Single Microstrip Patch Antenna Research Articles

Development and Simulation of 26 GHz Beamforming Systems and Antenna Array 5G Network Base Stations

This paper focuses on designing a new structure of beamforming networks with an array antenna to control the beams. The 3×4 array antenna structure connects to the 3×3 Rotman lens beamformers to achieve this goal. The middle time delay line is around 14 mm. The design allows the x-axis to cover +25, 0, −25 degrees. Therefore, this work targets fifth generation (5G) application, which necessitates coverage in all directions by other base stations or users. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave software facilitates the simulation process. The design begins with a single microstrip patch antenna, designed to function as an array antenna resonating at 26 GHz. The half-lambda separation (λ/2) among antennas gives 13.8 dBi gain with S11<−10 dB. The final structure for beamforming networks has a gain of 14 dBi. This work uses the Roger 5880 substrate, which has a dielectric constant of 2.2, a loss tangent of 0.0009, and a thickness of 0.127 mm.

Simulation of High-Gain Microstrip Patch Antennas for 5G Applications

This paper presents a single-band Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) with L, T, and other suitable slots, specifically designed for high-gain performance in fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication systems. Incorporating these innovative slots onto a single rectangular patch antenna yielded substantial improvements in gain and bandwidth, addressing the requirements of 5G applications. The investigation was conducted within the Computer Studio Suite (CST) simulation environment, utilizing simulated structures to identify optimized slot dimensions. The performance and dimensions of the newly modified patch antennas are systematically assessed and compared against those of a previously developed single microstrip patch antenna and an array designed for operation at 28 GHz. The results of the proposed antennas exhibited significant gain and directivity, noticeable bandwidth, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), and efficiency at the selected resonance frequency. The successful implementation of this proposed design holds the potential to greatly simplify the integration of 5G applications into handheld devices.

Bandwidth Enhancement of Microstrip Antenna Using Dual Feed Line with Array 2x1 element for Radar Applications

Radar communication systems are needed to predict weather and other military needs. One of the important parameters required for a radar communication system is an antenna with high performance and broad bandwidth that can improve the resolution. The research proposes a single patch microstrip antenna that is rectangular and has a 8 GHz resonance frequency for radar applications that have high bandwidth and performance. The antenna was developed with two dual feed lines connected to the peradiation element with the 2x1 element array technique aimed at increasing the bandwidth of the frequency. The antenna is designed using a FR-4 substrate with a tangent loss of 0.0265, a dielectric constant ( |r) = 4.3, a substrat thickness (h) = 1.6 mm. The dimensions of the rectangular single patch microstrip antenna substrata are 20x20 mm2 and 35x35 mm2 for the dual feed line antenna design. Simulation results from the antenna development showed a 159.62% increase in bandwidth compared to the original antenna design. The reflection coefficient also increased from the original design antenna, which was -16.36 dB, to -25.64 dB or an increase of 56.72%. This antenna is very suitable and recommended to be applied as a receiver antenna on radar communications systems

A Compact Novel Quad Patch High Gain Triple Band Microstrip Antenna for 5G/6G mm Wave Applications

This paper presents a compact, novel, quad patch and triple band single substrate microstrip patch antenna for 5G/6G mm wave applications. The aim is to design an antenna within the K-band with three resonance frequencies at 24, 29, and 34 GHz. The antenna is designed on a volumetric dimension of 11×12.7×1.6 mm3. The substrate used is FR4 (dielectric constant 4.4), having a loss tangent of 0.0022. A microstrip line of width 1 mm for a 50 Ω impedance line is used to match with the load antenna, which has four rectangular connected patches. Patch dimensions come from standard antenna equations and simulation done on Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator software. Validation of simulated results is done through measurements on the prototype antenna. A substantial good agreement is found between the simulated and measured results. The gain of the proposed antenna is 6.16 dBi, with return loss being ≤-10 dB. Bandwidths are 1.1 GHz (23.8 - 24.9 GHz), 0.9 GHz (28.6 - 29.5 GHz), and 0.8 GHz (33.7 – 34.5 GHz), respectively. The far-field radiation characteristics of both E-plane and H-plane are also reported. The proposed design is suitable for mm wave applications, including smart vehicles, global positioning systems, radio frequency identifications, etc.

