Single Labor Market Research Articles

ТРУДОВА МІГРАЦІЯ ЯК ЧИННИК ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ РИНКУ ПРАЦІ

The article presents the study results of the labor migration impact on the social and economic development of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to identify the opportunities and threats associated with labor migration and to formulate mechanisms that will facilitate the integration of the domestic labor market into the EU labor market. The study was conducted through the processing of the Ukrainian legislation, as well as international conventions of other normative acts, scientific publications on labor relations and migration, data of state statistics. As a result of the study, the reasons for the intensification of labor migration, the main areas of employment of the Ukrainians abroad are determined. The research showed that the main reason for labor migration is the lack of jobs and low wages. The common risks of migrant workers labor and social rights violation, such as informal employment, discrimination in wages, etc. are analyzed. The research identified opportunities and threats for migrants and society caused by the labor migration. More over, working abroad allows an individual not only to improve the financial position, but also to get new knowledge anf obtain professional skills, thus, increasing his own value in the labor market. The labor and social rights protection mechanism of the Ukrainians working abroad is offered. Further wage level increase, the development of small and medium-sized businesses, and the vocational training quality improvement will contribute to minimizing the possible negative consequences of labor migration for the society. The implementation of the mechanisms proposed in the article will contribute to the integration of the Ukrainian labor market into the EU’s single labor market, allowing Ukrainian citizens to equal successfully realization of their professional and career ambitions both in their own country and abroad.

Transformation of Pension Systems in the Countries of Eurasian Economic Union

Current integration processes, develop actively on the territory of Eurasian Economic Union (EEU). A single labour market has been created. Building a model of social interaction between the State Parties of EEU is crucial for the development of longterm strategy of the EEU. The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (2014) provides identifying factors, threats and potential areas of cooperation between the EEU countries in the sphere of pension services. This identification requires systematizing the key indicators of EEU national pension systems. There is a necessity to improve not only the pension system of every country individually but also to search the possibilities for their coordination in the future. From the beginning of 1990th, in all EEU countries, the pension systems have been establishing and developing. The authors present the brief review and comparative analysis of these systems. We identify their similarities and differences according to set criteria and determine possible areas for integration of pension systems in EEU. We consider both the socio-economic parameters (including retirement age, amount of pension payments, pension payment procedures and pattern of pension payments) and the demographic features of the EEU countries. The paper systematizes the macroeconomic and population indicators. On their basis, we reveal the opportunities and risks for the EEU countries cooperation in the sphere of pension system. To investigate the pension systems of EEU countries, we applied the methods of logical, comparative and statistical analysis. The results of this study indicate that the coordination of the pension systems of EEU countries needs cooperation in four directions. First of all, it is necessary to elaborate the single principles of social guarantees for retirees. Secondly, there is a need to ensure guaranteed retirement income. Thirdly, single basic approaches for the regulation of investment activities of pension funds should be elaborated. Last, single data bank for pension provision can be created.

The Eurasian Economic Union: Migration Risks

The phenomenon of contemporary migration is seen as a socio-economic and political phenomenon, with multinational and global in nature, contributing to the process of international division of labour complex structural changes and global transformation. Risks of migration processes in the framework of the Eurasian economic Union (EEU) are studied from the point of view of three of the participants: migrants, countries of disposal and countries of arrival. Exploring the process of a single labour market in the conditions of the Eurasian space within the EEU guaranteed by the EEU Treaty and representing the form and manner of integration of the Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Armenia. The question is raised about adequate migration policy, is necessary not only to minimize due to migration risks, but also to use the positive potential of migration for development of the Russian state. Analyzed the risk factors associated with the movement of the labour market. The question about the necessity of in-depth scientific analysis of the socio-cultural risks the formation of a single market labor EAEC, the development of rapid and long-term measures to prevent and neutralize internal and external threats. It is proposed to consider a single labour market as one of the main sources of innovation development and competitive advantages of the EEU, the expansion of ethnic and cultural diversity of the countries-participants of the EEU DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4p451

How Much Slack Is in the Labor Market? That Depends on What You Mean by Slack

Estimates of labor market slack can diverge a great deal depending on how slack is defined. We calculate slack using five different concepts that all focus on a single labor market indicator, the unemployment rate. We show that the estimates all provide useful—but different—information. We argue that choosing the best measure of slack depends on the question being asked. If the question is, "Has the unemployment rate reached its new longer-run normal level?" then our answer is, "Almost." But significant uncertainty surrounds the estimates; and others may wish to consider additional labor market indicators.

Income taxes and the destination of movers to multistate MSAs

We examine how differences in state income tax rates, as well as other state and local taxes and public service expenditures, influence the choice of state of residence for households (federal tax filers) moving into multistate metropolitan areas (MSAs) using data from the IRS on the migration of taxpayers. MSAs that are on borders provide a spatial discontinuity—discrete differences in state tax rates within a single labor market. These MSAs allow residents to live in one state and work in another state. We find that differences in state income tax rates have a significant impact on the relative rate of migration to the states within an MSA. However, contrary to what would be expected, this impact is only significant in MSAs in which the filing state is based on employment (states without reciprocity) and not for those states in which the filing state is the state of residence (states with reciprocity). In MSAs where states do not have reciprocity agreements, a difference of ten percent in tax rates leads to a 4.1 percent difference in the relative rate of incoming taxpayers. Analogously, we find that a ten percent difference in state tax rates in these MSAs results in a 3.3 percent difference in the rate of tax base inflow (AGI). Our results suggest that one reason that differences in state income taxes appear to have more impact in multistate MSAs without reciprocity is that only relatively large differences in state income tax rates have any impact on migration and these differences are much more pronounced in MSAs without reciprocity.

