Single Oil Research Articles

Influence on friction from piston ring design, cylinder liner roughness and lubricant properties

The piston rings are responsible for a large portion of the fuel consumption in heavy duty diesel engines. In this work a high speed component test rig for evaluation of piston ring friction is used. A number of different piston rings and cylinder liners are evaluated based on their friction performance. Shear thinning of typical multi grade oil is investigated by comparing it to single grade oil. Experimental simulation of higher speeds by decreasing the viscosity is evaluated. A method for indication of effects on oil consumption, without combustion, for different oil control rings is presented. Finally, a numerical simulation model for the oil control ring is validated by comparing the friction predicted with the model to the experimental results.

Two-Dimensional Electrochemiluminescence: Light Emission Confined at the Oil-Water Interface in Emulsions Stabilized by Luminophore-Grafted Microgels.

We describe a method to confine electrochemiluminescence (ECL) at the oil-water interface of emulsion droplets that are stabilized by luminophore-grafted microgels. These hydrogel nanoparticles incorporating covalently bound Ru(bpy)32+ as the luminophore are irreversibly adsorbed at the interface of micrometric oil droplets dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase. We study the electrochemical and ECL properties of this multiscale system, composed of a collection of droplets in close contact in the presence of two types of model coreactants. ECL emission is observed upon oxidation of the coreactant and of the luminophore. ECL imaging confirms that light is emitted at the surface of oil droplets. Interestingly, light emission is observed more than 100 μm far from the electrode. It is possibly due to the interconnection between redox-active microgels, making an entangled two-dimensional network at the dodecane-water interface and/or to some optical effects related to the light propagation and refraction at different interfaces in this multiphasic system. Confining ECL in such an inhomogeneous medium should find promising applications in the study of compartmentalized systems, interfacial phenomena, sensors, and analysis of single oil droplets.

Essential Oil Yield and Agro-morphological Traits in Some Iranian Ecotypes of Ajowan (Carum copticum L.)

To study essential oil content along with some agro-morphological traits of ajowan, eight different ecotypes from North west, center, south and east of Iran, were evaluated. The results of analysis of variance revealed significant difference among investigated ecotypes of ajowan for following characters including plant height, number of branches, number of umbels, number of umbellets in an inflorescence, biological yield and single plant yield at 1% probability level, and for number of secondary branches and oil content at 5% probability level. According to results of mean comparison analysis using Duncan multiple range test at 5% probability level the highest means of biological yield, single plant yield and oil content percentage were related to Shiraz ecotype. According to high correlation analysis between grain and oil yields, breeding for these two traits can be consistent in Iranian ecotypes of ajowan. Oil contents percentage in ecotypes from south and center were more than other parts of Iran.

Comparative study of encapsulated vildagliptin microparticles produced by spray drying and solvent evaporation technique

ABSTRACTVildagliptin (VLG), an antihyperglycemic drug, having high water solubility and shorter elimination half-life. This leads to administer VLG frequently to maintain its therapeutic efficacy. Hence the goal of this work was to formulate sustained release polymeric VLG microparticles by spray drying technique using 32 full factorial design (Design-Expert Software). Ethyl cellulose (EC) and span-80 were used as encapsulating material and surfactant, respectively. This work furthermore assessed the probability of encapsulating VLG by single emulsion oil in oil (o/o) solvent evaporation technique. The resultant microparticles from these two methods were evaluated to demonstrate the significant differences in their particle size, percentage yield, drug loading (DL), encapsulation efficiency (EE), in vitro drug release, surface morphology, and drug–polymer compatibility. EE of microparticles prepared by spray drying and solvent evaporation technique was in the range of 71.42–89.87% and 51.79–64.03%, respectively. The in vitro drug release study from the microparticles prepared by both methods was conducted for 12 h. Microparticles prepared by solvent evaporation technique showed incomplete VLG release in 12 h. To visualize the effects of independent factors (polymer and surfactant amount) on dependent factors (EE and DL), 2D contour and 3D surface plots were constructed. Significant variations in microparticles’ physicochemical properties were observed with two formulation techniques. Optimum EE and sustained drug release of VLG–EC microparticles were conclusive using spray drying and solvent evaporation techniques.

