Single Route Research Articles

Highly (h00)-oriented KNN homo-multilayer films grown on Si by sol-gel process via an alternating non-alkoxide and alkoxide route

Traditional Sol-Gel KNN film prepared either with niobium ethoxide C10H25NbO5 (metal alkoxide route) or niobium oxide Nb2O5 (non-alkoxide route) as niobium source. However, they are either extremely expensive or of poor quality for films. Hence, a novel and manageable Sol-Gel process based on the combination of the above two routes was developed to achieve high-quality KNN films. Here, highly (h00)-oriented KNN homo-multilayer films were fabricated on traditional Si by an alternating non-alkoxide and metal alkoxide route. As expected, these KNN films have much higher oriented degree than that prepared by any single route. Benefited from the flexibility of alternating sol-gel synthesis routes and homo-multilayered film design, the crystal structures and electrical properties of KNN films can be tailored effectively by the period number N and annealing temperature. The results suggest that the employing of homo-interfaces may be an effective method to improve the crystallinity and performances of sol-gel films.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Designing the routing protocol with secured IoT devices and QoS over Manet using trust-based performance evaluation method

The problem of routing in Manet are analyzed and different techniques are described towards QoS development of Manet. However, the modern IoT devices have been considered for the support of routing. Engaging IoT devices in Manet routing is considered and how the trust of IoT devices can measured is focused. Number of techniques discussed earlier with secure routing with IoT devices in Manet. They suffer to achieve higher performance in most QoS parameters. This paper proposes a real time secure route analysis (RSRA) approach for the secure routing in Manet. The method not only considers the strategy of intermediate nodes of route discovered, but also considers the presence of IoT devices and their trust. First, the method discovers the list of routes between any source and destination. For each mobile node, the trustworthy is verified by considering the location, mobility speed, energy, and number of transmission involved, their neighbor list and so on. The IoT devices are verified for their trustworthy based on their earlier support contributed to the network. The method measures mobile node secure route support (MSRS) for the mobile nodes where device support (DS) is measured for the IoT devices. Using these two measures, the method measure the data forwarding support (DFS) value by considering the number of IoT devices in the route. Based on the DFS measure, a single route has been selected which improves the QoS of Manet.

Current Trends on Hemopoietic Stem Cells.

Advances in single-cell technology and genetic mouse models have resulted in the identification of new types of hemopoietic stem cells (HSC), resulting in baffling observations, suggesting a reconsideration of the long-held notion that all hematopoietic cells in the adult are derived from HSCs. The existence of long-lived HSC-independent hematopoiesis has led to the conclusion that despite the single hierarchical differentiation route that generates functional blood types, other differentiation routes exist in-vivo. Heterogeneity in the HSC population and the evolving knowledge around HSC has translated to it's improved application as a therapeutic tool for various blood disorders. The reprogramming of non-hematopoietic somatic and mature blood cells to pluripotency with their subsequent differentiation into hematopoietic stem cells/progenitor cells and the introduction of new generation sequencing holds the potential for the resolution of ambiguities involved in HSC bone marrow transplantation. There is a change in the paradigm for HSC transplantation donor selection. Donor choice favors haploidentical HCT than cord blood. This review provides a general overview of the current events around hemopoietic stem cells, with emphasis on the rising trend of HSC transplantation, especially haploidentical stem cell transplantation.

MAP: A mnemonic for mapping BCTs to three routes to behaviour change.

Over 90 behaviour change techniques (BCTs) have been specified but there is limited guidance to assist non-specialist practitioners in the choice of which BCTs to select for use with clients. This paper describes the development of MAP, a theory-based mnemonic designed to aid practitioners in their use of BCTs. Each BCT is MAPed to one or more of three recognized routes to behaviour change, namely Motivation development, Action control, and Prompted or cued route. A cross-sectional online discriminant content validity (DCV) questionnaire. Fourteen judges participated, decided whether each BCT affects behaviour via each of the three routes, and provided a confidence rating for each judgement. Wilcoxon one-sample tests classified each BCT to a route or combination of routes. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) assessed agreement between judges. Fifty-eight BCTs were judged to affect behaviour via a single route; 28, 21, and nine BCTs were judged to act via the Motivation, Action, or Prompted routes, respectively. Judges did not agree on a route for 35 BCTs. Overall ICC (0.89) value was high and did not differ between routes. There was good agreement on candidate BCTs for interventions designed to operate through Motivation, Action, or Prompted/Cued psychological processes. MAP is a mnemonic that can be used by non-specialist practitioners who implement behaviour change with their clients. MAP is not a replacement for sophisticated theory-based organization of BCTs required for theory testing. While providing practical guidance, further work is necessary to establish effectiveness of BCTs tailored to each route.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Real time link quality based route selection and transmission in industrial Manet for improved QoS

