Single Labor Market Research Articles

Влияние трудовой миграции на технологическое развитие стран ЕАЭС

The formation of a single labor market in the EAEU creates new opportunities and risks for national economies: the free movement of labor resources within the integration association affects not only the level of wages or employment, but also leads to more complex, complex consequences for donor and recipient countries. Using correlation analysis, the paper verifies the hypothesis that the reverse spillover effect associated with the return of migrant workers to their home countries contributes not only to the growth of value added in labor donor countries, but also stimulates demand for new technologies and services, which ultimately leads to an increase in the level of technological development of EAEU countries. As a result of the analysis, it was found that there is no statistically significant relationship between the variables under study – labor migration does not have a significant impact on the level of technological development of the EAEU countries. The results of the study can be used to develop a strategy of technological development of the EAEU countries, taking into account the parameters of external labor migration.

Education as an investment in the development of countries’ economies

The research topic is relevant due to the fact that the education system belongs to one of the main and important areas of sustainable development and improvement of countries. The purpose of the research topic is to reflect the role and attraction of investment in education as one of the main factors of sustainable economic growth and development, both of individual enterprises and society as a whole. The article reflects the importance and value of obtaining highquality education of the population at all levels of education. In the process of conducting research, it was revealed and noted that in order to improve the quality of education, it is necessary to attract investments in the form of investments. During the research, various methods and techniques were used, the main of which are: analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, economic and statistical analysis, etc. The research materials of the scientific research were statistical data of the Eurasian Economic Union 2017–2021. According to the results of the research, the main ways of increasing the level of education, which has an impact on improving the quality of human capital: the formation of a single labor market in the Eurasian space, attracting investment in education, which will contribute to the growth of qualified and competitive personnel. Despite the fact that the issues of attracting investment in education as a basis for economic development are considered in the works of many academic economists, this problem is still relevant.

Digital transformation of social protection systems in the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union

Information technologies are becoming an important part of the socio-economic development of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union in modern conditions. The formation of a single labor market and the free movement of labor are the defining provisions of the Treaty on the Establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union, requiring coordinated actions of states in the social sphere. In this regard, the use of digital technologies contributes to ensuring simplified access of citizens of the member States of the Union to interstate information resources and digital services. However, as of today, the creation of common information resources of the Eurasian Economic Union in the field of social protection is not stipulated. The Union member states are forming and maintaining national information resources. Using the formal legal method, system analysis, and the method of comparative law, the author analyzes the development of legal regulation of relations related to the introduction of information technologies in the social protection systems of the Union member states. Taking into account the importance of further development of interstate interaction, the article considers the emerging practices of the use of information technologies by the member states in social protection systems. The results show that the digital transformation of the social protection system is considered by the member states of the Union as an important development factor influencing the improvement of the quality of life of citizens.

Trade liberalization and wages: Evidence from the closer economic partnership arrangement between mainland China and Hong Kong

This paper studies the impact of tariff cuts on workers’ wages in a single labor market by examining the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) trade liberalization, in which China unilaterally eliminated hundreds of tariffs on Hong Kong’s goods in 2004. Utilizing five Hong Kong censuses from 1996 to 2016, we find consistent result that a one-sided tariff concession leads to an increase in the monthly wage of affected workers, averaging between 5.75% and 6.84%. Moreover, we explore the possibility that the effects of exposure to CEPA may be heterogeneous along several dimensions. The workers who benefited the most were more educated, in higher-skilled occupations, Mandarin-speaking, near retirement, or just starting their careers. Surprisingly, we found no increase in employment in the treated industries. We conclude that tariff cuts’ wage impact and, hence, their impact on wage inequality, depend on the local labor market composition and structure.

