Single Night Research Articles

Sex in an Old Regime City: Young Workers and Intimacy in France, 1660–1789

Sex in an Old Regime City: Young Workers and Intimacy in France, 1660–1789

Machine learning and geometric morphometrics to predict obstructive sleep apnea from 3D craniofacial scans

BackgroundObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) remains massively underdiagnosed, due to limited access to polysomnography (PSG), the highly complex gold standard for diagnosis. Performance scores in predicting OSA are evaluated for machine learning (ML) analysis applied to 3D maxillofacial shapes. MethodsThe 3D maxillofacial shapes were scanned on 280 Caucasian men with suspected OSA. All participants underwent single night in-home or in-laboratory sleep testing with PSG (Nox A1, Resmed, Australia), with concomitant 3D scanning (Sense v2, 3D systems corporation, USA). Anthropometric data, comorbidities, medication, BERLIN, and NoSAS questionnaires were also collected at baseline. The PSG recordings were manually scored at the reference sleep center. The 3D craniofacial scans were processed by geometric morphometrics, and 13 different supervised algorithms, varying from simple to more advanced, were trained and tested. Results for OSAS recognition by ML models were then compared with scores for specificity and sensitivity obtained using BERLIN and NoSAS questionnaires. ResultsAll valid scans (n = 267) were included in the analysis (patient mean age: 59 ± 9 years; BMI: 27 ± 4 kg/m2). For PSG-derived AHI≥15 events/h, the 56% specificity obtained for ML analysis of 3D craniofacial shapes was higher than for the questionnaires (Berlin: 50%; NoSAS: 40%). A sensitivity of 80% was obtained using ML analysis, compared to nearly 90% for NoSAS and 61% for the BERLIN questionnaire. The auROC score was further improved when 3D geometric morphometrics were combined with patient anthropometrics (auROC = 0.75). ConclusionThe combination of 3D geometric morphometrics with ML is proposed as a rapid, efficient, and inexpensive screening tool for OSA. Trial registration number: NCT03632382; Date of registration: 15-08-2018.

P305. A Single Night of Slow-Wave Sleep Disruption Improves Mood and Enhances Motivation in Anhedonic Depression

Sleep deprivation results in a robust antidepressant response in 50% of individuals with major depression (MDD), with anhedonia being a strong predictor of response. Although the mechanism of this antidepressant effect is not known, one potential candidate may be via the modulation of neuroplasticity. Sleep slow-wave activity (SWA) has been suggested to facilitate the homeostatic modulation of neuroplasticity; thus, in this study we aimed to examine if selectively reducing SWA via auditory stimulation could improve mood and motivation in individuals with MDD with anhedonia.

The EEG correlates and dangerous behavioral consequences of drowsy driving after a single night of mild sleep deprivation

ObjectiveHere, we investigated the behavioral, cognitive, and electrophysiological impact of mild, acute sleep loss via simultaneously recorded behavioral and electrophysiological measures of vigilance during a "real-world", simulated driving task. MethodsParticipants (N = 34) visited the lab for two testing days where their brain activity and vigilance were simultaneously recorded during a driving simulator task. The driving task lasted approximately 70 mins and consisted of tailgating the lead car at high speed, which braked randomly, requiring participants to react quickly to avoid crashing. The night before testing, participants either slept from 12am-9am (Normally Rested), or 1am-6am (Sleep Restriction). ResultsAfter a single night of mild sleep restriction, sleepiness was increased, participants took longer to brake, missed more braking events, and crashed more often. Brain activity showed more intense alpha burst activity and significant changes in EEG spectral power frequencies related to arousal (e.g., delta, theta, alpha). Importantly, increases in amplitude and number of alpha bursts predicted delays in reaction time when braking. ConclusionsThe findings of this study suggest that a single night of mild sleep loss has significant, negative consequences on driving performance and vigilance, and a clear impact on the physiology of the brain in ways that reflect reduced arousal. SignificanceUnderstanding neural and cognitive changes associated with sleep loss may lead to important advancements in identifying and preventing potentially dangerous sleep-related lapses in vigilance.

Combining Wake-Up-Back-to-Bed with Cognitive Induction Techniques: Does Earlier Sleep Interruption Reduce Lucid Dream Induction Rate?

