Single Oil Research Articles

Production of novel varietal hop aromas by supercritical fluid extraction of hop pellets. Part 1: Preparation of single variety total hop essential oils and polar hop essences

A new methodology for the selective isolation of varietal total hop essential oil from hop pellets and further chromatographic fractionation of total hop oil into terpeneless polar hop essence, is presented. The methodology is essentially based on supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of total hop essential oil using carbon dioxide of appropriate density, followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) using octadecylsilica and ethanol/water mixtures for preparation of polar hop essence. Different SFE temperature–pressure combinations were tested for extraction of total hop essential oil from pellets. A carbon dioxide density of 0.50g/mL (50°C, 110atm), proved to be the best compromise in view of selective and quantitative extraction of total hop essential oils. Further fractionation of total hop essential oil by SPE in order to remove hydrocarbons, resulted in varietal polar hop essence, highly enriched in water-soluble, oxygenated hop oil constituents. All of the applied procedures of the proposed SFE/SPE methodology are in full accordance with the principles of clean-label technology. As a result, the novel hop aroma products are fully compatible with the beer matrix. When added to beer, the novel hop oil preparations impart a typical, varietal dependant pleasant hoppy character and increase beer bitterness and mouthfeel.

Combined Oil Displacment System and Field Test of Composite Surfactant

Laboratory evaluation showed that rhamnolipid combined displacement system with low and wide effective concentration (0.125%~1.0%) can reduce interfacial tension with Pubei oil and water to 10-2mN/m. Injection of 0.5PV of rhamnolipid combined displacement system in natural core simulating reservoir permeability can increase recovery by 7.9%~9.3% more than water flooding. Field test for rhamnolipid combined displacement system was carried out with 2 injectors and 9 producers. Alternating injection is performed with two slugs with total volume of 19895.5m3, containing 250.9t of dosage. During 13 months of field test, stageous cumulative incremental oil production was 2014t, with 224t of average single well incremental oil. Daily oil production increased from 1.5t/d to 1.85t/d, average water cut decreased by1.5%, and input-output ratio was 1:2.4. This study provided a new way to improve oil recovery for other similar water flooded reservoirs.

Combination of Linseed and Palm Oils is a Better Alternative than Single Oil for Broilers Exposed to High Environmental Temperature

Combination of Linseed and Palm Oils is a Better Alternative than Single Oil for Broilers Exposed to High Environmental Temperature

Cloning and characterization of stearoyl–ACP desaturase gene (SAD) in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

The Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is the highest producing oil seed crop on a per hectare basis in the world. Current estimates are that within the next decade, palm oil will become the largest single oil traded globally. In this study, the stearyl–ACP desaturase gene (SAD) was cloned and thoroughly characterized in oil palm. Mesocarp tissue of oil palm fruit at different developmental stages including 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days after pollination (DAP) was used for expression pattern analysis. The results showed that SAD gene was highly expressed at 90 DAP. SAD gene is 1,179 base pairs in length, comprised of 3 exons and 2 introns, and translated into 393 amino acids. The phylogenetic analysis was constructed using nucleotide sequences, showing that it is closely related to SAD gene from Elaeis oleifera.

Regional and cultivar comparison of Italian single cultivar olive oils according to flavor profiling

AbstractGeographical origin, cultivar, and olive ripening stage are important factors which affect the typical flavor profile of extra virgin olive oils. Aromatic compounds and sensorial profiles of “Casaliva”, “Frantoio”, and “Leccino” olive oils from three different Italian production regions Abruzzo (eastern‐central Italy), Lombardy (northern Italy), and Tuscany (western‐central Italy) were assessed in two cropping years and at three olive ripening stages (green, veraison, and ripe). The chemical aromatic compounds were more effective in discriminating the oils than their sensorial attributes. Oils showed peculiar aromatic and sensorial profiles according to their region of origin. Genetically similar “Casaliva” and “Frantoio” showed also analogous profiles, but distinct from “Leccino”. The interaction between regions of cultivation and cultivars significantly affected the flavor profiling.Practical applications: This research provides a sound proof that geographical origin, cultivar, and fruit ripening stage, could play an important interactive role in shaping the flavor profiling of extra virgin olive oils. This represents a scientific basis of the “typicality” concept, which should address the marketing strategies for exploiting of the PDO products.