PROSPECTS FOR THE RELATIONSHIP OF EEU MEMBER STATES IN THE SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT

The relationship between countries, both from the early and modern times, occupies an essential place in the life of every state and society. As modern practice shows, the formation of various state and social institutions, creation of unions, technical progress of the world economic system, are closely connected with the processes of «globalization» and «integration». In this regard, the issue of deeper integration in the EAEU space within the scientific and educational context becomes important. The article draws attention to the creation of a unified scientific, educational, and cultural, information space within the «Eurasian Economic Community», which will serve as the basis for the formation of a single labor market and will contribute to the training of practically qualified specialists. Improving the quality in the educational sectors with a fundamental basis. And «synchronization» of scientific and educational cooperation, mutual assistance in organizational processes.

Problems of using foreign labour in entrepreneurial activity for the sustainable development of Russia

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that the use of foreign labour is a widespread practice for modern businesses throughout the world, including the Russian Federation. The purpose of the paper is to reflect the trends, prospects and problems of the use of foreign labour in entrepreneurial activity in Russia to maintain sustainable development in the context of national security and the need for state regulation of immigration. In addition, methods for assessing labour mi-gration in Russia have been selected and investigated, on the basis of which statis-tical indicators of changes in the scale of labour and other immigration to Russia, the impact of these processes on the labour market and on well-being of society have been analysed. The use of advanced foreign experience in labour immigra-tion management was also proposed, namely, the score assessment of potential labour migrants before the issuance of permits, the possibility of allowing foreign students to work before and after graduation to increase the attraction of qualified labour, digitalisation in this area. Prospects for further research are related to the study of the migration policy development in Russia, management of labour im-migration, including in the context of development of a single labour market for the EAEU countries, which is currently taking place. The applied value of the ma-terial lies in the systematisation of information on trends in the development of labour immigration in the Russian Federation, migration flows and problems asso-ciated with their well-being.

ВПЛИВ ДІДЖИТАЛІЗАЦІЇ НА ГЛОБАЛЬНУ ПРОФЕСІЙНУ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЮ РОБОЧОЇ СИЛИ

The article considers the main directions of the impact of digitalization on the global professional transformation of the workforce. The main attention is paid to structural problems of employment, labor market reform and its segmentation, consequences of introduction of automatic telephone systems, computer automation of production, processes of interaction of virtual workers, expansion of electronic workplaces, gender tendencies in digitalization of labor force and electronic work tools. Actions to eliminate illegal migration and reduce the share of the informal economy are considered and proposed. In the process of global professional transformation of the labor force, the system of values changes, material things are replaced by intangible ones. Informatization and intellectualization of the economy and social life is becoming a major driver that requires highly educated, highly skilled workers, as well as favorable ways to create favorable conditions for the optimal functioning of the single labor market. After all, the transformation of the labor market in the world depends on the influence of a wide range of factors and is characterized by a number of features. The change in demand for labor is determined by structural changes in national economies, the development of which is largely due to the deepening of globalization processes. Transformational processes in the international labor market and changes in the structure of employment remain little studied, and therefore are quite relevant today. Particular scientific attention needs to be paid to issues that are directly related to the assessment of qualitative changes in the functioning of the labor force and reflect the current international trends in its genesis in the context of digitalization. Theoretical and factual basis of this research is also the peculiarities of regulation and operation of the labor market in the most developed integration group such as the European Union (EU). First of all, the significant increase in the number of normative and legal documents regulating the legal basis for the use of the labor market in the EU countries and aimed at its reform is noteworthy.

The Single Labor Market of the Eurasian Economic Union: assessment of the state

The Single Labor Market of the Eurasian Economic Union: assessment of the state

One crisis, one region, two municipalities: The geography of institutions and change agency in regional development paths

How do regions change their development path? We contribute to the growing literature on agency in regional development by combining it with a focus on the institutions that shape, support and constrain change agency in pursuit of different types of development paths. We answer the call for micro-level perspectives on regional economic change, using an in-depth and comparative case study approach. The labour market region of Olofström-Karlshamn in South East Sweden experienced a period of exceptional decline following the economic crisis and crisis in the automotive industry in 2008, when more than 1000 jobs were lost in a labour market of 46,000. Within this single labour market, two municipalities perceived, experienced and handled the crisis very differently. In Olofström, this triggered the formation of new collaborations that enabled local actors to upgrade their development path, whereas the crisis did not greatly affect the already ongoing efforts aimed at path importation in Karlshamn. To explain this difference, our comparative study shows that the layering of formal and informal institutions produced unique institutional contexts at the local level, which guide the behaviour, collaboration and vision of local actors. We build on original, micro-level material from 23 interviews and supporting documents to make the following contributions to the growing literatures on the role of agency and institutions in shaping regional development paths: (i) Local institutional context conditions the activation of change agency; (ii) Change agency must be investigated – and performed – in close connection to its geographical context.