Lucid dreaming offers the chance to investigate dreams from within a dream and by real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep. This state of consciousness opens a new experimental venue for dream research. However, laboratory study in this field is limited due to the rarity of lucid dreamers. In a previous study, we were able to induce in 50% of the participants a lucid dream in a single sleep laboratory night by combining a wake-up-back-to-bed (WBTB) sleep routine and a mnemonic method (Mnemonic Induction of Lucid Dreams, MILD). In three experiments, we tried to replicate our earlier findings while we adapted our procedure in shortening (Exp1–3: 4.5 vs. 6 h of uninterrupted sleep in the first half of the night), simplifying (Exp2: time-based wakening vs. REM wakening in the second half of the night), and applying another induction technique (Exp3: reality testing vs. MILD). In the three conditions, four out of 15 (26%), zero out of 20 (0%), and three out of 15 (20%) participants reported a lucid dream. Compared to the original study, the earlier sleep interruption seems to reduce the lucid dream induction rate. Furthermore, without REM awakenings in the morning, lucid dream induction failed, whereas reality testing showed a lower success rate compared to MILD. Further systematic sleep laboratory studies are needed to develop reliable techniques for lucid dream research.

Instrumental Music in Late Eighteenth-Century Naples: Politics, Patronage and Artistic Culture, by Anthony R. DelDonna

<i>Instrumental Music in Late Eighteenth-Century Naples: Politics, Patronage and Artistic Culture</i>, by Anthony R. DelDonna

Chronic venus ulcer pain reduction and full recovery by an autologous blood clot: A case study

Introduction: Venous Leg Ulcers (VLU) can be associated with severe pain, having a tremendous effect on the ulcer treatment and eventually the patient’s quality of life. Dressing removal and procedures are the main cause for VLU pain, however, background pain is common in chronic wounds, with numerous patients needing analgesics to manage the pain. ActiGraft is an autologous whole blood clot, created by the patient’s own peripheral blood, at a point of care to treat cutaneous wounds. ActiGraft mimics the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) by creating a protective scaffold, that promotes the acceleration of the wound healing process. Case study: We here by describe a case study of a 63-year-old patient who exhibits a 1-year-old VLU, that went under advanced treatments previously with no improvement. This was the result of the deterioration of a simple scratch that extended to a spreading wound, covering a large area of the shin. The patient experienced high pain levels and consumed large amounts of analgesics during the past year of his life, with no significant relief. The patient suffered severe pain and was unable to sleep for more than a 3 hour period, every single night. ActiGraft weekly application was able to change the pain form during the first treatment and followingly reduce the pain levels with a constant decrease in wound pain with every application. ActiGraft treatment was able to promote the healing process, achieving a complete wound healing after receiving 16 weeks of constant treatment. Discussion: Pain associated with VLU has a major effect on the patient’s quality of life and can significantly impact the ability to efficiently treat the ulcer. ActiGraft treatment progressed the wound toward complete healing and reduced the pain level from the wound, suggested to have an anti-inflammatory effect, which contributes to the reduction of pain levels and initiating the natural wound healing process. Conclusion: ActiGraft was found to have a significant effect in reducing wound pain levels, having an impact on the patient’s quality of life, and also progressing hard-to-heal wounds toward complete healing. This synergetic effect establishes ActiGraft as an effective wound healing product in patients with multiple comorbidities, who are suffering from severe background pain related to their wound. Keywords: VLU; autologous blood clot; pain.

Objective underpinnings of self-reported sleep quality in middle-aged and older adults: The importance of N2 and wakefulness

Study objectivesThe measurable aspects of brain function (polysomnography, PSG) that are correlated with sleep satisfaction are poorly understood. Using recent developments in automated sleep scoring, which remove the within- and between-rater error associated with human scoring, we examine whether PSG measures are associated with sleep satisfaction. Design and settingA single night of PSG data was compared to contemporaneously collected measures of sleep satisfaction with Random Forest regressions. Whole and partial night PSG data were scored using a novel machine learning algorithm. ParticipantsCommunity-dwelling adults (N = 3165) who participated in the Sleep Heart Health Study. InterventionsNone. Measurements and resultsModels explained 30% of sleep depth and 27% of sleep restfulness, with a similar top four predictors: minutes of N2 sleep, sleep efficiency, age, and minutes of wake after sleep onset (WASO). With increasing self-reported sleep quality, there was a progressive increase in N2 and decrease in WASO of similar magnitude, without systematic changes in N1, N3 or REM sleep. In comparing those with the best and worst self-reported sleep satisfaction, there was a range of approximately 30 min more N2, 30 min less WASO, an improvement of sleep efficiency of 7–8%, and an age span of 3–5 years. Examination of sleep most proximal to morning awakening revealed no greater explanatory power than the whole-night data set. ConclusionsHigher N2 and concomitant lower wake is associated with improved sleep satisfaction. Interventions that specifically target these may be suitable for improving the self-reported sleep experience.

