Single-subject Research Research Articles

Application of Contextual Approach in Improving Computational Operation Skills in Students with Learning Delays

<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="369"><p>This study aims to analyze and determine the effect of applying the contextual approach in improving the ability of calculation operations in students with learning delays. This study uses a quantitative approach with a single-subject experiment method, often called Single Subject Research (SSR), with an A-B-A design. The subject of this study is grade VIII students at SMP Islam Mandiri. The data collection technique in this study was carried out using observation and a test of computational operation ability. The results of the baseline-1 phase showed a stable score and increased when the treatment was carried out in the intervention phase; after the treatment was carried out, the research subjects were then given a test in the baseline-2 phase, and the results obtained increased with a score of 100 in each session. The percentage overlap of the three phases is at the level of 0%. Thus, the results show that applying the contextual approach positively improves the ability to calculate operations in students with learning delays.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>

Effectiveness of the multi-component reading intervention program in supporting fluency and motivation of Turkish primary school students with learning difficulties

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Multi-Component Reading Intervention Program (MRIP) developed to support reading fluency skills and reading motivation of third and fourth grade Turkish students with learning difficulties (LD). The changing criterion design, a single-subject research method, was used in determining the effectiveness of the MRIP. Five students aged 9–10 with LD participated in the study. For all participants, reading fluency is improved through MRIP. The results of this study manifested that the MRIP was effective in improving the reading fluency performance of students with LD and the participating students could maintain their skills 1 week, 2 weeks, and 1 month after the implementation of the MRIP. Findings suggest that experts should benefit from the MRIP to improve the reading fluency skills of Turkish students with LD.

Effects of Combined Respiratory Physiotherapy with High-Flow Nasal Cannula and Venturi Mask in Spinal Cord Injury: A Single-Subject Research Study and Literature Review.

The level of spinal cord injury affects the severity of respiratory impairment and the alteration of respiratory pattern and gas exchanges. Lesions at the C3-C5 level (phrenic nerve nucleus) cause disruption of descending input with paralysis of the main inspiratory muscle, often requiring tracheostomy and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Oxygen therapy is essential to switch from ventilatory support to removal of the endotracheal tube to correct residual difficulties in oxygenation management. A 58-year-old man had tracheostomy and tetraparesis as complication of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy treatment for a history of obstructive sleep apnea. A respiratory rehabilitation program with protocol of oxygen therapy with high flow cannula alternated with a low-flow system by Venturi mask during daytime hours only was started. The patient was constantly monitored with capillary partial oxygen saturation to obtain adequate oxygenation (≥ 94%) and registered every 15 minutes in the clinical chart. There was gradual improvement of respiratory function. Oxygen by Venturi mask was gradually reduced due to improvement of partial pressure oxygen values. Over the course of days, the optimal results of respiratory parameters led to a gradual weaning from the Venturi mask until the complete discontinuation of the low-flow system during daytime and decreased of the high-flow fraction of inspired oxygen to the maximal tolerated level during nighttime. Implementing a combined protocol of nighttime oxygen with high flow cannula and daytime Venturi mask improves intensive motor training of patients by promoting the acquisition of ability to perform chair/bed transitions and to be able to achieve standing and begin gait training. More research is needed whether or noted to determine the role of this promising approach in patients with severe SCI and in other critically ill patients. This is a presentation of a new respiratory training protocol of combined oxygen therapy by high flow cannula and Venturi mask in a patient with cervical spinal cord injury and respiratory failure.Due to this new respiratory training, from the weaning of ventilation devices the patient had greater independence and improved quality of life, with more intensive motor training in the gym, improvement of the motor program and the patient tolerance to training.Oxygen therapy with high flow cannula and Venturi mask could be valid and reliable combined respiratory training to improve the respiratory pattern in severely hypoxemic and hypercapnic patients, without adverse events.