Measuring labour market segmentation for a comparative analysis among countries

This article raises one main question in a comparative analytical exercise between two countries in different continents, Spain and Argentina. To what extent does labour market segmentation generate similar dynamics of structuring of labour inequalities in two countries with different socio-economic contexts and social models, and which aspects are specific to each country? The article is the first an analytical work aimed at comparing European and Latin American countries from the theoretical perspective of labour market segmentation. We set two main objectives. The first was to construct an analysis model to study inequalities in the labour market in comparative terms between Europe and Latin America, taking as a reference Spain and Argentina. To this end, demand and supply variables were combined from an employment perspective. We sought to corroborate the general hypothesis that there is no single labour market that adjusts supply and demand, but that several segments can be expected to structure hierarchical positions in the labour market in line with specific labour supply profiles. We expected to obtain a high correspondence between the employment segments of the two countries, despite the contextual and socio-historical differences. The second objective was to propose a methodology to obtain two synthetic measures of labour market segmentation: first, a categorical measurement through a typology constructed from hierarchical positions and profiles using multivariate techniques (combining multiple correspondence factor analysis [MCA] and cluster analysis [CLA]); and second, a continuous measurement based on the results of factor analysis, resulting in a composite indicator of labour inequality.

Brexit and workers' rights

The labour law of the UK and of other Member States is, and will become, more truly European than appears from the formal imprint of EC labour law. It is European rather by reflecting the cumulative experience of national labour laws, filtered through the prism of the EC institutions and refined in the crucible of the developing European polity. The tendency towards convergence of UK labour law with the labour laws of other Member States of the EC is driven in the main by the institutional pressures of EC membership, and, to a lesser extent, is the consequence of the workings of the international economy and, though less significant, a single European labour market. The dynamic of this convergence process is complex and its results are far from complete.

Posting Workers as a New Model of Global Labour? Dilemmas of Economics, Politics and Ethics

Research background: Labour migration, i. e. the transnational movement of foreign workers on the European markets and their integration, is among the key topics of both Czech and European politics. I devote my paper to the regulation of work-related migration in a wider perspective of the global labour market in a specific type of labour migration „posting workers“. Purpose of the article: The paper focus on economic, political, and ethical problematic aspects of posting workers within the European Union in connection with the European Commission’s revision of Directive 96/71/EC with an emphasis on posting workers to the Czech Republic. Methods: I will to analyse the key patterns of the reactions and discourse strategies of selected Czech stakeholders regarding the proposal for a revision of Directive 96/71/EC, in particular that of selected government representatives. For this purpose, it will be used the method of discourse analysis (especially methods developed by Ruth Wodak). Findings & Value added: I would like to demonstrate, using the revision of Directive 96/71/EC as an example of new renovating models of global labour, as a part of the process of integration of the global market in the era of globalization, that the mechanism of posting workers creates a hybrid single European labour market, changes international relations, and contributes to the transnational flexibility of labour.

Transformation of migration processes within Eurasian economic union: challenges and new opportunities

This paper examines the transformation of the migration process within the Eurasian Economic Union, taking into account legislative, statistical and managerial aspects. The study showed that, despite the positive development trends, the continuing imbalance within both economic and political indicators remains a serious internal challenge for the EEU. Thus, the task of Eurasian integration is the effective economic development of the Union countries and increasing their competitiveness. It also is necessary to take effective measures aimed at unifying the migration legislation of the participating countries and creating a single labor market.