Force Majeure, and: Mysteries of Light, and: Disappearer, and: Muġnatuŋilaŋa / I am not tired, and: On Either Side of Limbus, and: Time and Time Again, and: Looking Through

Force Majeure, and: Mysteries of Light, and: Disappearer, and: Muġnatuŋilaŋa / I am not tired, and: On Either Side of Limbus, and: Time and Time Again, and: Looking Through Joan Kane (bio) Force Majeure in unusual fuseour storms arise suddenly,walrus and bear resolveto each other. Masterful in one element,while in another a boot fills with piss. Always snow, the path no easier—now in shadow with katabatic windsdowning boughs of spruce and birch. Though together we are born and live,one must finish another. Mysteries of Light Loosen the ropes.Seven lances in her heart put forth blossoms. Beneath a torrent, refuge—As a little child with a medallion of chased gold Aboard a ship, with birdsAbout her shoulder and a magpie on her hand. [End Page 30] An axe lodged in the roof,A wolf whose mouth will proclaim. One breast on a plate. Stone in hand.Red egg, wool, sometimes a wound in her forehead. Called to the ditches alongside the mine roads,A continuation of things we do wrong. Disappearer Disappearance, extinction, the inability to survive as a race—these are the anxieties of an Inuit modernity. They lie at the fuzzy border between cultural and biological extinction. LISA STEVENSON Issriliuġnailat naniq atausiq kuguumazina.man. Taavrumuŋa ipkua Ugiuvaŋmiut taimana itpazuktut. / They did not get cold as long as just a single oil lamp was burning. For that reason, the King Islanders were able to survive. PIKKUŊANA / ALOYSIUS PIKONGANNA in a city of seven too many corners uncle struck and left to diein rain torrentialin the road in the dark adrift without relations sister twenty at suicidehaving left her son swaddledin the clothes of my own a black snow fell [End Page 31] aunt whose court-appointed custodianspent the money meant for heaton beer and snuff and spirits unable to grasp the trailing dragline grandfather with a cerebral aneurysmdeposited at jail instead of hospitalthe police mistaking him for drunk we hear constant surf cousin skids off the roadwhat's left of a six packlocked rolling in her trunk for the sea is very deep land's end nunam izualet us set the last stone in place Muġnatuŋilaŋa / I am not tired I was beneath linked starsOne among many exiles— The returned light floodsAgain a world unmoved, Its translucent sky riftsAt a ring of mountains. I could cup the small stoneOf the heart percussing. Moving in the muddy arcOf a thing afloat as pebbles [End Page 32] Slope toward the shore's end,Turning toward them warm And familiar. The ocean, eared,Roaring and familiar. On Either Side of Limbus At the rim of the world, the aching world,a fault of snow and shadow.She predicts sense yet I find none:nothing, in fact, but the edges of things,in wind and the movement of animals. Through dreams inlaid with rigid marrowat last I grew to grasp her fear:it was to have been a survivorwhen there were no others.Between my dreams, the net of them, light breaks above an oyster middenas one day yokes itself to another.She could not be farther—somewhere near the mingled voicesof boys as they gather rocks for slingshots. Hers a force as vital as my own disgrace,the pulse of it plays back at me.There is no final story,No assertion, no deception.I may never know who I am. I splint the stem broken in recurrenceFrom leaning so many times,And smother the roots in sand.The shoot shifts ever toward the light,It is strong, after all, and able. [End Page 33] Time and Time Again in the days before your birthyour heart beat out some worry in our two rooms above two tiŋmiaġruatperpetually atop the rooftop opposite those ravens unstilled a strange clusterof birches' black dendritic branches in my narrow recollectionwe lost sight of land altogether through failure to keep the shorewe labored across the open water kept to method of nothingbut...

