcontroller-based variable voltage variable frequency sinusoidal power source, which is the demand of the day for various applications. The power source is developed using MOSFET H-bridge inverter and with a stand alone LCD display system. The design methodology proposes to utilize a novel concept of generating sinusoidal pulse width modulation signals for the driver circuit of the inverter. The system proposes to incorporate a ROM-based LUT within the power source itself for the sinusoidal signal generation with enhanced stability. This low cost, yet accurate power source has been successfully developed for wide range of voltage commands (30–80 V rms) and frequency commands (40–70 Hz), and their real-life performances in voltage wave generation were also found to be quite satisfactory.

An Enhanced Inverter Controller for PV Applications Using the dSPACE Platform

This paper presents the simulation modeling and prototype development of an inverter controller for photovoltaic (PV) applications using the dSPACE DS1104 controller platform. The controller platform can link the simulation model developed in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment to its prototype hardware. In the dSPACE controller, the voltage regulator controls the inverter by employing a proportional integral (PI) controller and the Park transformation method to generate sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) signals. The SPWM signals switch the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) to stabilize the 50-Hz sinusoidal AC output voltages of the inverter. The simulation was performed with a DC power supply that acts as the PV generator to supply the power to the inverter. The simulation model was then translated into the inverter prototype using the dSPACE platform and tested in the laboratory to prove the efficacy of the proposed controller. The experimental results for the inverter system demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed control strategy by maintaining the THD of the output voltage at 4.6%.

An Efficient Strategy to Generate High Resolution Three-Phase Pulse Width Modulation Signal Based on Field Programmable Gate Array

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a common technique used in many different applications. This technique is the heart of the inverter system. This paper reported a modified strategy in asynchronous unipolar sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) switching scheme based on ACEX1K50TC144-3 Altera Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The carrier frequency was designed for 20 kHz and the fundamental frequency was designed to adjust 1 to 100 Hz, with step increase in 1 Hz. A new SPWM signal generation strategy is proposed and compared to traditional SPWM generation technique. The design entry is conducted by Max+plus II version 10.2 through schematic and VHDL programming. The verification in level simulation and hardware realization has been done. As the result, the proposed modified SPWM signal generation strategy works properly and can reduces the usage of logic cell (LC) until 63.75%.

FPGA Based SPWM Bridge Inverter

This study presents methodology to generate sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) signal using Field Programmable Gate Array, FPGA technology. We discussed the unipolar switching scheme and the methodology to generate the signal with the predetermined switching frequencies. Simulation on the designed pulses was conducted using Altera Max Plus II simulation tools. This simulation method was used to get the desired sinusoidal pulse width modulated signal via programming. Designing the best switching frequency for inverter was important in order to get the best approximation of the sinusoidal signal as produced by an ideal inverter. The smoother inverter switching signal, the better output waveform from the inverter and thus produced output signal with less harmonics distortion. Simulation was done before being tested on the FPGA board for the next stage.

A new microcontroller-based technique for generating variable voltage/frequency sinusoidal PWM signals

This paper presents a flexible and robust microcontroller-based technique for generating the control signals of any sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) scheme for variable voltage/frequency output. The proposed technique exploits the fully static design of a high-speed microcontroller and generates the PWM control signals by varying the controller's clock, while keeping the number of the algorithm processing states constant. As the experimental results show, the technique can be used for transient-free frequency and/or voltage changes with very good resolution and a wide range of applications.

2–1 TC-PPM scheme as a means of generating PWM waveforms

Two-level time constrained pulse position modulation (2-1 TC-PPM) schemes are presented and analysed. It is shown that 2–1 PWM and 3–1 PWM waveforms can easily be synthesized by means of the 2–1 TC-PPM signals. This is a new approach to the generation of PWM signals. The benefit of this approach is that it brings out the most important features characterizing PWM spectra and the relations between 2–1 PWM and 3–1 PWM spectra. By means of this approach, novel types of PWM waveforms with special carrier signal structure can also easily be developed and analysed. Finally, the major advantage of this approach is that it enables the analytical calculation of spectral errors occurring in PWM schemes. These errors occur in practical situations when sinusoidal PWM signals are applied to variable frequency inverter drives.

A NOVEL THREE-PHASE SINUSOIDAL PULSE-WIDTH MODULATION WAVEFORM GENERATOR

Abstract Pulse Width Modulation is widely used in static power inverters (d.c. to a.c. converters) to control the output voltage and the harmonic content in it. Sinusoidal pulse width modulation is known to produce the least harmonic content in the inverter output. This paper describes a novel control circuitry that generates the three-phase sinusoidal pulse width modulation signals using a single phase sinusoidal reference signal and a triangular carrier signal. The advantages of this circuit are discussed and experimental results are presented