Design and Fabrication of a 2-Port Multiple Antenna System for mmWave Application

The next-generation wireless communication technology heading towards the mmWave band requires multiple antenna systems to achieve high diversity, high data rates, and reliability. The design of multiple antenna systems is always associated with the problem of mutual coupling between antenna elements. In order to achieve better system performance, the mutual coupling between the elements has to be minimized. This work basically aims to minimize the mutual interaction among the antenna elements. A 2-port multiple antenna system is presented, with the defected ground structure as a decoupling technique, in order to minimize the mutual coupling. The single microstrip patch antenna is initially designed to operate at 24 GHz; later, it is transformed into a 2-port multiple antenna system. The transformed 2-port multiple antenna is loaded with the defective ground structure. The designed antenna system is fabricated, and practical measurements are carried out. The isolation achieved with defective ground structure through simulation is −27dB, and the practical measured value is −40dB. The 2-port multiple antenna system performance is assessed through the following metrics: Envelope Correlation Coefficient(ECC), Diversity Gain(DG), and Channel Capacity Loss(CCL). For the proposed 2-port multiple antenna the obtained values of ECC, DG and CLL are 0.004, 9.99dB and 0.4 bit/s/Hz. The results of the simulated structure are in good agreement with the fabricated structure. The result shows that defective ground is the better technique to achieve isolation between the closely placed antennas. The defective ground structure is the simplest technique in comparison with other techniques, such as metamaterial, energy band gap etc. The major novelty of the work includes, the design of a 2-port multiple antenna system with single slot and achieving the isolation more than −47dB without affecting the antenna resonating frequency.

Antenna Array with Low Side Lobe Levels for MIMO Applications

Abstract: To design a single element microstrip patch antenna at a frequency of 4 GHz. A uniform planar array with 4 patch elements is designed. A non uniform planar array is designed to overcome the mutual coupling effect. Simulation of the designed uniform planar array and non uniform planar array antenna array is performed on HFSS tools. A single microstrip feed patch antenna element is designed at a frequency of 4 GHz. The substrate material used is Rogers 6002. A 2*2 array is designed by using 4 similar patch elements. The proposed model has dimensions of the substrate as 58mm x 68mm, the dimensions of the patch is 20mm x 22mm. For the proposed model slots are added to each patch with the dimensions 5mm x 1mm. The substrate material used is FR4 epoxy. It is further improved by changing the dielectric material variations, slot arm length variations, slot arm thickness variations.

Mutual Coupling Reduction of a Dual-Band Four-Port Patch Antenna With Co-Polarized Radiation Pattern by Controlling Electric Fields

In this paper, a novel design approach to decrease the mutual coupling (MC) of a single dual-band four-port microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with a co-polarized radiation pattern is proposed via characteristic mode analysis. Initially, the traditional MPA under mode 1 to mode 4 is theoretically studied. This proves that the four modes maintain a high MC of approximately -2 dB. To address this issue, shorting pins 1 and pins 2 are inserted below the radiator, leading to a more than 12 dB MC reduction between the two ports along the x-axis. After that, the MC between the two ports along the y-axis is deeply studied. This proves that the electric field nulls of the MPA could be moved near unexcited ports and reduce the MC by combining mode 1 with mode 2 (or mode 3 with mode 4). Hence, shorting pins 3 are loaded for mode combination and low MC. In addition, shorting pins 4 are loaded to reshape the radiated fields in the upper band. Moreover, the impedance matching and bandwidth are improved by cutting the ring slots. Finally, a four-port MPA is fabricated and tested. The results show that it has satisfactorily gained a low MC of below -15 dB between the four ports in dual bands. Meanwhile, it holds low-profile, single-layer, single-element, and co-polarized radiation pattern properties.

Electric-Field Null Bending of a Single Dual-Port Patch Antenna for Colinear Polarization Decoupling Using Characteristic Modes Analysis

A novel design concept for bending the electric-field nulls of a single dual-port microstrip patch antenna (MPA) for colinear polarization decoupling is proposed in this communication. Initially, the electric-field distributions of the traditional MPA are theoretically studied by using characteristic mode analysis (CMA). The results demonstrate that the of electric-field nulls could be bent by combining its two modes. Hence, when the antenna is excited at the left port, electric-field nulls could be formed around the right port. In contrast, electric-field nulls are formed on the left port for the MPA under excitation of the right port. Next, a set of shorting pins is loaded below the radiating patch. Hence, the MPA reallocates the resonant frequencies of these dual modes closely to each other and combines them for low mutual coupling. After that, the slot is cut on the radiator, aiming to improve the impedance matching over the operating band. With these arrangements, the mutual coupling of the MPA between dual ports is successfully decreased with good impedance matching. In final, the proposed MPA is fabricated and measured. Good agreement between the simulated and measured results is obtained, and it proves that the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\vert S_{11}\vert &lt; -10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB of the antenna is operated in a range from 5.3 to 5.54 GHz. Besides, the antenna maintains the low-profile, single-layer, and single-element properties. Most importantly, it has generated a broadside radiation pattern with the same polarization, and its isolation is satisfactorily enhanced to above 17 dB, which is much higher than the 3.5 dB of the traditional counterpart. Hence, it can be used for in-band full-duplex (IBFD) systems.