The QoS (quality of service) of Manet is depending various factors but it is highly rely on quality of links between the routes. The ratio of link failure reduces the throughput performance which is directly affecting the QoS. The most industrial units provide various services which can be accessed through mobile adhoc network. This supports the industrial entities and users to access the services through various mobile devices. As the nodes of Manet moves in different speed at various directions, the frequency of link failure will be always higher. However, to support data transmission, number of routing protocols has been discussed earlier (REF-26), but suffer to achieve higher QoS performance. To improve the quality of route selection towards maximization of QoS, a novel probabilistic link availability based traffic free route selection algorithm is presented in this paper. The method uses the location information, mobility speed, direction of various nodes in the measurement of probability in link availability. Also, the value of traffic at each node, neighbors of each node, and the frequency of transmission in each hop to measure the QoS Support Measure. The method first identifies the list of routes according to the broadcast mechanism and learns the topological information and traffic details. Using the details learned, the method identifies the list of routes and probable feature routes. For each route identified, the method estimates QoS support measure to choose a traffic free route at any time. Finally a single route has been selected to achieve high performance transmission in Manet.

Geophagy in Wild Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix flavicauda) Is Brief and Rare

Many primates intentionally consume earth. This geophagy has probable health benefits, such as mineral supplementation or gastrointestinal tract protection, and is likely to be an important behavior for a species’ ecology, health, diet, and conservation. We investigated geophagy in the Critically Endangered yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda). We collected observational data and camera trap records over 2 years at La Esperanza study site, northern Peru. Geophagy was rare, with 67 events recorded during the study. All age/sex classes engaged in geophagy, but adult males spent significantly less time consuming earth in situ than adult females did. Geophagy occurred predominantly during the dry season and was a solitary behavior. The forest floor is presumably a high-risk environment for these predominantly arboreal primates and our study animals employed various strategies to minimize predation risk. These included using a single route to access and leave geophagy sites, displaying increased vigilance behaviors before and during geophagy events, and minimizing the time spent on the forest floor (mean: 15 ± SD 9 s). They also maximized the benefits of being on the forest floor by removing earth to consume ex situ. These findings provide the first steps in the systemic approach required to understand the role geophagy plays in our study species, whose almost exclusive arboreality, coupled with the increased predation risk associated with terrestriality, suggests that geophagy confers an important benefit.

Creating a hazard-based training and assessment tool for emergency response drivers

Emergency response drivers (ERDs) are often required to engage in high-risk driving manoeuvres on their way to a reported incident. Such risk requires that these drivers receive a high-level of training and continued development. The aim of this paper was to investigate an innovative format for a new potential tool that could support the training and assessment of these drivers: a single-clip Holistic Hazard Test, containing multiple hazards in a single route. In study one, we created a proof-of-concept 15-minute clip containing hazards, multiple-choice questions and probes to collect self-reported safety ratings. ERDs were more accurate on the multiple-choice questions (MCQs) than a control group, though response time scores to hazards did not reach the threshold for significance. In study two, we refined the development process and created a series of new holistic hazard tests across four counties of the East Midlands, UK. Each test contained many hazards and MCQs that assessed situation awareness and decision-making, based on the results of study 1. Participants were recruited across the four counties and were presented with both the test that was specific to their county and one of the unfamiliar-location tests, in order to assess the generalisability of the tests across different locales. The results showed no differences regarding location familiarity, suggesting that tests filmed in one area of the country can be viewed by drivers elsewhere without detriment to performance. ERDs once again responded to MCQs more accurately, and also scored more hazard points on the basis of faster responses to hazards compared to control participants. These results suggest such tests can successfully tap into ERD-specific skills with regard to spotting, predicting and responding to hazards on the road. We recommend refinement of this tool for assessment of emergency response drivers, and further development to extend the materials to create a training tool.

Navigation behaviour of visitors in museums based on visibility analysis and neural network simulation

ABSTRACT Analysing the navigation behaviour in a built environment without a particular destination is a complicated issue when simulating pedestrian behaviour. This navigation is called exploratory navigation. This paper aims to investigate the spatial characteristics of a built environment which affect exploratory navigation. It focuses on visibility graph analysis (VGA) and uses the artificial neural network (ANN) for predicting navigation behaviours of visitors in museums. The movement data of visitors in the Islamic Revolution and Iran-Iraq War Museum (IRIIWM) in Tehran, Iran are collected from an observational study. The neural network analyzes the movement features of visitors and produces one single route containing all important movement characteristics of actual visitors. The results show that the network chooses its next target based on spatial visibility, visual perception, distance to a particular section, direction change, visual connectivity, and visual integration. The turn patterns and visual attractors also affect exploratory navigation.