Trends in International Single-subject Research on Interventions for Daily Living Skills in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Trends in International Single-subject Research on Interventions for Daily Living Skills in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders

The Effect of Edmark Reading Program Functional Words Series Presented with Tablet Computer in Acquiring Functional Reading Skills for Students with Intellectual Disabilities

This study aims to examine the effect of the Edmark Reading Program Functional Words Series, which is presented with a tablet computer, on the acquisition of functional reading skills by three high school students with moderate intellectual disabilities. The design of the study is a multiple-probe model with an inter-subject probe phase, which is one of the single-subject research models. While the dependent variable is identified as functional reading skill, the independent variable of the present study is the Edmark Reading Program Functional Words Series offered via a tablet computer. The participants of the study are three male students with moderate intellectual disability. The starting level of the experimental process of the research, the implementation of the Edmark Reading Program Functional Words Series consisted of monitoring and generalization stages. The data obtained in the research were analyzed and interpreted graphically. As a result of the research, it was found that the Edmark Reading Program Functional Words Series, which was tested with a tablet computer, was effective in acquiring functional reading skills of students with moderate intellectual disability. In addition, the participants of the research were able to generalize the 10 target words that were taught in the real environment as well as in the teaching environment, and they were able to continue reading one and three weeks after the teaching. The interviews conducted to determine the social validity of the research revealed that parents, teachers and participant students expressed positive opinions about the program offered via tablet computer.

Effectiveness of Using Smart Board Media to Improve the Ability to Recognize Alphabets in Children with Class II Autism Spectrum Disorders at SLB Negeri 1 Harau

This research was motivated by problems that researchers found at SLB Negeri 1 Harau class II. One of the GSA children who doesn't yet know all the alphabets, the letters he doesn't know yet are (j, l, t, v and w). This research aims to see whether the use of smart board media is effective as a solution in improving the ability to recognize the alphabet in GSA children. This research uses a quantitative approach with experimental methods in the form of Single Subject Research (SSR) with an A-B-A design. The results of this research can be seen in 3 conditions. First, the baseline condition (A1) was carried out 3 times with a stable percentage result of 40%. The two intervention conditions (B) were carried out 7 times with a stable percentage of 86%. The three baseline conditions (A2) were carried out 3 times with a stable percentage result of 86%. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the use of smart board media is effective in improving the ability to recognize the alphabet for GSA children.

The Small Step Early Intervention Program for Infants at High Risk of Cerebral Palsy: A Single-Subject Research Design Study.

Background/Objectives: Early interventions for infants at high risk of cerebral palsy (CP) are recommended, but limited evidence exists. Our objective was, therefore, to evaluate the effects of the family-centered and interprofessional Small Step early intervention program on motor development in infants at high risk of CP (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03264339). Methods: A single-subject research design was employed to investigate participant characteristics (motor dysfunction severity measured using the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) and Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) at three months of corrected age (3mCA) related to intervention response. The repeated measures Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 fine and gross motor composite (PDMS2-FMC and -GMC) and Hand Assessment for Infants (HAI) were analyzed visually by cumulative line graphs, while the Gross Motor Function Measure-66 (GMFM-66) was plotted against reference percentiles for various Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels. Results: All infants (n = 12) received the Small Step program, and eight completed all five training steps. At two years of corrected age (2yCA), nine children were diagnosed with CP. The children with the lowest HINE < 25 and/or AIMS ≤ 6 at 3mCA (n = 4) showed minor improvements during the program and were classified at GMFCS V 2yCA. Children with HINE = 25-40 (n = 5) improved their fine motor skills during the program, and four children had larger GMFM-66 improvements than expected according to the reference curves but that did not always happen during the mobility training steps. Three children with HINE = 41-50 and AIMS > 7 showed the largest improvements and were not diagnosed with CP 2yCA. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the Small Step program contributed to the children's motor development, with better results for those with an initial higher HINE (>25). The specificity of training could not be confirmed.