A low profile single feed compact dual-band penta-polarization agile microstrip antenna for interference mitigation in point to point link in Ultra-Dense environment

This study takes an antenna perspective approach to mitigate signal interference issues in ultra-dense environment along with communication and signal processing domain. A compact single layered dual-band penta-polarization agile microstrip patch antenna (MSA) using single feed is studied and proposed. Each band switches between five distinct polarization states. Additionally, the proposed antenna possesses a very low profile of less than 0.01λ (λ free-space wavelength). A square patch is enclosed by a square ring to attain two distinct reconfigurable frequency bands by using switching diodes and biasing networks. Orthogonal microstrip lines connected with a single coax feed are selectively chosen by biasing network to excite the adjacent patch edges to achieve dual linear polarization (LP). Circular polarization (CP) with dual sense of rotation at each band is attained by switchable diagonal-truncated corners of outer ring. Subsequently, 45° slant polarization is achieved by simultaneous activation of the orthogonal feed lines with equal phases and amplitude. A penta-polarized antenna prototype is designed and fabricated to operate at 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands respectively. Simulation results of all ten reconfigurable states are found to be consistent with the measurement.

A Novel Low-Profile Circularly Polarized Diversity Patch Antenna With Extremely Small Spacing, Reduced Size, and Low Mutual Coupling

A novel low-profile circularly polarized (CP) diversity patch antenna with extremely small edge-to-edge distance, reduced size, and low mutual coupling is proposed under dual modes. Initially, the single microstrip patch antenna (MPA) is theoretically investigated by using characteristic mode analysis. It demonstrates that a large number of radiative modes, i.e., CM1 to CM7, are excited for the traditional MPA. By selecting its quarter patch configuration with shorting pins, only a few modes, i.e., CM2 and CM7, could be resonated for the quarter patch antenna (QPA). Meanwhile, their nonbroadside radiated fields could be transformed into the broadside radiation. Particularly, the polarizations of CM2 and CM7 are maintained orthogonally with each other. Next, a linear slot is etched on the patch to reduce the magnitude ratio between <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\vert E_{\mathrm {\theta }}\vert $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\vert E_{\varphi }\vert $ </tex-math></inline-formula> components. After that, the resonant frequency of CM7 is moved closely to that of CM2 for nearby 90° phase difference. With these arrangements, the compact CP performance is acquired by combining its CM2 and CM7. Furthermore, a pair of QPAs with CP diversity is deeply studied. The results prove that the antenna has successfully acquired both of left-handed CP (LHCP) and right-handed CP (RHCP) performances at dual ports. Moreover, the low mutual coupling between them is generated under extremely small spacing. In final, the proposed antenna is fabricated and tested. Both of LHCP and RHCP patterns are formed of around 4.785 GHz. Besides, the proposed antenna occupies the small overall volume <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.023\lambda _{\mathrm {g}}^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{\mathrm {g}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the guided wavelength), that is only half of the traditional patch ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.045\lambda _{\mathrm {g}}^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ), and maintains the isolation as high as about 24 dB under extremely small distance (0.3 mm).

Design of Low Profile Cylindrical Conformed Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wideband Operation

This work is proposed a single layer wideband conformal microstrip patch antenna with low profile suitable for airbone application. Semicircular shape slots located at the corners of the patch and center of the length of the patch along with a partially cut ground plane are utilized to improve the impedance bandwidth of the patch antenna over the standard rectangular patch. The antenna exhibits passband characteristics across multiple bands with fractional impedance bandwidth (VSWR < 2) of about more than 113% with an operating range 4.31–15.691 GHz for the proposed planar and 114% bandwidth with frequency range 4.37–16 GHz for the cylindrical antenna configuration (covering C, X, and Ku bands). Radiation characteristics of both planar and the cylindrical conformed versions of the antenna in both E and H planes are also presented for the corresponding resonant frequencies within the operating frequency range. The effect of the radius of curvature on the resonance curve is also analyzed for the cylindrical conformal patch antenna.