The Enemy Within: Oil in the Niger Delta

The Enemy Within: Oil in the Niger Delta

Organic matter accumulation in the oil shale- and coal-bearing Huadian Basin (Eocene; NE China)

The Huadian Basin, located in northeastern China, is a fault-controlled basin filled by Eocene non-marine sediments assigned to the Huadian Formation. The formation is subdivided from bottom to top into three members: Pyrite Member, Oil Shale Member, and Carbonaceous Shale Member. Using bulk geochemical data from borehole Hd3 and core descriptions from a high number of wells, the factors controlling organic matter accumulation have been evaluated.The organic matter content of the Pyrite Member is relatively low (average TOC: 0.9wt.%). Mudstones deposited in shallow lacustrine environments contain between 1 and 2wt.% TOC (max. 6wt.%) and a kerogen Type II (HI 400–600mg HC/g TOC). An arid climate prevented the accumulation of thick coal.The overlying Oil Shale Member contains 13 oil shale layers, which are mined underground. The Oil Shale Member has been interpreted as a 3rd order sequence. Significant differences exist between oil shales deposited in different systems tracts: 2-m-thick coaly oil shale of low-quality (oil yield 3.5wt.%) developed in the lowstand systems tract. Oil shale, up to 7m thick, of moderate quality (oil yield 4.1–8.0wt.%) was deposited during the transgressive systems tract (TST). Thinner (<3m) high quality oil shale (oil yield 6.4–19.8wt.%) is found in the highstand systems tract (HST) and at the base of the regressive systems tract. The lateral extent of the oil shale layers reaches a maximum in the upper TST and the lower HST. The high number of oil shale layers deposited in an overall deep lacustrine environment notifies frequent changes in base level, controlled by tectonic movements, short-term climatic cycles, or cycles in organic matter production.The Carbonaceous Shale Member representing the balanced-fill to overfilled stage of basin evolution hosts economic coal seams, which are occasionally accompanied by shallow lacustrine shales with abundant hydrogen-rich organic matter. Otherwise non-coal layers are typically low in organic matter (average TOC: 0.9wt.%).In contrast to the Huadian Basin, a very thick coal seam overlain by a single oil shale layer more than 100m thick developed in the Eocene Fushun Basin. This indicates major differences in the evolution of basins with similar tectonic setting and age.

Comportamiento reproductivo del pez Opistognathus rosenblatti (Perciformes: Opistognathidae) en cautiverio

Reproductive behavior of Opistognathus rosenblatti (Perciformes: Opistognathidae) in captivity. The Blue Spotted Jawfish O. rosenblatti, is an endemic species from the Gulf of California, included in the local list of protected species. With few biological reports, this species is appreciated in the aquarium industry due to its coloration and digging behaviour, and has a considerable value. With the aim to generate valuable biological information, eight fishes were caught at Loreto Natural Marine Protected Area. Captured fishes were juveniles, and just three of them were kept in an aquarium conditioned with gravel, pieces of shells and coral as substrata. Temperature and photoperiod conditions were stable, and they were supplied with a variety of live and inert feeds. Fishes reached maturity in eight months, according to literature reports, displaying mature male courtship coloration and upward movements in the water column. Fishes spawned several times over more than two years in captivity. Presences of egg masses, or some evidence of egg shell or larvae, were registered in 50 occasions. Male took care of eggs in his shelter, but never in his mouth. Egg masses had an average of 3 592 eggs, with a hatching rate close to 99%. Eggs were apparently rounded having three diameter measurements with significant differences (1.17mm mean higher diameter, SD=0.054; 1.13mm mean lower diameter, 0.058; 0.99mm mean height, 0.045; n=125). Most of corion eggs had four, rarely six filaments; with a single oil drop (0.30mm mean diameter, 0.021, n=59). Incubation lasted 10.4 days (9-14), depending on water temperature (21.0-25.3°C). Egg hatching occurred after darkness, emerging newly hatched larvae of 4.51mm mean notochord length (0.082, n=30), with reserves exhausted, eyes pigmented and mouth opened, ready to eat. This study represents the first report on this species courtship displaying, spawning and some basic characteristics of eggs masses and larvae in captivity. Also, their flexibility and adaptability of individual behaviour to particular environment conditions, lead to consider worth their commercial culture, as already occur with other species of this family.