Coil-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration (CARTO) for the treatment of gastric varices via a single access route using steerable microcatheter: a case report

BackgroundCoil-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration (CARTO) is a modified balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) technique using coils instead of an indwelling balloon. A method involving two microcatheter systems forming a double access route has been reported. We report a case of CARTO using a steerable microcatheter to successfully treat gastric varices (GV).Case presentationA 79-year-old man was admitted for treatment of intractable GV due to liver cirrhosis. The GV were drained mainly into the left inferior phrenic vein, not the usual gastrorenal shunt. Introducing the balloon catheter to the left inferior phrenic vein was difficult due to mild stenosis between the inferior vena cava and inferior phrenic vein and the shunt angle. A CARTO technique was performed with 5% ethanolamine oleate with iopamidol from a single access route by inverting the steerable microcatheter distal to the coil placement site.ConclusionCARTO has advantages in cases where performing BRTO is difficult. Using a steerable microcatheter simplifies the procedure by reducing the required access routes in CARTO.

The impact of Cs3Bi2Cl9 single crystal growth modality on its symmetry and morphology

Perovskite single crystals have the potential to design a new path in optoelectronics. Due to the toxicity and stability issue of lead halide perovskites, the substitution of lead is a challenge. Here, we have demonstrated two different single crystal growth mechanisms namely slow cooling and anti-solvent vapor diffusion method for lead-free Cs3Bi2Cl9 perovskite single crystal and exhibited how these different growth methods affect the symmetry parameters and morphology evolution of single crystal structure. The synthesis, crystal growth, and detailed structural and thermal characterization have been carried out by optical and electron microscopy, elemental mapping, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. Our study shows that contrary to the conventional expectation the crystal symmetry, Patterson vector, and Sheldrick's criterion is different for the same single crystal stoichiometry with two different crystal growth methods. The calculated metric tensor in real and reciprocal space is different for two different growth mechanisms. Our study opens up a personalized design strategy for choosing a suitable single crystal fabrication route among various available strategies for specific non-linear optical or optoelectronic applications.

Organic matrix stabilized copper sulfide nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and application in glucose recognition

A single pot synthesis route of polymer stabilized copper sulfide nanoparticles has been reported, where the particles within the size range of 5−12 nm are distributed within the support matrix. Various analytical methods have been applied to extract the microscopic, optical, surface and structural properties of the organic-inorganic hybrid material. The as-synthesized hybrid material has been employed as an electro-sensing platform for the recognition of glucose molecule. The Cu2S based non-enzymatic glucose sensor presented a sensitivity of 38.21 μA μM−1 cm−2 with the detection limit of 2.42 μM, which is much lower than the normal glucose level in physiological system.

Квантово-химическое исследование механизмов сульфонилирования гидразидов бензойной и бензолсульфоновой кислот в газовой фазе

Quantum-chemical simulation of the mechanisms of 3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride interaction with benzhydrazide (RHF/6-31G(d)) and benzenesulfohydrazide (DFT//B3LYP/6 311G(d,p)) in the gas phase was carried out. Three-dimensional potential energy surfaces of these processes are calculated in the coordinates of the angle of attack of the nucleophile and the distance between the reacting molecules. It has been established that in the both cases considered, reactions can proceed in the gas phase along a single route, through a single saddle point corresponding to a single transition state; processes begin as an axial attack of nucleophile, which subsequently proceeds with a decrease in the attack angle as the reagents molecules approach each other. It was shown that the both studied processes proceed in accordance with the bimolecular concerted mechanism of nucleophilic substitution SN2, which involves the formation of a single transition state in a reaction pathway and the absence of intermediates on it. Scanning the internal coordinate of benzhydrazide reaction with 3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride made it possible to confirm the reaction route and mechanism of the process pointed out and to clarify the structure of its products and reagents. It was found that the geometric structure of the reaction center in the reactions transition states is medium between the trigonal-bipyramidal and tetragonal-pyramidal, which is due to the change in the nucleophilic attack angle when the reagents molecules approach each other. It was found that in reactions involving hydrazides a “synchronous” transition state is formed in which a new S-N bond is formed simultaneously with the loosening of the old S-Cl bond. The activation energies of the reactions are calculated; they amounted to 173 and 113 kJ/mol, respectively. The high values obtained are explained by the fact that the simulation was carried out for processes occurring in a gas hase. It was shown that the decrease in the activation energy of the reaction involving benzenesulfohydrazide as compared to the benzhydrazide reaction is due to a decrease in steric hindrances during nucleophilic attack created by the lone electron pair of the benzenesulfohydrazide secondary amino group as compared to the benzhydrazide molecule. The calculated values of charges on the nitrogen atoms of the –NH– groups in the hydrazides molecules indicate a weakening of the α-effect upon the transition from benzenesufohydrazide to benzhydrazide.