Octagonal Microstrip Patch antenna array with gain enhancement for WiMAX and WLAN Applications

An octagonal microstrip patch antenna is presented in this paper. A small sized microstrip patch antenna with a high gain has been the focusing point of so many researches over the years. Microstrip patch antenna is basically known to have a low gain as a result various techniques are carried out in order to enhance the gain. In this work, a single patch octagonal microstrip patch antenna and a 1x2 octagonal patch antenna array are designed and the effects are studied. The structure is designed on four different substrates FR4, Duroid, Arlon and Rogers substrate materials. Copper is used as the patch and ground material. The antenna is designed on a small substrate material and it is probe fed. The simulated results of the array reveals a gain increase of 6.25dB from 3.6dB of the single patch on the FR4 substrate. The simulated results of the antenna in terms of reflection coefficients, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and gains realized showed that the antenna has prospective applications for 4.6 and 5.9GHz applications. Conclusively, the antenna with the FR4 substrate shows the best antenna performance in terms of Gain and Return loss and its operating frequency falls under the WiMAX and WLAN range compared to the other substrates. The tool used for the design and simulation is the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) microwave studio.

A Slotted Single Feed Circularly Polarized Microstrip Patch Antenna with Suppressed Surface Wave Losses for WLAN Applications

The circularly polarized microstrip antenna has been of great importance in WLAN applications. A circularly polarized slotted circular patch antenna with co-axial feed geometry has been designed to meet the requirements. The antenna designed has been slotted at several locations to make it radiate circularly polarized radiation. Two metallic cylindrical vias have been inserted near the two diametric ends of the slot to improve the realized gain of the antenna. The antenna structure is resonating at 6.4 GHz with 3dB axial ratio bandwidth of 200MHz and gain of 9.8dB has been observed.

Design and Analysis of A Microwave Dual Band Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) for Wireless Communication Applications

This paper presents the design and simulation of a microstrip patch antenna (MPA) which is modeled by placing several rectangular copper layer with conductive characteristics on a substrate material with dielectric constant 3.0 and 22x18x1 mm3 geometry. This microstrip path was designed with copper material which had a very thin thickness for patch and ground. In this study, a change in resonance frequency and return loss characteristics were observed for several substrate thickness values. The radiation characteristics of the single and dual band microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are analysed in the frequency range of 5 &amp;amp;ndash; 25 GHz. The microstrip patch antenna (MPA) radiate at a frequency of 15.32 GHz with -45 dB return loss. For the designed single and dual band MPA design, some electromagnetic properties such as return loss, surface current and radiation patterns were simulated. The characteristic of goods and chattels of the proposed antenna are analyzed by using the software CST Microwave Studio.

The Effect of Split Ring Resonator (SRR) Metamaterials on the Bandwidth of Circular Microstrip Patch Antennas

A microstrip patch antenna is one type of antenna that is currently widely used in wireless communication systems. This antenna is an option because it has several advantages, such as its lightweight, small size and easy to fabricate. However, one of the disadvantages of this antenna is the narrow bandwidth. In this study, bandwidth will be increased in a single circle microstrip patch antenna. This increase in bandwidth aims to make the antenna designed to work for LTE band 3 applications with a frequency range of 1710-1880 MHz. Increasing bandwidth can be done using the Split Ring Resonator (SRR) Metamaterial. Antenna simulation and optimization were carried out using 3D electromagnetic simulator using FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm and a dielectric constant of 4.3. Based on the simulation results, obtained antenna bandwidth of 310 MHz with a frequency range of 1620 - 1930 MHz for return loss of less than -10 dB. The antenna gain is around 2.1-2.5 dBi with directional radiation patterns. It can be concluded that this antenna can be used for LTE band 3 applications.

Design and Performance Characteristics of Ircular Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays

In wireless communication era, we need the antennas with low profile, light weight, planar but can meet the characteristics of non-planar structures, with ease of fabrication, flexibility in terms of electromagnetic parameters like radiation pattern, gain, impedance, polarization etc. Microstrip patch antennas, which come at low cost, size, good performance, ease of installation and easy integration to circuits, high efficiency, are suitable in that context. The Principle of slot is used on the patch which decreases the radius of the circular patch antenna, so as to reduce the size. In this work various Ircular microstrip patch antenna arrays are intended for the application of WLAN and Wi-Max at 2.4GHz for the improvement of gain. Single microstrip patch antenna and planar arrays of 1x2 and 2x2 ircular microstrip patch antennas are designed using strip line feeding technique and simulated on FR4 substrate. The planar antenna arrays are simulated using the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software version v17.2 and the parameters like gain, return loss, Bandwidth and VSWR are evaluated at 2.4GHz frequency and the same are presented.