A further evaluation of the mixing controlled direct chemistry (MCDC) combustion model for diesel engine combustion using large eddy simulation

The local mixing effect at sub-grid scale (SGS) is explored using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence model with a mixing controlled direct chemistry (MCDC) model. The MCDC model is developed using the computation of chemical kinetics, thermo-chemical equilibrium state and SGS mixing effects by combining a mixing time scale and a kinetic time scale with the integration of direct chemistry solver (DCS) solutions. The mixing time scale is based on the SGS scalar variance and SGS scalar dissipation rate. The kinetic time scale is based on thermal–chemical equilibrium state and the kinetic reaction rate. These two time scales have been previously evaluated in experiments and computations, showed reasonable quantifications of local mixing and kinetic progress, which improved accuracy of combustion modeling.In this study, the conventional diffusion-type operating conditions are represented by a Caterpillar 3401™ single cylinder oil test engine (SCOTE). The cylinder-averaged results are compared between the DCS model, MCDC model and ‘Kong-Reitz’ model. A grid dependence study for the MCDC model on a baseline grid and a coarse grid is performed. The mixing time scale and kinetic time scale analysis for the MCDC model and ‘Kong-Reitz’ model is provided to investigate the differences in predictions. Compared to the DCS model and ‘Kong-Reitz’ model, the MCDC model shows improved capability in modeling mixing effects at the SGS level, which is represented by the improved prediction of combustion phasing and good matching with experimental results.

Structuring oils without highly saturated fats – how far are we?