Chemical composition analysis and in vitro biological activities of ten essential oils in human skin cells

Research on the biological effects of essential oils on human skin cells is scarce. In the current study, we primarily explored the biological activities of 10 essential oils (nine single and one blend) in a pre-inflamed human dermal fibroblast system that simulated chronic inflammation. We measured levels of proteins critical for inflammation, immune responses, and tissue-remodeling processes. The nine single oils were distilled from Citrus bergamia (bergamot), Coriandrum sativum (cilantro), Pelargonium graveolens (geranium), Helichrysum italicum (helichrysum), Pogostemon cablin (patchouli), Citrus aurantium (petitgrain), Santalum album (sandalwood), Nardostachys jatamansi (spikenard), and Cananga odorata (ylang ylang). The essential oil blend (commercial name Immortelle) is composed of oils from frankincense, Hawaiian sandalwood, lavender, myrrh, helichrysum, and rose. All the studied oils were significantly anti-proliferative against these cells. Furthermore, bergamot, cilantro, and spikenard essential oils primarily inhibited protein molecules related to inflammation, immune responses, and tissue-remodeling processes, suggesting they have anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. Helichrysum and ylang ylang essential oils, as well as Immortelle primarily inhibited tissue remodeling-related proteins, suggesting a wound healing property. The data are consistent with the results of existing studies examining these oils in other models and suggest that the studied oils may be promising therapeutic candidates. Further research into their biological mechanisms of action is recommended. The differential effects of these essential oils suggest that they exert activities by different mechanisms or pathways, warranting further investigation. The chemical composition of these oils was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.

Simultaneous Germinal Vesicle Migration and Oil Droplet Coalescence Predict Final Oocyte Maturation in the Leopard Grouper

AbstractThe size of oocytes during germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) was revised for the Leopard Grouper Mycteroperca rosacea. Histology of ovaries, plasma levels of estradiol‐17ß (E2), and testosterone (T) were analyzed in Leopard Grouper at 0, 12, 16, and 24 h after a priming dose of 1,000 IU/kg body weight of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and were compared with control females injected with saline solution. Histological observations were verified in hormonally induced females by observing in vivo intraovarian biopsies after using the same priming dose and a second resolving dose of 500 UI/kg body weight of hCG 16 or 24 h later, which served to analyze spawning performance. Histological and in vivo intraovarian biopsies showed that in full‐yolk oocytes (~455 μm diameter) GVM and GVBD were concomitant with coalescence of a single oil droplet 16 and 24 h after the first injection. The oil droplet became a morphological marker as well as a predicting indicator of the competence and synchronization of maximum vitellogenic oocytes and the effectiveness to respond to hormonal therapy. In the experimental fish group E2 and T reached peaks at the same time, which were significantly higher than those in the controls. Mean fecundity was 168,000 eggs/kg, mean fertilization was 88%, and mean viability was 71% (114,000 eggs/kg), all of which were within the range of other cultivated groupers. These results can be used to improve the induction of final maturation in the Leopard Grouper in captivity and may be used in other species of Mycteroperca that show the same marker.

Iodine value determination of edible oils using ATR‐FTIR and chemometric methods

Iodine value (IV) was determined using Fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection and chemometric methods. A set of 245 oil samples were used for calibration purposes, and 76 samples were used for validation purposes. Models developed using full spectra partial least square (PLS), interval PLS (iPLS), forward interval PLS (fiPLS), and backward interval PLS (biPLS) algorithms were compared in terms of performance. Root‐mean‐square error of leave‐one‐out cross‐validation (RMSECV) of 2.68 and root‐mean‐square errors of prediction (RMSEP) of 2.73 were obtained using biPLS algorithm with spectra divided into 34 intervals and combinations of eight intervals (4000–3700, 3600–3400, 3200–3000, 2800–2700, 2300–2100, 1700–1600, 1500–1400, and 1100–1000/cm). This model had a correlation coefficient of 0.9885. In addition, sub‐models based on one oil type had higher performances (RMSECV = 0.24–0.76, RMSEP = 0.29–1.25) than the model based on all oil samples, which suggests that the IV model is oil‐type dependent. However, PLS could compensate for this error provided the calibration set covered enough oil types. The proposed method allowed a rapid determination of IV.Practical applications: IV determination is important for edible oils and oleochemicals. However, traditional wet chemical methods require toxic solvents and reagents. FTIR coupled with multivariate analysis can be used to measure IV. Most of the studies on IV determination using FTIR have focused on specific single oil types without interval selection. A general IV model that incorporates several oil types is expected to improve prediction performances. Therefore, the present method represents a rapid and accurate tool for measuring IV of edible fats and oils.An ATR‐FTIR method combined with interval optimization is described to determine the iodine value in edible oil. The RMSECV for the prediction of IV from isolated wavelength intervals are compared with full‐spectrum PLS model in GA. The result showed that interval optimization is effective in term of improved prediction performance of IV.