Screening for sleep-disordered breathing in people with type 1 diabetes by combining polysomnography with glucose variability assessment

AimsThere are few published data on sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Here, we used a combination of polysomnography and glucose variability assessment to screen for SDB. MethodsIn a prospective, single-centre study, adults with T1DM underwent polysomnography and continuous glucose monitoring during a single night. We measured high glucose variability and the occurrence of a low or very low glucose level. Mild and moderate-to-severe SDB were defined as an apnoea-hypopnoea index above 5/h and 15/h, respectively. ResultsWe studied 46 patients (25 men; median age: 42 [35–54]; diabetes duration: 18 years [13–29]; body mass index (BMI): 24.8 kg/m2 [23.0–28.9]). SDB was present in 17 patients (37.0%) overall (mild SDB: n = 9; moderate-to-severe SDB; n = 8). When compared with the absence of SDB or mild SDB, moderate-to-severe SDB was associated with a higher BMI (29.8 kg/m2 [27.8–31.1]) and a longer diabetes duration (26 years [18–31]) but not with above-target glucose variability or more sleep disorder symptoms. Conversely, sleep disorder symptoms were not more frequent in patients with above-target glucose variability. ConclusionSDB was highly prevalent and associated with obesity. According to the methods used here, sleep disorders were not associated with above-target glucose variability or low glucose values.

“El Viudo De Pescado”

“El Viudo De Pescado”

Slow Wave Sleep of Elite and Nonelite Gymnasts Is Influenced by Weekly Training Hours, Not by Fitness Level.

This study aimed to determine the influencing factors of potential differences in sleep architecture between elite (EG) and nonelite (NEG) female artistic gymnasts. Twelve EG (15.1 [1.5]y old) and 10 NEG (15.3 [1.8]y old) underwent a nocturnal polysomnography after a regular training day (5.8 [0.8]h vs 2.6 [0.7]h), and, on a separate test day, they performed an incremental treadmill test after a rest day in order to determine physical fitness status. A multiple linear regression assessed the predictive value of training and fitness parameters toward the different sleep phases. Total sleep time and sleep efficiency (proportion of time effectively asleep to time in bed), as well as percentage of nonrapid eye movement sleep phase 1 (NREM1) and 2 (NREM2), slow wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement sleep (REM), during a single night were compared between EG and NEG using an independent-samples t test. Peak oxygen uptake influenced NREM1 (β = 1.035, P = .033), while amount of weekly training hours predicted SWS (β = 1.897, P = .032). No differences were documented between EG and NEG in total sleep time and sleep efficiency. SWS was higher in EG (36.9% [11.4%]) compared with NEG (25.9% [8.3%], P = .020), compensated by a lower proportion of NREM2 (38.7% [10.2%] vs 48.4% [6.5%], P = .017), without differences in NREM1 and REM. The proportion of SWS was only predicted by weekly training hours and not by training hours the day of the polysomnography or physical fitness, while NREM1 was linked with fitness level. Sleep efficiency did not differ between EG and NEG, but in EG, more SWS and less NREM2 were identified.

