We investigate the spectral and temporal properties of light scattered near resonantly by a single quantum dot when the incident laser field is a frequency comb consisting of a superposition of monochromatic waves equidistant in frequency. Such fields encompass those generated by, e.g., a periodically pulsed laser. A general theoretical treatment for the calculation of first- and second-order correlation functions is given which takes account of spectral diffusion through a slowly varying detuning from resonance, permitting accurate comparison with experiments. We explore the two distinct regimes in which the frequency-comb separation is either larger or smaller than the radiative decay rate. We verify the validity of our calculations by a comparison with experimental data for the case of a bichromatic field and discuss the manifestation of phase coherence between the incoming field and the scattered single-photon wave packet.