An MILP approach for detailed scheduling of oil depots along a multi-product pipeline

Oil depots along products pipelines are important components of the pipeline transportation system and down-stream markets. The operating costs of oil depots account for a large proportion of the total system’s operating costs. Meanwhile, oil depots and pipelines form an entire system, and each operation in a single oil depot may have influence on others. It is a tough job to make a scheduling plan when considering the factors of delivering contaminated oil and batches migration. So far, studies simultaneously considering operating constraints and contaminated oil issues are rare. Aiming at making a scheduling plan with the lowest operating costs, the paper establishes a mixed-integer linear programming model, considering a sequence of operations, such as delivery, export, blending, fractionating and exchanging operations, and batch property differences of the same oil as well as influence of batch migration on contaminated volume. Moreover, the paper verifies the linear relationship between oil concentration and blending capability by mathematical deduction. Finally, the model is successfully applied to one of the product pipelines in China and proved to be practical.

Effects of alternative oil sources in feed on growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)

To relieve the pressure on the future use of fish oil (FO), alternative oil sources need to be explored. Alternative oil sources were evaluated—Schizochytrium sp. (SZ) and soybean oil (SO)—on the growth performance and flesh quality of juvenile river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Five experimental diets differed in the types of oil used (oil comprised 3% of dietary ingredients): 3% FO, 1% SZ + 2% SO, 1.5% SZ + 1.5% SO, 2% SZ +1% SO and 3% SZ. After 60 d of the experiment, the survival rates of prawns fed non-FO diets did not significantly (p > 0.05) differ from those fed the FO diet (77.82 ± 4.45–93.38 ± 0.00%). Moreover, prawns fed diets containing both SZ and SO had significantly (p < 0.05) better growth performance than those fed a single oil source. Prawns fed 2% SZ+1% SO showed the best final weight, percentage weight gain, absolute daily weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) while those fed 1.5% SZ +1.5% SO or 3% SZ had the highest survival. Tissues of prawns fed the non-FO diets contained higher amounts of n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) but were lower in n−3 long-chain PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) than those fed the FO diet. Among the non-FO groups, prawns fed 3% SZ had the most similar flesh fatty acid profile to those fed 3% FO. Substitution of FO with combinations of SZ and SO significantly improved growth performance and feed utilization. The study recommended diets containing 2% SZ + 1% SO or 1.5% SZ + 1.5% SO for M. rosenbergii juveniles.

HYDROCARBON GENERATION POTENTIAL AND DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF SHALES IN THE CRETACEOUS NAPO FORMATION, EASTERN ORIENTE BASIN, ECUADOR