EFEKTIVITAS MODEL PEMBELAJARAN MAKE A MATCH DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MENGENAL HURUF ABJAD PADA PADA ANAK TUNAGRAHITA RINGAN

This study is based on the problems found in a child with mild mental retardation in class VII SLB Negeri 1 Lima Kaum, who still does not recognize all the letters of the alphabet. This study aims to prove whether the application of the Meka A Match learning model can improve the ability of mildly mentally retarded children to recognize alphabetic letters. This type of research is an experiment with a Single Subject Research (SSR) approach using the A-B-A design, and the subject is a mildly retarded girl in class VII SLB Negeri 1 Lima Kaum. Data collection techniques using action tests and visual graph data analysis in various conditions. The study lasted for 14 meetings, and the results showed that the Make A Match learning method was effective in improving the ability of mildly retarded children in recognizing alphabetic letters.

The Effectiveness of Smart ABA (Smart Applied Behavior Analysis) in Teaching Children with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) Reading the Arabic Alphabet

Reading the Qur'an is an obligation for all Muslims without exception, starting with reading the Arabic Alphabet. However, it is a difficult skill in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Currently, there is no systematic, structured, and measurable teaching system for these skills for ASD children/individuals. This study aims to produce an effective and efficient way for ASD children/individuals to read the Arabic alphabet. This study implements the development of reading teaching using Smart ABA. This study used Single Subject Research. The subjects were five ASD children aged 2.8 to 7.19 years who underwent Smart ABA therapy at the KID ABA Autism Center Indonesia. Therapists had been competent as Smart ABA therapists through training and internship in tiered and gradual stages. Data analysis used graphic visual analysis. The results of this study showed that all subjects managed to master the ability to read 30 Arabic alphabets in 68.1 + 19.24 days (6.81 + 1.92 weeks). Smart ABA effectively and efficiently taught ASD children to read the Arabic alphabet. The results of this research can be applied worldwide by following the Smart ABA SOP.

The effect of conjoint behavioral consultation on achieving communication skills in children with autism spectrum disorder.

This study, uniquely designed with tact and mand-modeling procedures presented through the Conjoint Behavioral Consultation (CBC) method, aims to evaluate the effects on the communication skills of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the impact on disruptive behaviors (tantrums) at home. A pilot study with the families of three participants informed the adaptations for the main study, which was implemented with the families of nine participants. The research was conducted using an Embedded Mixed Methods Design, a distinctive approach that allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the outcomes. The primary research design was a single-subject research model with multiple probes across participants' designs, ensuring a thorough and individualized assessment. The study was carried out in both home and clinical settings, involving the participation of special education teachers and families. The findings indicate that the tact and mand-modeling procedures presented through the CBC method significantly improved the children's communication skills and led to substantial reductions in tantrum behaviors. All families indicated that the dependent variables held significant social importance. Significant enhancements were noted in the children's communication skills and social engagements after the intervention. The CBC intervention was determined to be feasible and feasible for families, with no additional expenses accrued. The long-term suitability and usefulness of the product in many environments increased its societal acceptance. This study revealed that the CBC approach had a favorable and reliable effect on academic and behavioral advancement.

Improving The Numeracy Skills of Slow Learners with Ice Cream Stick Media: Single Subject Research

Numeracy ability is a basic ability that must be mastered by students especially elementary school students. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to improve the ability to count, add and subtract numbers 1-20 in slow learner students using ice cream stick media. This study uses quantitative experimental research on a single subject with an ABA design. The single subject in this study is a 1st grade student of SDN Tebul 1. There are 3 data collection methods used, namely interviews, observations and tests, while the data analysis uses visual analysis consisting of two types, namely in-condition analysis and inter-condition analysis. The results of this study concluded that ice cream stick media can improve numeracy skills in slow learner students. Based on the results of visual analysis, it was shown that in the initial baseline phase (A1) the ability to calculate the initial addition and subtraction of numbers 1-20 of slow learner students was still lacking with an average percentage of test results of 30%, after being given treatment in the intervention phase (B) by providing learning to count the addition and subtraction of numbers 1-20 using ice cream stick media, the numeracy ability of slow learner students increased by 45.33% with an average percentage of test results in the intervention phase (B) was 75.33% without overlapping data.