Single market: EU and EAEU experience

The article is devoted to comparing the creation of single markets in such integration associations as the EU and the EAEU. The EAEU shows a fairly high level of integration, despite the fact that it is one of the youngest integration associations. The experience of creating common EU markets formed the basis for creating common markets in the EAEU. Universal globalization has led to signifi cant changes in the global arena. Integration associations are making more and more eff orts to improve not only the economy, politics, but also the social sphere. The key problem was the formation of a single labor market and, as in the chain that followed, a single market for medicines. In the article, the author conducts a comparative analysis of the experience of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union regarding the formation of a single market for medicines. The article discusses the process of formation of single markets, and also indicates the disadvantages that are currently.

“Mini-Schengen” as an opportunity for new regional economic integration

The paper analyses the idea of ?Mini-Schengen? as a new opportunity for resolving disputes between the countries of the Western Balkans and as economic and political integration. The main advantages of membership in ?Mini-Schengen? are the removal of customs and all other barriers in intraregional trade, which would enable domestic companies to place their products throughout the region with the lowest possible logistic costs while maximizing protection for their products and market access opportunities. Doubts about what exactly ?Mini-Schengen? should assume and which countries of the Western Balkans would be members of this union are still numerous. In this paper, the author provided answers to some main issues about this possible integration. The paper analyses the macroeconomic situation in Albania, North Macedonia, and Serbia, anticipating which countries would achieve the greatest benefit for their economy in the case of the establishment of ?Mini-Schengen?. Political consequences of the ?Mini-Schengen? are also analysed to provide an answer to which countries would achieve the greatest political benefit from this association, and which would suffer certain political damage. The author concludes that the main conception of ?Mini-Schengen? is to create a single labour market, which would maintain a low minimum wage in Serbia and ensure stability in the influx of labour in order to keep the existing foreign investors and attract new ones.

Workers’ Free Movement and Competence Management in the European Union: A Case Study

Purpose: The article deals with the important topic of recognizing professional competences within the European Union. Although the integration processes and the creation of the European credit transfer system, ECTS/ECVET, accelerated the process of validating learning outcomes, it did not significantly strengthen the knowledge of national education systems and recognition of learning outcomes achieved in individual countries. Design/Methodology/Approach: The case study method was used to present the issues on the example of a project implemented under the Erasmus plus Program. The assumptions and effects of the project Recognition of Professional Qualifications for Transfer Needs on the European Labour Market were discussed. Findings: Creating new tools supporting job mobility is of great importance for building a single labour market in the European Union. This applies, in particular, to jobs that are in short supply. We should continue to increase knowledge and recognition of national formal vocational training systems, which will contribute to the implementation of the idea of an open labour market and will allow especially young people, graduates of vocational schools, to undertake work in accordance with their education. Practical Implications: The presented tools developed under the project may facilitate job mobility within the EU. At the same time, they can be enhanced and expanded in the future to be used for all practical purposes in other professions. Originality/Value: The importance of job mobility is extremely important in both EU policies and economic development. The search for new tools supporting job mobility is implemented, among others, under EU programs. It is important to promote the developed tools and also provide them with critical evaluation in the context of scientific discussion.

The diversity of labor market institutions and entrepreneurship

Abstract Substantial literature demonstrates that flexible labor market institutions promote entrepreneurial activity. We re-evaluate this finding by considering the complementarity between institutions as advocated by the varieties of capitalism literature. We study the relevance of labor market regulations, wage-setting institutions and social security, and their complementarity for different types of entrepreneurial activity in 19 European countries and the USA. Two findings stand out. First, the four distinct bundles of labor market institutions characterizing Europe support different forms of entrepreneurial activity, and that innovative entrepreneurial activity also exists in less-flexible and -regulated labor market arrangements. Second, the relationships between single labor market institutions and entrepreneurial activity vary across the four institutional constellations. Therefore, to promote entrepreneurship in Europe, there is a need for tailored reform strategies that consider the diversity of the institutional constellations.