Marine shale samples from the Cretaceous (Albian-Campanian) Napo Formation (n = 26) from six wells in the eastern Oriente Basin of Ecuador were analysed to evaluate their organic geochemical characteristics and petroleum generation potential. Geochemical analyses included measurements of total organic carbon (TOC) content, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, pyrolysis — gas chromatography (Py—GC), gas chromatography — mass-spectrometry (GC—MS), biomarker distributions and kerogen analysis by optical microscopy. Hydrocarbon accumulations in the eastern Oriente Basin are attributable to a single petroleum system, and oil and gas generated by Upper Cretaceous source rocks is trapped in reservoirs ranging in age from Early Cretaceous to Eocene. The shale samples analysed for this study came from the upper part of the Napo Formation T member (“Upper T”), the overlying B limestone, and the lower part of the U member (“Lower U”).The samples are rich in amorphous organic matter with TOC contents in the range 0.71–5.97 wt% and Rock-Eval Tmax values of 427–446°C. Kerogen in the B Limestone shales is oil-prone Type II with δ13C of −27.19 to −27.45‰; whereas the Upper T and Lower U member samples contain Type II–III kerogen mixed with Type III (δ13C > −26.30‰). The hydrocarbon yield (S2) ranges from 0.68 to 40.92 mg HC/g rock (average: 12.61 mg HC/g rock). Hydrogen index (HI) values are 427–693 mg HC/g TOC for the B limestone samples, and 68–448 mg HC/g TOC for the Lower U and Upper T samples. The mean vitrinite reflectance is 0.56–0.79% R0 for the B limestone samples and 0.40–0.60% R0 for the Lower U and Upper T samples, indicating early to mid oil window maturity for the former and immature to early maturity for the latter. Microscopy shows that the shales studied contain abundant organic matter which is mainly amorphous or alginite of marine origin. Extracts of shale samples from the B limestone are characterized by low to medium molecular weight compounds (n-C14 to n-C20) and have a low Pr/Ph ratio (≈ 1.0), high phytane/n-C18 ratio (1.01–1.29), and dominant C27 regular steranes. These biomarker parameters and the abundant amorphous organic matter indicate that the organic matter was derived from marine algal material and was deposited under anoxic conditions. By contrast, the extracts from the Lower U and Upper T shales contain medium to high molecular weight compounds (n-C25 to n-C31) and have a high Pr/ Ph ratio (>3.0), low phytane/n-C18 ratio (0.45–0.80) with dominant C29 regular steranes, consistent with an origin from terrigenous higher plant material mixed with marine algae deposited under suboxic conditions. This is also indicated by the presence of mixed amorphous and structured organic matter. This new geochemical data suggests that the analysed shales from the Napo Formation, especially the shales from the B limestone which contain Type II kerogen, have significant hydrocarbon potential in the eastern part of the Oriente Basin. The data may help to explain the distribution of hydrocarbon reserves in the east of the Oriente Basin, and also assist with the prediction of non-structural traps.

Prospects of application of vegetable oils as antifungal agents (Literature review)

Purpose of work – to summarize and present modern scientific literature reviews of alternative antifungal agents usage, among which herbal medicines, and in particular herbal oils, may play significant role. Fungal infections (mycoses) are one of the leading infectious diseases in the world. Besides the medical importance, pathogenic fungi play a significant role in the food industry as potential pollutants. In order to treat fungal infections and to prevent food spoilage various medications that are products of chemical synthesis are widely used and the need for them increases significantly. However, among large number of medications and herbal drugs only a small part is used to treat fungal infections and to prevent food decay, though plants contain a lot of bioactive compounds with potential antifungal properties. Therefore, question of application of vegetable oils as antifungal agents is relevant. Various plants contain oils that have the potential antifungal properties, but are often used only in gastronomic purpose. The same time those oils can be successfully used for the treatment of candidiasis and infections caused by fungi of genera Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Fusarium, Metrhizium, Ophiostoma, Scopulariopsis and others. Their effects are manifested like using a single vegetable oil and mixtures of oils. Conclusions . Vegetable oils usage has big perspectives due to the lack of «addictive» effect and the development of resistance in fungi of different taxa. Vegetable oils do not require considerable investments for their reception, and thanks to traditions of aromo- and herbal medicine, their usage can be more effective in contrast to traditional chemotherapeutic agents. The search and study of new medicines based on vegetable oils may be a perspective direction of modern microbiological sciences and requires further deep studies of their biological properties and mechanisms of action.