"Still work?" Design and effect of interventions used to modify feeding problems in children with autism: A systematic review of studies employing group designs.

Feeding problems in children with autism jeopardize the well-being of both children with autism and their families. Mixed findings were reported from previous interventions, which were mostly evaluated by single subject research design (SSRD) studies. Moreover, feasibility assessment and social validity measurement were unaddressed by these SSRD studies. To fill this substantial knowledge gap, the present review systematically summarized and evaluated feeding interventions implemented in children with autism, which were assessed by studies employing group designs. An extensive literature search in eight established online databases was conducted, and a total of 17 eligible studies published in 2009-2021 were included for further analysis. A descriptive account of the features of the investigations is provided, including assessment of study quality. A total of 449 children with autism and 203 parents/caregivers participated in the included studies. The multiple use of five strategic intervention components were highlighted in this review, including nutrition education/consultations, environmental modifications, sensory exposure, cognitive components, and behaviour interventions. The reviewed interventions showed a preliminarily positive effect for modifying feeding problems in children with autism. Furthermore, the evaluation based on the RE-AIM framework (reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance) demonstrated that an interdisciplinary multi-component intervention strategy may achieve high effectiveness and feasibility in improving feeding problems in a wide range of children with autism. This review found that interventions achieved and maintained a positive effect on modification of feeding problems in groups of children with autism. Information and gaps identified and summarized in the implementation process may assist both researchers and stakeholders to further support these vulnerable children.

Enabled to Stand: A Single-subject Research Design Study Exploring Pediatric Power Wheelchair Standing Device Use.

To investigate the influence of powered wheelchair standing device (PWSD) use on changes in activity/participation in children with neurodevelopmental conditions. A mixed methods A-B-A single-subject research design was replicated with participants. The target behavior was parental perceptions of changes in children's performance of activity/participation goals measured via the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Secondary outcome measures included the COPM with children, an interview, and a 3-measure implementation survey. COPM data related to the target behavior were analyzed using the split-middle celeration line method. Four child-parent dyads participated in the study. All participants achieved statistically and clinically significant increases in COPM performance ratings for the 5 parent-identified activity/participation goals. For the participant dyads in this study, use of the PWSD appeared to positively influence parental perceptions of improvements in their child's performance of activity/participation goals.

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) to Enhance the Expressive Language Skills of Children with Developmental Language Disorders

A B S T R A C T Expressive language disorder is a child's inability to express the words and sentences they want to say in accordance with the proper language order. As a result, the subject has no friends at school, has difficulty communicating, is unable to articulate his wishes, and in the end often fights with his friends. This study aims to determine the role of Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) in improving expressive language skills in children with expressive language disorders. The subject is a boy aged 3 years and 6 months who was diagnosed with expressive language disorder. This study applies an experimental methodology and a single-subject research design. PECS was given to children for 6 meeting sessions. The results of this study were analyzed using descriptive analysis which showed an increase in the subject's expressive language skills after the intervention. Keywords : Language development disorders, expressive language skills, Picture Exchange Communication System

Commentary on "Enabled to Stand: A Single-subject Research Design Study Exploring Pediatric Power Wheelchair Standing Device Use".

Commentary on "Enabled to Stand: A Single-subject Research Design Study Exploring Pediatric Power Wheelchair Standing Device Use".

The Influence of Music on Mood in Students

Music has a strong influence on human moods and emotions, it is said that music can stimulate feelings of happiness, sadness, relaxation, and even to increase energy. This study was conducted to determine whether music with a certain volume can affect a person's mood comfort either when given a stimulus of happy music or sad music. This type of research is experimental research which uses a single subject research model with 30 subjects, each subject is given a different stimulus with the same treatment and there is a control group that gets an experiment to hear songs that express sad and happy emotions, and vice versa with the experimental group.