The social dimension of 1992: Europe faces a new EC

Preface An Introduction to the European Community: Its Institutions and Policies The 1992 Initiative: Its Genesis, Scope, and Purpose Europeans at Work: The Current Situation in the Member States The Social Dimension: Its Relationship to the 1992 Initiative The Politics of the Social Dimension What 1992 Means for European Women Industrial Democracy: The Social Charter and the European Company Statute The Overlooked Parts of the Social Dimension: Health and Safety, Atypical Work, and Social Fund Toward a Single Labor Market: The Free Movement of Employees The Meaning of the Social Dimension for the Future of European Integration Appendix Bibliography Index

Single European Labour Market Equality between Women and Men

The purpose of this article is to assess the likely effects of the Single European Market on women′s positions in the labour market. It is expected that for employment in the Community as a whole there will be a “j‐curve” evolution and a redistribution across sectors, industries, geographical regions and groups of people with different socio‐economic characteristics. Because of their lower levels of educational and skill attainment and their unequal opportunities for mobility, women are not expected to get an equitable share of the benefits, while they are most likely to bear a disproportionate part of the costs. Only if women are offered opportunities to improve substantially their educational and skill levels and if the necessary institutional changes are implemented, can they take advantage of the challenges of the new era that is coming.

THE SINGLE EUROPEAN MARKET: DOES LABOUR MOBILITY MATTER?

The Single European Market (SEM) represents the final stage in the process of economic integration of trade in goods and services and the free movement of individuals in the European Community (EC). The discussion of the benefits of the SEM has been concentrated primarily on the extent to which the elimination of non‐tariff barriers will lead to greater economic efficiency. The progress in the creation of a single labour market within the EC is reviewed and the relationship between labour mobility and migration in order to assess the impact of the free movement of labour. It is argued that internal migration will generally fall due to the free mobility of capital. Where labour embodies significant human capital however, migration is expected to rise in response to the removal of barriers.

General Equilibrium Wage and Price Distributions

This paper extends models of search market equilibrium to incorporate general-equilibrium considerations. The model we treat is one with a single product market and a single labor market. An equilibrium distribution of prices and wages is the result of optimal price- and wage-setting behavior by firms in conjunction with optimal search by individuals. We prove the existence of a degenerate equilibrium and of a two-point dispersion equilibrium.

Price controls in an open economy

Wage and price controls have been increasingly called for as Western economies have experienced periods of stagflation. Part of their attractiveness has been due to the belief that they are an appropriate instrument to deal with a country's unsatisfactory balance-of-payments position. This paper evaluates the appropriateness of an incomes policy in an open economy. An optimally structured incomes policy, derived for a simple inflation model, is examined under alternative exchange rate regimes. The model, in the tradition of models by Gordon, Hicks, and Okun, is characterized by two output markets-one a flexible price market and one characterized by markup pricing-and by a single labor (input) market. This model is then used as the constraint set in a dynamic optimization problem. Both analytical and simulation results are presented. The results suggest that a direct price control program is not appropriate in an open economy.

Educational and Occupational Differentiation in a New Country: The Case of the Cameroun

Previous articleNext article No AccessEducational and Occupational Differentiation in a New Country: The Case of the CamerounRemi ClignetRemi Clignet Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Economic Development and Cultural Change Volume 25, Number 4Jul., 1977 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/450983 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1977 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUPPLY CURVE OF WORKING HOURS 1

IN a recent issue of this Journal (March 1968), Professor M. S. Feldstein published a paper on 'Estimating the Supply Curve of Working Hours'. He commenced by suggesting that previous empirical studies in this field had foundered on the identification problem. That is, it had by no means been proven that the regressions of hours worked on a measure of the wage rate were an estimate of the supply curve, rather than of the demand curve, or some mixture of the two. As a solution to the problem he suggested two alternatives. (a) 'Including additional explanatory variables in the equation to account for shifts of the supply curve between different observations. For example, in an inter-industry study each observed average number of hours worked may reflect not only hourly earnings, but also the percentage of women employees and the percentage of workers less than thirty years old. If these were the only systematic factors which caused inter-industry differences in the supply function, including them in a regression equation would have the same effect as using a sample of observations which related to a single curve.' Feldstein then stated that the lack of relevant data made this approach impossible. His second suggestion was: (b) 'The . . . method requires a sample of observations drawn from a single labour market, i.e. relating to a single supply curve rather than to several curves. (More generally, it is only necessary that the differences between the supply curves in the sample are small relative to the differences between the demand curves.) . . . A regression line is then appropriately regarded as an estimate of the supply function.' This latter was the approach that Feldstein used in the paper. His results were, on the whole, insignificant, but the tendency towards negative coefficients found in earlier studies had been considerably weakened. He suggested that if an even more homogeneous sample were used, the results might show a positively sloping supply curve. The aim of this paper is to discuss these two approaches to indentification and to emphasize, in particular, the problem of whether a homogeneous sample can identify supply. Method (a), of developing a more complete supply function, would appear to be the best approach, if the data were available. However,