Effects of essential oil (blended and single essential oils) on anti-biofilm formation of Salmonella and Escherichia coli

BackgroundBiofilms were the third-dimensional structure in the solid surface of bacteria. Bacterial biofilms were difficult to control by host defenses and antibiotic therapies. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella were popular pathogenic bacteria that live in human and animal intestines. Essential oils are aromatic oily liquids from plant materials and well known for their antibacterial activities.MethodThis study was conducted to determine effect of essential oil on anti-biological biofilm formation of E. coli and Salmonella strains in in vitro experiment. Two kinds of bacterial strains were separated from 0.2 g pig feces. Bacterial strains were distributed in 24 plates per treatment and each plates as a replication. The sample was coated with a Bacterial biofilm formation was.ResultPhotographic result, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella bacteria colony surface were thick smooth surface in control. However, colony surface in blended and single essential oil treatment has shown crack surface layer compared with colony surfaces in control.ConclusionIn conclusion, this study could confirm that essential oils have some interesting effect on anti-biofilm formation of E. coli and Salmonella strains from pig feces.

Bio-sanitation treatment using essential oils against E. coli O157:H7 on fresh lettuce

ABSTRACTThe study was undertaken to develop an effective bio-sanitation treatment using essential oils for the highly perishable leafy vegetable lettuce. The combination of thyme oil and tea tree oil mixed together had a significantly higher total phenolic content as well as higher antioxidant scavenging activity than other single oils or oil mixtures. Lettuce inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 showed significantly reduced population counts in the presence of the sanitation treatment of a combination of thyme + tea tree oil applied by dipping at 0.75% + 0.75% or 1.5% + 1.5% concentrations compared to commercial sodium hypochlorite (200 mg/L NaOCl) washing after 5 days shelf life at 10°C. These results indicate that thyme + tea tree oil dipping treatment could be used to control E. coli O157:H7 contamination in lettuce as an alternative to NaOCl.

Experimental investigation on Tensile property of Ricinus Communis L plant fiber to make polymer reinforced composites

Day by day demand has been increasing for light weight, high strength, high stiffed and eco-friendly composites in many engineering applications like Automobile, Aerospace, Structural etc. Natural fiber polymer composites are best suitable for making of light weight, high strength, stiffness and eco-friendly composites. Many engineers and researchers are working for the development and improvement of natural fiber reinforce polymer composites. The present work aims at introducing new natural fiber as reinforcement in polymer matrix. The method of fiber extraction is also presented. Cortex (Bark fibers) and Xylem (wood type) fiber of castor oil plant (Ricinus Communis L) are extracted. The tensile properties of single cortex fiber and single xylem fiber are tested as per the ASTM standards. The tensile strength of (323 MPa for 300 µm (0.3mm) diameter) single castor oil plant cortex fiber is comparatively very high as with the tensile strength (100 MPa for 300 µm (0.3mm) diameter) of the single castor oil plant xylem fiber. The preliminary studies of the fiber revealed that the fiber can be used as reinforcement for natural fiber composites.

Variability studies in F3 populations of sun flower

Two populations in F3 generation developed from cross between low oleic inbreds (COSF 1B and TNHSF 239-61-2-2-1) and high oleic (HO 5-13) inbred were studied to assess genetic variability among oil yield and its component traits. High PCV and GCV were recorded for oil yield and single plant yield in F3 population of COSF 1B x HO 5-13. Similarly, high PCV was also noticed for oil yield and single plant yield in F3 population of TNHSF 239-61-2-4-1 x HO 5-13. This revealed the presence of substantial magnitude of genetic variability in the experimental material and better scope for improvement of these traits. High heritability (˃60%) coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean (˃20%) was recorded by the traits viz. plant height, 100- seed weight, single plant yield, oleic acid content and oil yield in both populations. Non-significant skewness and kurtosis were observed for most of the oil yield contributing traits in both the populations indicating that the genotypes in the population exhibited normal distribution for the traits under study. Highly heritable characters viz. plant height, 100- seed weight, volume weight, single plant yield and oil yield could be improved through individual plant selection in subsequent generations. Hence selection based on these characters would contribute for the improvement of oil yield in sunflower.

Another look on the relationships between oil prices and energy prices

This paper employs the Quantile Autoregressive Distributed Lags (QARDL) model developed recently by Cho et al. (2015) to investigate the pass-through of oil prices to a set of energy prices. This approach allows analyzing simultaneously short-term connections and long-run cointegrating relationships across a range of quantiles. It also provides insights on the short-run predictive power of oil prices in predicting energy prices while accounting for the cointegration between oil prices and each of the considered energy prices in low, medium and high quantiles. Two key findings emerge from this paper. First, all considered energy prices are shown to be cointegrated with oil price across quantiles meaning that a stationaryequilibriumrelationship exists between single energy price and oil price. Second, we find evidence that oil price is a significant predictor of individual petroleum products prices and natural gas in the short run. This paper has important policy implications for forecasters, energy policy-makers and portfolio managers.