Cosmopolitanism and unipolarity: the theory of hegemonic transition

ABSTRACTCosmopolitans typically argue that the realization of cosmopolitan ideals requires the creation of global political institutions of some kind. While the precise nature of the necessary institutions is widely discussed, the problem of the transition to such an order has received less attention. In this paper, we address what we take to be a crucial aspect of the problem of transition: we argue that it involves a moral coordination problem because there are several morally equivalent paths to reform the existing order, but suitably placed and properly motivated political agents need to converge on a single route for the transition to be successful. It is, however, unclear how such a convergence can take place since the duty to create global institutions does not single out any coordination point. We draw on the so-called theory of hegemonic stability to address this problem and conceptualize what we call the hegemonic transition. From an explanatory point of view, we rely on the theory’s insights to explain how a hegemon may contribute to the creation of a rules-based international order by providing salient coordination points and accordingly, enabling coordination among states. From the normative point of view, we identify necessary conditions for the hegemonic transition to be morally permissible. To the extent that these conditions obtain, other states have pro tanto moral reasons to follow the salient coordination point provided by the leading state.

GRASP with Variable Neighborhood Descent for the online order batching problem

The Online Order Batching Problem (OOBP) is a variant of the well-known Order Batching Problem (OBP). As in the OBP, the goal of this problem is to collect all the orders that arrive at a warehouse, following an order batching picking policy, while minimizing a particular objective function. Therefore, orders are grouped in batches, of a maximum predefined capacity, before being collected. Each batch is assigned to a single picker, who collects all the orders within the batch in a single route. Unlike the OBP, this variant presents the peculiarity that the orders considered in each instance are not fully available in the warehouse at the beginning of the day, but they can arrive at the system once the picking process has already begun. Then, batches have to be dynamically updated and, as a consequence, routes must too. In this paper, the maximum turnover time (maximum time that an order remains in the warehouse) and the maximum completion time (total collecting time of all orders received in the warehouse) are minimized. To that aim, we propose an algorithm based in the combination of a Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure and a Variable Neighborhood Descent. The best variant of our method has been tested over a large set of instances and it has been favorably compared with the best previous approach in the state of the art.

Improved permeation, separation and antifouling performance of customized polyacrylonitrile ultrafiltration membranes

Tailored polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are fabricated with Pluronic-F127 and polyethylene glycol phosphate decorated calcium carbonate (PGP-CaCO3) additives with the aim of high water permeation, macromolecular rejection and antifouling properties. The nanoscale CaCO3 synthesis is carried out via a single step carbonization route using PGP as a hydrophilic modifier to introduce hydroxyl groups onto its surface. The topographies of the nanoparticles are investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). PAN/PGP-CaCO3 mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are fabricated via phase inversion method and examined by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier infra-red spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), mechanical stability, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explore the changes in membrane properties due to the well-dispersed PGP-CaCO3 in the PAN membrane matrix. The UF performance of the membranes is investigated in terms of pure water flux, macromolecular rejection and antifouling property. The fouling resistance of membranes is assessed using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and humic acid (HA) as model foulants. The membrane loaded with 0.75wt.% (M3) of PGP-CaCO3 manifested increased wettability with reduced surface free energy leading to a higher pure water flux of 366L/m2h. M3 also displayed a rejection of 93.9% for BSA and 93.2% for HA. The success of the modification can be confirmed as the membrane M3 exhibited lower flux decline and displayed a flux recovery ratio of 90.98% during HA filtration. The results demonstrated the potential use of PAN/PGP-CaCO3 membranes in water treatment.

Market Analysis and Affirmation Factors of the Northern Sea Route

Maritime transport routes, or corridors, imply specific courses of movement for people and goods (freight) on maritime routes and bring multiple benefits to the area through which they pass. The action and influence frame of a single route in the international transport flow is defined by an increasingly pronounced international competition at the regional and/or global transport market. Considering that the competitiveness of a transport route represents the fundamental factor of its valorization in the transport services market, the question of what defines and conditions the competitiveness mentioned above should be considered. This paper analyzes the competitiveness of the Northern Sea Route as a shorter maritime route between Asia and Europe. Under the new climate conditions in which, over the past few years in September, the Northern Sea Route course is completely ice-free, the indicated route represents a sort of competition to the alternative route through the Suez Canal. Taking into account that the competitiveness of a transport route is conditioned by market determination as well as by the quantity of freight flow through the transport route, the main research aim of this paper is to analyze the current and potential transport supply and demand as well as the Northern Sea Route's competitive environment in order to assess, in this regard its valorization and affirmation possibilities.