Eckhard Flöter The interest to structure oil-based products with materials different from highly saturated fats has increased significantly during the time when ‘fat technologists’ were busy to find solutions to reduce and widely eliminate trans fatty acids from our food products. Next to the trans fatty acid elimination the reduction of saturated fatty acids has become a generally acknowledged target. This is expressed in the FAO/WHO goal to limit the energy intake from saturated fatty acids to 10%. The motivation to develop alternative structuring technologies for soft-solid lipid phases could increase beyond current ‘low SaFA’-claims through ongoing discussions on the taxation of saturated fats in products as currently present in Denmark and additionally the risk that the application of natural saturated fatty acids, with palm oil as primary source, becomes more complicated. The latter could be either due to availability issues driven by competing usages or developments of the public opinion with regard to the consumption of tropical oils. As an alternative to replace saturated fats organogelators are now of considerable interest. In simple terms the desired organogelators are to vegetable oils the analogue of what gelatine and other biopolymers are with respect to the structuring of water. These structurants, preferentially applied at low concentration levels, deliver semi-solid lipid phases that have practically the same lipid nutritional profile as liquid oils. Oil structuring or organogelation is not new and the field of organogels outside food is highly active. Non-food applications cover optical materials, drug delivery systems, oil spill recovery techniques, and home and personal care products. Even though the limitation to edible applications reduces the number of candidate structuring materials the size of the haystack for searching some magic needles is still sizable. The scientific efforts of the past decade have not yet delivered a true breakthrough and hence the door for broad food applications of organogels is still closed. The structuring systems that have been studied can arbitrarily be categorized in three classes. First, there are the obvious one component systems familiar to the products considered such as waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols and mono- and diacylglycerols. These seem to deliver only limited, if at all, benefits over triacylglycerols. However, in this category of single structurants, materials such as ceramides and 12-hydroxystearic acid offer a clear SaFA benefit compared to structuring vegetable oils by fat crystals. Second, there is a class of composed structuring systems. These usually binary systems such as β-sitosterol and oryzanol, or fatty acids and fatty alcohol, the combination lecithin and sorbitolesters are unfortunately very prone to losing their structuring potential in product applications. This is for example due to either the presence of an oil-water interface or the formation of hydrates that tend to deplete the self-assembled structure in at least one of its components. Third, there is oil structuring through components that are alien to the products considered and mostly deliberately synthesized. Here, ethylcellulose and protein fibrils have to be mentioned. The field of edible oil structuring and the current status of different approaches has been reviewed and discussed repeatedly 1-3. Undoubtedly substantial progress has been made with respect to the number of different structuring systems and the comprehension of their mechanism of action. However, the step from gelling oil on the laboratory bench to deliver a robust structured lipid phase in a food product appears to be quite big. At first some structuring systems are just too costly or the availability of the necessary material is limited. Secondly, food products and their manufacturing processes appear to be quite hostile for oil structuring systems because oil–water interfaces, water activity levels or shear during manufacturing can be critical for the organogels. Additionally, the perceivable properties of gelled oils are different from conventional semi-solid lipid phases. Typically there will be no cooling sensation and also other product disintegration characteristics will change. This is understandably a major obstacle in any product development effort. However, the time might be ripe to selectively move oil structuring from the laboratory bench towards product development. Recently a good example of a successful product application was reported by Zetzl et al. 4. Here the domains of animal fat in Frankfurter sausages were substituted by pieces of ethylcellulose structured vegetable oil. Since it is unlikely that a single oil structuring system will be a general substitute for fat crystals one can expect different application specific structuring solutions varying from hybrid systems, combinations of saturated TAG and organogelators, to full replacement of the structuring fat. Finally, the future market success of organogel-based products will not only depend on the technical ability to formulate acceptable products, which is certainly easier for completely new ones without any reference perception, but also on the ‘consumer digestible’ communication concerning the structuring materials. Eckhard Flöter Editor

Detoxification of castor meal through reactive seed crushing

Non-edible oil crops, such as castor or jatropha, contain several toxic components. Post-harvest treatments should be used to reduce the risks associated with the possible dispersion of toxic compounds in the environment. A new processing technology named reactive seed crushing was developed, which combines in a single process seed-crushing, solvent extraction, oil refining, transesterification and meal detoxification. When applied to castor seeds, it was demonstrated that the process produced a detoxified meal and a castor oil methyl ester of acceptable quality for downstream processing.

Characterization of microbial diversity and community in water flooding oil reservoirs in China

The diversity and distribution of bacterial and archaeal communities in four different water flooding oil reservoirs with different geological properties were investigated using 16S rDNA clone library construction method. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to analyze microbial community clustering and the correlation with environmental factors. The results indicated that the diversity and abundance in the bacterial communities were significantly higher than the archaeal communities, while both of them had high similarity within the communities respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that of compositions of bacterial communities were distinctly different both at phylum and genus level. Proteobacteria dominated in each bacterial community, ranging from 61.35 to 75.83%, in which α-proteobacteria and γ-proteobacteria were the main groups. In comparison to bacterial communities, the compositions of archaeal communities were similar at phylum level, while varied at genus level, and the dominant population was Methanomicrobia, ranging from 65.91 to 92.74% in the single oil reservoir. The factor that most significantly influenced the microbial communities in these reservoirs was found to be temperature. Other environmental factors also influenced the microbial communities but not significantly. It is therefore assumed that microbial communities are formed by an accumulated effect of several factors. These results are essential for understanding ecological environment of the water flooding oil reservoirs and providing scientific guidance to the performance of MEOR technology.