Understanding the Mechanisms of Decalin Hydroprocessing Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Chromatography

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) is a powerful technique for analyzing mixtures of hundreds of hydrocarbons. In the context of fuel upgrading through selective ring opening, we propose a methodology for GC × GC analysis of complex mixtures resulting from the hydroprocessing of a single model gas oil compound, decalin, over two different types of bifunctional catalysts based on a transition-metal sulfide (NiWS on amorphous silica–alumina) or a noble metal (Ir on La,Na–Y zeolite). The reactions lead to several products families, the dominant ones being ring-opening products (ROPs) and skeletal-isomerization products (SkIPs). First, it is shown that the ROP distribution can be characterized in terms of isomerization degree by using the cumulative distribution function of the GC × GC (GC Image) software. Second, in a more quantitative approach, the products families have been subdivided into chemical groups, according to the isomerization degrees of the individual compounds, which we...

Synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4-MPTMS-PLGA nanocomposites for anticancer drug loading and release studies

Magnetic nanocomposites (Fe3O4-MPTMS-PLGA) were synthesized by single oil emulsion method and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Particle size of nanocomposites was between 117 nm and 246 nm. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to investigate drug loading (paclitaxel, PTX) and release from Fe3O4-MPTMS-PLGA-PTX nanocomposites. The percentages of drug loading and encapsulation efficiency onto nanocomposites were found as 7.35 and 68.58, respectively. Cytotoxities of free anticancer drug and anticancer drug-loaded nanocomposites were determined by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. In vitro cell culture studies indicated that Fe3O4-MPTMS-PLGA-PTX had significant toxicity on MG-63 cancer cells.

Reducing the shell thickness of double emulsions using microfluidics

Double emulsion drops are well-suited templates to produce capsules whose dimensions can be conveniently tuned by adjusting those of the drops. To closely control the release kinetics of encapsulants, the composition and thickness of the capsule shell must be precisely tuned; this is greatly facilitated if the shell is homogeneous in its composition and thickness. However, the densities of the two drops that form the double emulsion are often different, resulting in an offset of the two drop centers and therefore in an inhomogeneous shell thickness. This difficulty can be overcome if the shell is made very thin. Unfortunately, a controlled fabrication of double emulsions with thin shells is difficult. In this paper, we present a microfluidic squeezing device that removes up to 93 vol% of the oil from the shell of water–oil–water double emulsions. This is achieved by strongly deforming drops; this deformation increases their interfacial energy to sufficiently high values to make splitting of double emulsions into double emulsions with a much thinner shell and a single emulsion oil drop energetically favorable. Therefore, we can reduce the shell thickness of the double emulsion down to 330 nm. Because this method does not rely on solvent evaporation, any type of oil can be removed. Therefore, it constitutes a new way to produce double emulsions with very thin shells that can be converted into thin-shell capsules made of a broad range of materials.

Design of A Single Tube Fuel Oil Preheater

ABSTRACTThis article presents design analysis of a fuel oil preheater. The preheater is a concentric tube heat exchanger where the fuel oil is on the tube-side and the heating medium flows in the annular space. Two situations were addressed in this study. In the first case, an analytical model was developed where the required heat exchanger length, diameter and the fluid velocity were determined for a given heat transfer duty and for an allowable pressure loss. A detailed study was conducted by individually varying parameters such as pressure loss, preheater discharge temperature, and mass flow rate of the fuel oil. In each instance their influence on the predicted design of the heat exchanger was investigated. In the second case, an optimization strategy was proposed for a certain heat transfer duty. The heat exchanger dimensions and the fluid flow rate were selected such that the annual operating cost of the heat exchanger was minimized. In addition, a detailed study was conducted to understand the total annual operating cost as a function of the fuel oil outlet temperature and the fuel oil mass flow rate.