Market Analysis and Affirmation Factors of the Northern Sea Route

Maritime transport routes, or corridors, imply specific courses of movement for people and goods (freight) on maritime routes and bring multiple benefits to the area through which they pass. The action and influence frame of a single route in the international transport flow is defined by an increasingly pronounced international competition at the regional and/or global transport market. Considering that the competitiveness of a transport route represents the fundamental factor of its valorization in the transport services market, the question of what defines and conditions the competitiveness mentioned above should be considered. This paper analyzes the competitiveness of the Northern Sea Route as a shorter maritime route between Asia and Europe. Under the new climate conditions in which, over the past few years in September, the Northern Sea Route course is completely ice-free, the indicated route represents a sort of competition to the alternative route through the Suez Canal. Taking into account that the competitiveness of a transport route is conditioned by market determination as well as by the quantity of freight flow through the transport route, the main research aim of this paper is to analyze the current and potential transport supply and demand as well as the Northern Sea Route's competitive environment in order to assess, in this regard its valorization and affirmation possibilities.

Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles capped with Moringa Oleifera: The mechanisms of formation effects on the optical, structural, magnetic and morphological properties

We successfully studied the synthesis of biocompatible and eco-friendly single route method for the subjugation of ferric chloride solution using a natural extract from Moringa Oleifera (MO) as an implied capping agent. We compared the significant effect of the sundry (SD) and room temperature (RT) on the biochemical properties of the MO as a capping agent. The physicochemical properties of the effects in the mechanism of preparation of FeO-NPs were studied using XRD, FTIR, SEM and VSM. The characterization results showed that the mechanism of formation has momentous influences on the formation of the phase spinel as well as on its physical properties for biomedical applications. The SEM gave an average particle diameter of 16–18 nm for the RT sample while the SD sample gave a size of 18–20 nm. The XRD showed a crystallinity with BCC lattice shape for the RT sample while the SD exhibit quasi-crystalline. The magnetic properties investigated by VSM gave no hysteresis loop indicating the superparamagnetic behaviors with 72.07 emu/g values of saturation magnetization with negligible remanence and coercivity values for the RT sample. The structural and superparamagnetic properties of synthesized MO-FeO-NPs coupled with their favorable particle size obtained in the investigation of the particles from RT-MO induced gave it a good method compared to SD-MO for discrete biomedical applications such as drug delivery.

Single Step Synthesis of Magnetic Materials Derived from Biomass Residues

Agro-industrial biomass residues (peanut shells, cocoa husks, sugarcane bagasse and coconut mesocarp) were converted into magnetic adsorbents by deposition of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), employing the combustion synthesis method as a single step route. The resultant magnetic materials were characterized by XRD, TEM, nitrogen adsorption, and magnetization measurements. The magnetic composites are formed by maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), as the major phase, and hematite (α-Fe2O3), as a minor contaminant, both dispersed in carbonaceous matrices, depending on the parent biomass residue. The crystallite size of γ-Fe2O3 was estimated by the Scherrer equation and ranged from 6 to 58 nm, depending on the starting biomass residue. The BET surface areas were relatively low (12 to 58 m2 g−1). The magnetization measurements indicated a decrease in the saturation magnetization with decreasing maghemite crystallite size and with the increase of the carbon content.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Route optimization for efficient data transmission using time desire strategy in wireless network

The spatial routing has been breaking down for some issues of traffic systems, and there are numerous methodologies has been communicated about for the effect of route selection and travel time expectation, but suffer from the exactness and time complicated issues. We propose a novel approach which performs spatial routing of routes utilizing which a single path will be chosen. The proposed technique keeps up log about the traffic design at each time window for every base station focuses. We assess the traffic design at every connection point at each time outline utilizing which the route traffic factor will be assumed for each route accessible for different goal from a beginning stage. The strategy keeps up various data about the routing system like the quantity of connection focuses, some concerns at every connection point and the separation between the links concentrates, and the amount of nodes goes through the network. Every one of these components is utilized to process the traffic factor at specific traffic channel any period. Given listed traffic factor, we prepare the movement time in every way at various time window to choose the single route to achieve any destination in the network. The proposed approach has created productive outcomes in route choice and travel time expectation.