A Complex Analysis of Labour Market in the European Union. Benefits and Barriers for Romania

The European Union aims, as the main objective, to increase the employment rate of the population and using it to its full potential in order to increase living standards. When control of barriers between EU Member States was lifted, it was necessary to create a european single market (Single European Market) that encouraged the interdependence of the economies of states and the development of a common system of laws. Taking into account the social component, single labor market (European Single Labour Market) is a critical element in achieving the benefits of an integrated market. Moreover, it is one of the key forces for achieving the Europe 2020 goals, particularly in relation to employment rates and initiative Youth on the Move (in order to improve education and employment among young people).

Международно-правовое регулирование трудовой миграции в Евразийском регионе: попытка приблизиться к свободе передвижения работников?

Рустем Шамилевич Давлетгильдеев – д. ю.н., доцент, академический координатор центра Жана Монне в области европейских исследований VOICES+, заместитель декана юридического факультета, Казанский федеральный университет, Казань, Россия. Электронная почта: roustem.davletguildeev@kpfu.ru
 Международно-правовое регулирование трудовой миграции в рамках региональных объединений Европейского союза и Евразийского экономического союза характеризуется своеобразием и отличается от универсальных моделей, сложившихся в рамках ООН. В статье дается сравнение терминов, используемых в Договоре о ЕАЭС с термином «работник», сложившимся в рамках практики Суда ЕС, формулируются отдельные предложения для интеграционных институтов ЕАЭС по учету опыта права ЕС в области обеспечения свободного передвижения работников. В результате исследования сделаны следующие выводы. Несмотря на влияние правового опыта ЕС в отношении формирующейся правовой системы Содружества, особенно в плане создания Экономического Союза и общего экономического пространства в рамках Таможенного союза и Евразийского экономического сообщества, реализация соответствующих договорных положений существенно отличается от правовой модели свободного передвижения в праве ЕС. Для целей развития экономической интеграции и обеспечения единого рынка труда в ЕАЭС было бы целесообразно: использовать широкое понимание термина «трудящийся государства-члена», применять опыт ЕС по запрету трудовой деятельности для нерегулярных трудовых мигрантов, дополнить Договор о ЕАЭС положением о запрете дискриминации трудящихся государств-членов по признаку гражданства, внести в Договор о ЕАЭС положения о правовом регулировании трудовой миграции граждан третьих стран. Желаемая модель интеграции в рамках ЕАЭС может быть тем более эффективной, если будет вбирать в себя лучший опыт, накопленный в других региональных интеграционных объединениях.

THE WAY OF HARMONIZATION OF LABOR LEGISLATION OF THE MEMBER STATES OF THE EEU (THE VIEW FROM BELARUS, KYRGYZSTAN)

Introduction: in the context of the Eurasian economic and legal integration, the functioning of the single labour market, the problems of convergence of labour legislation of the member States of the Eurasian Economic Union are of particular relevance. Methods: the article analyzes the historical experience of harmonization of labour legislation within the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Eurasian Economic Community with the broad use of the comparative legal method. Analysis: special attention is paid to the Concept of a Model Labour Code of the member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States, adopted in December of 2000, the experience of development of Model Labour Code and the current prospects for its addoption. The authors also examine the experience of developing the basics of the Eurasian Economic Union labour legislation, its intended structure and the question of whether it is possible to resume this work within the Eurasian Economic Union. The authors critically evaluate the draft Principles for the development of the Basics of labor legislation (model Labor code) of the Eurasian Economic Union member States, which was developed by the General Confederation of Trade Unions in 2015. Results: the authors on the basis of critical analysis of scientific points of view come to the substantiation of the five most promising ways of harmonization of labour legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation: conclusion or revision of regional international agreements; mutual consideration (national reception) of the best legislative experience in the regulation of labour and closely related relations; international legal reception through the implementation of international labour standards into national legislation; preparation and adoption of the Model Labour Code of the Commonwealth of Independent States member States; adoption of the principles of labor legislation and the program of harmonization of labour legislation of the Eurasian Economic Union member States in the form of a decision of the Eurasian Economic Commission.