Production of novel varietal hop aromas by supercritical fluid extraction of hop pellets—Part 2: Preparation of single variety floral, citrus, and spicy hop oil essences by density programmed supercritical fluid extraction

In this study on the production of novel varietal hop aromas by supercritical fluid extraction of hop pellets we aim at fractionated extraction of hop oil essences by density programmed supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of hop pellets T90 using carbon dioxide. For that purpose, SFE is performed in two steps. In the first step, the most volatile compounds from hop essential oil are isolated by extracting pellets T90 applying a carbon dioxide density of 0.29g/mL (90atm, 50°C). Subsequent fractionation of the crude extract from this first SFE step via solid phase extraction (SPE) using octadecylsilica and ethanol/water mixtures, results in flavour-active single variety hop oil essence, highly enriched in ‘floral’ compounds of total hop essential oil. When added to a non-aromatised pilot lager, such varietal essences impart pleasant and pronounced floral, hoppy and citrus scents to the beer flavour. In the second step of the SFE procedure, the hop residue from the first extraction step is further extracted using a carbon dioxide density of 0.50g/mL (110atm, 50°C). As a result of the typical construction of the collection vials and further fractionation of the crude SFE extract via SPE, single variety hop oil essence, highly enriched in oxygenated sesquiterpenoids (‘spicy’ compounds), is obtained. When added in appropriate amounts to a non-aromatised pilot lager, such ‘spicy’ essences impart revealing sensory impressions, i.e. pleasant herbal/hoppy aroma, and in particular, increased bitterness intensity, mouthfeel, and fullness.

Antimicrobial activity of a traditionally used complex essential oil distillate (Olbas® Tropfen) in comparison to its individual essential oil ingredients

Plant extracts and essential oils have been widely studied and used as antimicrobial agents in the last decades. In our study we investigated the antimicrobial activities of Olbas® Tropfen (in the following named Olbas), a traditionally used complex essential oil distillate, in comparison to its individual essential oil ingredients. Olbas (10g) consists of three major components such as peppermint oil (5.3g), eucalyptus oil (2.1g), and cajuput oil (2.1g) and of two minor constituents like juniper berry oil (0.3g) and wintergreen oil (0.2g). The composition of Olbas and the five individual essential oils were characterized by GLC–MS. According to GLC–MS analysis 1,8-cineol is the main component of the complex essential oil distillate followed by menthol and menthone. The minimum inhibitory and minimum microbicidal concentrations of Olbas and each of the single essential oils were evaluated in 17 species/strains of bacteria and fungi. Time-kill assay was performed to compare the microbicidal activity of Olbas and peppermint oil during several time intervals. Olbas displayed a high antimicrobial activity against all test strains used in this study, among them antibiotic resistant MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and VRE (vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus). Its antimicrobial activity was comparable to that of peppermint oil which was the most potent one of all individual essential oils tested. In the time kill assay Olbas as well as peppermint oil demonstrated similar microbicidal activities. Based on its wide antimicrobial properties Olbas can be a useful agent for the treatment of uncomplicated infections of skin and respiratory tract.

Production of novel varietal hop aromas by supercritical fluid extraction of hop pellets—Part 1: Preparation of single variety total hop essential oils and polar hop essences

A new methodology for the selective isolation of varietal total hop essential oil from hop pellets and further chromatographic fractionation of total hop oil into terpeneless polar hop essence, is presented. The methodology is essentially based on supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of total hop essential oil using carbon dioxide of appropriate density, followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) using octadecylsilica and ethanol/water mixtures for preparation of polar hop essence. Different SFE temperature–pressure combinations were tested for extraction of total hop essential oil from pellets. A carbon dioxide density of 0.50g/mL (50°C, 110atm), proved to be the best compromise in view of selective and quantitative extraction of total hop essential oils. Further fractionation of total hop essential oil by SPE in order to remove hydrocarbons, resulted in varietal polar hop essence, highly enriched in water-soluble, oxygenated hop oil constituents. All of the applied procedures of the proposed SFE/SPE methodology are in full accordance with the principles of clean-label technology. As a result, the novel hop aroma products are fully compatible with the beer matrix. When added to beer, the novel hop oil preparations impart a typical, varietal dependant pleasant hoppy character and increase beer bitterness and mouthfeel.