Performance Comparison of Evolutionary Algorithms in the Design of a Hand-Pump Shape Microstrip Antenna for 5G Applications

In this work, a single element hand-pump shape microstrip patch antenna working at 3.4 GHz–3.8 GHz for future 5G applications is proposed. The overall dimensions of the proposed antenna are 34 mm × 28 mm × 1.6 mm. In order to obtain the desired bandwidth, three rectangular slots are etched from the radiating element along with the utilization of the defected ground structure. To optimize the geometrical parameters of the proposed antenna, performance comparison of various optimization techniques viz. Particle Swarm Optimization, Bat algorithm, Differential Evolution, and Artificial Bee Colony algorithm are presented. The performance of the antenna is analyzed with the help of S-parameter, gain, and radiation efficiency. The proposed antenna is resonant at 3.6 GHz with an impedance bandwidth of 400 MHz and the radiation efficiency of 74 %, which is quite appropriate for a single element 5G antenna. Further, the suggested antenna is fabricated and experimentally tested for the validation of results.

Design, Simulation and Fabrication of Multiband Antenna using HFSS

Microstrip antennas are popular because of their low profile, light weight and low cost but narrow bandwidth and gain are the main disadvantages of this antenna. In this paper Multiband Octagonal Patch Antenna has been designed by ring slot technique for working in nine different frequencies presented in multi band C-band, X-band, Ku-band, K-band, Ka-band, Q-band and U-bands. Main applications of these bands are used in terrestrial microwave communications. In this research work, the performance of octagonal patch antenna operating at 7 different bands is analyzed. The Design methodology of the proposed research carried in 2 major modules. 1. Design of Single Octagonal Ring Slot antenna, 2. Design of Double Octagonal Ring Slot antenna. In the first design a single octagonal ring slot microstrip patch antenna is developed which resonates at six frequencies of five different frequency bands of C-band, Ku-band, K-band, Q-band and U-bands. In the second design a double octagonal ring slot microstrip patch antenna is developed which resonates at nine frequencies of six different frequency bands of X-band, Ku-band, K-band, Ka-band, Q-band and U-bands. The proposed antenna has been simulated by HFSS and measured by combinational analyzer.

Design of Microstrip Antenna Single Patch Semi Circular at 2.4 GHz Frequency with Inset Feed Method

The use of technology using cable has now been replaced by wireless communication technology, where most users use access point devices that have a limited emission range because on omnidirectional radiation, so we need an antenna that has a directional radiation pattern for a more directed emission range. Semi circular single patch microstrip antenna with inset feed method is one that can be used for this problem. In this final project, microstrip antennas can be applied to WLAN systems. The results of the test found that the antenna can work at a frequency of 2.4570000 GHz. And besides that, also obtained a return loss of -25.68 dB, VSWR of 1.122 dB, bandwidth of 84.250000 MHz, Gain of 13.96 dBi, Average LOS (Line Of Sight) of 24.73 Mbps for uploads and 10.37 Mbps for downloads, Average NLOS (Not Light of Sight) of 14.34 Mbps for uploads and 7.78 Mbps for downloads, Distance testing along 130 meters of LOS conditions and 140 meters of Lossess conditions, the results obtained are feasible to be implemented on wifi systems and other communication systems with a 2.4 GHz frequency.

Broad Band Microstrip Patch Antenna Based on Foam-Filled and One Open Slot on Backward of Radiating Layer

A broadband microstrip patch antenna, loaded E-U-shaped open slot on backward of radiating layer is proposed and experimentally investigated. The antenna employs a foam-filled dielectric substrate, whose dielectric constant is within the lower end of the range. The proposed antenna has been designed for electromagnetic analysis including the impedance bandwidth, reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, and antenna gain. The open slot is loaded on the back radiated layer, which is perpendicular to the radiating edge of the oblong microstrip patch component, where the symmetric line feed is selected. This new technique used to increase the bandwidth and the gain of antenna through increasing current path by slot location, width and length on backward of radiating Layer. The main structure in this research was a single microstrip patch antenna planar with three layers operating at two resonant frequencies 4.440 GHz and 5.833 GHz. All the simulated results are confirmed by two packages of electromagnetism simulation. An impedance bandwidth (S11 ≤ −10 dB) up to about 41.03% and 30.61% is achieved by individually optimizing its parameters. The antenna exhibits nearly stable radiation pattern with a maximum gains of 8.789 dBi and 9.966 dBi, which is suitable for Wi-Fi Band, satellite communications, and wireless presented. Whereas the results before this design that we have a proof of publication are 36.17% and 28.43%.