Short-term high nighttime temperatures pose an emerging risk to rice grain failure

Under currently projected global warming, heat waves are expected to become more frequent, and crops will be exposed to more extreme heat events during both day and night periods. It is well known that high daytime temperatures during flowering induce spikelet sterility in rice plants and directly reduce yields. However, the effects of short-term heat stress at night have not been well documented. Here, we investigated the effects of 1- to 3-night high nighttime temperatures at anthesis on rice spikelet fertility. We found that a single night high temperature of ∼32 °C just before anthesis induced spikelet sterility even in the absence of high daytime temperature. Fertile grain number was significantly decreased by a 3-night exposure to high temperatures of ≥30 °C, much lower than the reported threshold of 35 °C for heat-induced sterility during the daytime. Moreover, high nighttime temperature substantially exacerbated the sterility induced by high daytime temperature. These results indicate that short periods of high nighttime temperatures, which may be experienced during heat waves, will increase the risk of heat damage to rice yield and increase the uncertainty in predictions of future rice production. Sensitivity to high nighttime temperature differed among cultivars but was positively correlated with their sensitivity to high daytime temperatures. This suggests that concurrent improvement of tolerance to daytime and nighttime high temperatures may be possible through breeding.

Low sleep quality and morningness-eveningness scale score may impair ball placement but not kicking velocity in youth academy soccer players

ABSTRACT Purpose: The current study examined the possible relationships between one-off single night sleep metrics and subsequent kicking performance in a youth soccer context. Methods: Twenty-eight under-17 academy players (15.9 ± 0.8 years-old) completed a kick testing protocol consisting in 20 attempts, 18 m from the goal and against a goalkeeper. Four digital video cameras (240 Hz) allowed to determine 3-D approach run, lower limb and ball velocities. Two additional cameras (60 Hz) were used to calculate 2-D mean radial error, bivariate variable error and accuracy. Over 24 h prior to testing, players were monitored by wrist actigraphy to determine their sleep indices. Self-reported sleep quality, sleepiness and chronotype scale scores (Horne and Östberg morningness-eveningness questionnaire) were also collected immediately before kicking experiment. Results: Multiple linear regressions indicated that wake up time and chronotype contributed to 40% of mean radial error. Self-reported sleep quality influenced respectively on 19% and 24% of accuracy and bivariate variable error variances. Taken together self-reported sleep quality and wake up time explained 33% of accuracy (all p < 0.05). Indicators of kicking velocity were non-significantly correlated with sleep (r = −0.30–0.29; p > 0.05). Conclusion: One-off sleep measures showed some sensitivity to acutely detect inter-individual oscillations in kicking performance. Low perceived sleep quality, later wake up time and a chronotype toward evening preference seem either related to immediately subsequent worst ability of ball placement when kicking. Monitoring sleep-wake transition and perceived sleep quality may be important to help prevent acute performance declines in targeting the goal during kick attempts from the edge of penalty area.

Multinight Prevalence, Variability, and Diagnostic Misclassification of Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

RationaleRecent studies suggest that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity can vary markedly from night to night, which may have important implications for diagnosis and management.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess OSA prevalence from multinight in-home recordings and the impact of night-to-night variability in OSA severity on diagnostic classification in a large, global, nonrandomly selected community sample from a consumer database of people that purchased a novel, validated, under-mattress sleep analyzer.MethodsA total of 67,278 individuals aged between 18 and 90 years underwent in-home nightly monitoring over an average of approximately 170 nights per participant between July 2020 and March 2021. OSA was defined as a nightly mean apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) of more than 15 events/h. Outcomes were multinight global prevalence and likelihood of OSA misclassification from a single night’s AHI value.Measurements and Main ResultsMore than 11.6 million nights of data were collected and analyzed. OSA global prevalence was 22.6% (95% confidence interval, 20.9–24.3%). The likelihood of misdiagnosis in people with OSA based on a single night ranged between approximately 20% and 50%. Misdiagnosis error rates decreased with increased monitoring nights (e.g., 1-night F1-score = 0.77 vs. 0.94 for 14 nights) and remained stable after 14 nights of monitoring.ConclusionsMultinight in-home monitoring using novel, noninvasive under-mattress sensor technology indicates a global prevalence of moderate to severe OSA of approximately 20%, and that approximately 20% of people diagnosed with a single-night study may be misclassified. These findings highlight the need to consider night-to-night variation in OSA diagnosis and management.