Mathematical modelling of a hydrocyclone for the down-hole oil–water separation (DOWS)

In this study, a mathematical model is developed to predict the efficiency of a down-hole oil–water separation hydrocyclone. In the proposed model, the separation efficiency is determined based on droplet trajectory of a single oil droplet through the continuous-phase. The droplet trajectory model is developed using a Lagrangian approach in which single droplets are traced in the continuous-phase. The droplet trajectory model uses the swirling flow of the continuous-phase to trace the oil droplets. By applying the droplet trajectory, a trial and error approach is used to determine the size of the oil droplet that reaches the reverse flow region, where they can be separated. The required input for the proposed model is hydrocyclone geometry, fluid properties, inlet droplet size distribution and operational conditions at the down hole. The model is capable of predicting the hydrocyclone hydrodynamic flow field, namely, the axial, tangential and radial velocity distributions of the continuous-phase. The model was then applied for some case studies from the field tested DOWS systems which exist in the literature. The results show that the proposed model can predict well the split ratio and separation efficiency of the hydrocyclone. Moreover, the results of the proposed model can be used as a preliminary evaluation for installing a down-hole oil–water separation hydrocyclone system in a producing well.

Organ Accumulation in Mice After Inhalation of Single or Mixed Essential Oil Compounds

Essential oils are composed of multiple components. It is thought that the effect of essential oils is due to specific component ratios, which may differ from the original ratio when the essential oil is absorbed. However, very little detailed research exists in this area. We studied the distribution of essential oil components after inhalation of single and mixed components in mice. This research was done using four main components of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. L. Burtt. and R. M. Sm.: α-pinene, p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, and limonene. After inhalation of single or mixed components for 90 min, component levels in the brain and liver of mice were measured. The results indicated that the amount of α-pinene in the brain and liver was twofold greater after mixed-component inhalation than that after single-component inhalation. In a comparison of the components of the mixed inhalation, the ratio of α-pinene increased to about three times that of 1,8-cineole. It is thought that the absorption via the nasal mucus greatly influences this phenomenon. The results of this investigation of the bodily distribution of essential oil volatile components may provide clues for elucidating their action.

Fractional crystallization of oil droplets in O/W emulsions dispersed by Synperonic F127

The aim of this works is to study an oil-in-water emulsion stabilized with a triblock copolymer Synperonic F127 which presents a double size distribution of oil droplets. The emulsions were studied experimentally by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The DSC analysis was carried out focusing on the cooling behavior of the emulsion. The cooling thermograms of the oil-in-water emulsion revealed two crystallization peaks with Gaussian profile; the interesting characteristic is that both peaks are separated in temperature. In accordance to previous works for a single oil dispersed within an aqueous phase, the DSC technique must show a single Gaussian peak of crystallization attributable to a size distribution of droplets. In the present case of emulsions stabilized with 1g/L of Synperonic F127, the aggregation behavior of triblock as a function of temperature allows to produce an emulsion with a double size droplet distribution. Comparison with emulsions stabilized with 2 and 4wt% of non-ionic Tween 20 are also presented.

Early ontogeny of the big roughy Gephyroberyx japonicus (Beryciformes: Trachichthyidae) in captivity

Development of eggs and larvae of the big roughy Gephyroberyx japonicus are described on the basis of specimens reared in captivity. Spherical eggs (diameter 1.26–1.35 mm) with a single oil globule were pelagic. Newly hatched larvae (2.8–3.1 mm in body length, BL) had strong linear pigmentation on the head and trunk. The mouth opened at ca. 3.5 mm BL; thereafter the yolk was absorbed. Notochord flexion started at ca. 4.5 mm BL when body depth increased rapidly, and melanophores spread to all of the body. Notochord flexion was completed at ca. 5.0 mm BL. Head spination and pelvic fins began to develop during the flexion stage.