Parkinson's Disease: Pilot Single-subject Research Design

Parkinson's Disease: Pilot Single-subject Research Design

Transcutaneous Electrical Spinal Cord Stimulation Increased Target-Specific Muscle Strength and Locomotion in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.

The recovery of locomotion is greatly prioritized, and neuromodulation has been emerging as a promising approach in recent times. Single-subject research design. A laboratory at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. To investigate the effects of augmenting activity-based therapy (ABT) to transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation (TSCS) on enhancing specific lower limb muscle strength and improving locomotor ability in an individual with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI). An individual with iSCI underwent two phases of treatment, ABT alone followed by combined ABT+TSCS, each for a period of 10 weeks. The TSCS stimulated T10-T11 and T12-L1 segments with a frequency of 30 Hz at an intensity between 105 mA and 130 mA. Manual muscle testing, 6 min walk test (6MWT), and surface electromyography (EMG) responses of specific lower limb muscles were measured. Additionally, spasticity and sensorimotor examinations were conducted every two weeks, while pain tolerance was recorded after each treatment session. After the ABT+TSCS treatment, there was an increase in overall muscle strength grading (from 1.8 ± 0.3 to 2.2 ± 0.6 out of 5.0). The 6MWT showed a greater increase in walking distance (3.5 m to 10 m) after combined treatment than ABT alone. In addition, the EMG response of the anterior rectus femoris, biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior after ABT+TSCS increased more than after ABT alone. The spasticity grade was reduced (from 0.8 ± 0.7 to 0.5 ± 0.6) whereas the average lower limb motor score increased from 17 to 23 points. No adverse effects were reported. ABT+TSCS increased the target-specific lower limb muscle strength and walking ability more than ABT alone in an individual with chronic iSCI.

Education for Student with Cerebral palsy on Reducing Drooling through Oral Motor Exercise

This study aims to reduce drooling through oral motor exercises for cerebral palsy students in Special School in Padang, Indonesia. This study used quantitative research methods with a Single Subject Research (SSR) approach with A-B-A design from February to September 2021. The research data was collected by observing one child with cerebral palsy, recording events, and assessing oral motor exercise. All data was analyzed descriptively using visual graph analysis tools. Overall, the results showed that oral motor exercise effectively reduced drooling in cerebral palsy students. This was evidenced by the mean level obtained in the baseline-1 (A1) condition, which was 14.66; in the intervention condition (B), it decreased to 8.15; and in the baseline-2 (A2) condition, it decreased again to 3. Then, the results of data analysis in the conditions and between conditions also showed a tendency toward stability, an estimated directional tendency, and data trace and level changes that decreased positively. The percentage of overlap in the baseline-1 (A1) condition is 0%, while the percentage of overlap in the baseline-2 (A2) condition is 15% so the hypothesis can be accepted. These findings imply that the selection of oral motor exercises effectively reduces drooling in students with cerebral palsy

Enhancing Peer Greeting Skills in Early Childhood Children with ASD Through SST

This study investigates the efficacy of Social Skill Training (SST) in enhancing the social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during kindergarten years. Children with ASD often struggle with social interactions, hindering their integration into preschool environments. Using a quantitative approach with a Single Subject Research (SSR) A-B-A design, this research focused on improving the "peer greeting" skill, specifically through waving. Results indicate significant improvement across study phases, with waving frequency increasing from 3-4 times in baseline-1 to 6-7 times during intervention, and further to 9-10 times in baseline-2. The findings underscore the effectiveness of SST in enhancing social skills among children with ASD, particularly in initiating greetings through waving. This research contributes valuable insights into evidence-based interventions for improving social interactions in children with ASD during their formative years.