In vivo mechanotransduction: Effect of acute exercise on the metabolomic profiles of mouse synovial fluid

ObjectiveExercise is known to induce beneficial effects in synovial joints. However, the mechanisms underlying these are unclear. Synovial joints experience repeated mechanical loading during exercise. These mechanical stimuli are transduced into biological responses through cellular mechanotransduction. Mechanotransduction in synovial joints is typically studied in tissues. However, synovial fluid directly contacts all components of the joint, and thus may produce a whole-joint picture of the mechanotransduction response to loading. The objective of this study was to determine if metabolic phenotypes are present in the synovial fluid after acute exercise as a first step to understanding the beneficial effects of exercise on the joint. Material and methodsMice underwent a single night of voluntary wheel running or standard housing and synovial fluid was harvested for global metabolomic profiling by LC-MS. Hierarchical unsupervised clustering, partial least squares discriminant, and pathway analysis provided insight into exercise-induced mechanotransduction. ResultsAcute exercise produced a distinct metabolic phenotype in synovial fluid. Mechanosensitive metabolites included coenzyme A derivatives, prostaglandin derivatives, phospholipid species, tryptophan, methionine, vitamin D3, fatty acids, and thiocholesterol. Enrichment analysis identified several pathways previously linked to exercise including amino acid metabolism, inflammatory pathways, citrulline-nitric oxide cycle, catecholamine biosynthesis, ubiquinol biosynthesis, and phospholipid metabolism. ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate metabolomic profiles of synovial fluid during in vivo mechanotransduction. These profiles indicate that exercise induced stress-response processes including both pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways. Further research will expand these results and define the relationship between the synovial fluid and the serum.

Quarreling After a Sleepless Night: Preliminary Evidence of the Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Interpersonal Conflict

Although poor sleep has been found to correlate with deteriorations in romantic relationships, its causal impact on interpersonal conflict has not previously been studied. Therefore, 30 couples were randomly assigned to either a single night of total sleep deprivation or a night of normal sleep to test the effects of sleep deprivation on couples’ conflict. After the experimental night, all participants discussed a topic of recurrent conflict for 15 min. We collected pre- and post-conflict measures of cortisol, self-reports of feelings, and satisfaction with the conflictual discussion. Multilevel analyses revealed higher cortisol levels during conflict and less positive affect prior to and after the conflict for sleep-deprived couples compared to couples in the control condition. These findings provide initial evidence for a causal negative impact of sleep deprivation on couples’ conflicts.

Overnight variation in tidal expiratory flow limitation in COPD patients and its correction: an observational study

BackgroundTidal expiratory flow limitation (EFLT) is common among COPD patients. Whether EFLT changes during sleep and can be abolished during home ventilation is not known.MethodsCOPD patients considered for noninvasive ventilation used a ventilator which measured within-breath reactance change at 5 Hz (∆Xrs) and adjusted EPAP settings to abolish EFLT. Participants flow limited (∆Xrs > 2.8) when supine underwent polysomnography (PSG) and were offered home ventilation for 2 weeks. The EPAP pressure that abolished EFLT was measured and compared to that during supine wakefulness. Ventilator adherence and subjective patient perceptions were obtained after home use.ResultsOf 26 patients with supine EFLT, 15 completed overnight PSG and 10 the home study. In single night and 2-week home studies, EFLT within and between participants was highly variable. This was unrelated to sleep stage or body position with only 14.6% of sleep time spent within 1 cmH2O of the awake screening pressure. Over 2 weeks, mean EPAP was almost half the mean maximum EPAP (11.7 vs 6.4 cmH2O respectively). Group mean ∆Xrs was ≤ 2.8 for 77.3% of their home use with a mean time to abolish new EFLT of 5.91 min. Adherence to the ventilator varied between 71 and 100% in prior NIV users and 36–100% for naïve users with most users rating therapy as comfortable.ConclusionsTidal expiratory flow limitation varies significant during sleep in COPD patients. This can be controlled by auto-titrating the amount of EPAP delivered. This approach appears to be practical and well tolerated by patients.Trial registration: The trial was retrospectively registered at CT.gov NCT04725500.

Circadian rhythm disturbance in agitation of Alzheimer's disease

AbstractBackgroundAgitation in Alzheimer’s Disease (Agit‐AD) is a major cause of burden for caregivers and may be driven by disrupted circadian rhythms and sleep. The circadian clock that generates these rhythms regulates patterns in mood, wakefulness, and other physiologic processes, such as body temperature and hormone levels. This project aims to examine if agitated AD subjects (AgitAD+) exhibit delayed circadian phase and lower rhythm strength compared to non‐agitated AD subjects (AgitAD‐) and healthy controls. We will additionally compare sleep amount, sleep quality, and degree of sleep disordered breathing among AgitAD+ vs. AgitAD‐ and healthy controls.MethodParticipants completed wrist actigraphy for one week to quantify rest/activity rhythms and sleep; consumed an ingestible, disposable temperature sensor for 1‐2 days to quantify core body temperature rhythms; and completed a single night of home sleep testing (HST). Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of AD and age 55‐90 years, and exclusion criteria include seizures, significant tremors, delirium, CPAP use for sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and circadian rhythm disorders. Due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, we implemented hybrid visits with telemedicine to limit in‐person interactions.ResultTo date, 26 participants have enrolled. There were no statistically significant differences observed in actigraphic sleep parameters between groups (Table 1). However, AgitAD+ participants had lower levels of activity in the morning and greater activity in the afternoon and evening (Figure 1). After adjustment for age, agitation was associated with lower activity in the morning and a trend towards greater activity in the afternoon and evening (Figure 2). This preliminary finding may suggest that AgitAD+ participants express lower and delayed activity rhythms. HST results show a trend toward less REM sleep and longer initial REM latency in the AgitAD+ group (Table 2). Updated results will be presented at AAIC (estimated 6‐10 additional participants).ConclusionThis study could provide evidence for CRD/sleep disturbance as a driver of Agit‐AD and could identify Agit‐AD subtypes who are most likely to from chronobiotic or sleep interventions.

Exploring the Solar System with the NOIRLab Source Catalog I: Detecting Objects with CANFind

Abstract Despite extensive searches and the relative proximity of solar system objects (SSOs) to Earth, many remain undiscovered and there is still much to learn about their properties and interactions. This work is the first in a series dedicated to detecting and analyzing SSOs in the all-sky NOIRLab Source Catalog (NSC). We search the first data release of the NSC with CANFind, a Computationally Automated NSC tracklet Finder. NSC DR1 contains 34 billion measurements of 2.9 billion unique objects, which CANFind categorizes as belonging to “stationary” (distant stars, galaxies) or moving (SSOs) objects via an iterative clustering method. Detections of stationary bodies for proper-motion μ ≤ 2.″5 hr−1 (0.°017 day−1) are identified and analyzed separately. Remaining detections belonging to high-μ objects are clustered together over single nights to form “tracklets.” Each tracklet contains detections of an individual moving object, and is validated based on spatial linearity and motion through time. Proper motions are then calculated and used to connect tracklets and other unassociated measurements over multiple nights by predicting their locations at common times, forming “tracks.” This method extracted 527,055 tracklets from NSC DR1 in an area covering 29,971 square degrees of the sky. The data show distinct groups of objects with similar observed μ in ecliptic coordinates, namely Main Belt Asteroids, Jupiter Trojans, and Kuiper Belt Objects. Apparent magnitudes range from 10 to 25 mag in the ugrizY and VR bands. Color–color diagrams show a bimodality of tracklets between primarily carbonaceous and siliceous groups, supporting prior studies.

Changes in ventromedial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity are correlated with increased risk-taking after total sleep deprivation

There is evidence indicating that people are more likely to take risks when they are sleep-deprived than during resting wakefulness (RW). The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) could have a crucial psychophysiological role in this phenomenon. However, the intrinsic patterns of functional organization of the human vmPFC and their relationship with risk-taking during sleep deprivation (SD) are unclear. This study investigated the relationship between functional connectivity in the vmPFC and cerebral cortex and the risk-taking tendency after SD. The study participants were 21 healthy college students who underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging twice in the resting state, once during RW and once after 36 h of SD. The vmPFC was analyzed bilaterally for functional connectivity between the regions of interest. Correlation analysis was performed to evaluate changes in functional connectivity between the vmPFC and the cerebral cortex and risk-taking before and after SD. A single night of SD produced a definite deficit in functional connectivity between the vmPFC and thalamus bilaterally and an increase in functional connectivity between the vmPFC and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the parietal lobe. We also found that the likelihood of risk-taking was positively correlated with increased functional connectivity between the vmPFC and dlPFC and negatively correlated with decreased functional connectivity between the vmPFC and thalamus bilaterally. These results demonstrate that lack of sleep substantially impairs functional connectivity between the vmPFC and the cerebral cortex, which in turn predicts the risk-taking behavior found after SD.