Single Ingredient Research Articles

Bioequivalence trials for the approval of generic drugs in Saudi Arabia: a descriptive analysis of design aspects

BackgroundThis retrospective analysis aimed to comprehensively review the design and regulatory aspects of bioequivalence trials submitted to the Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA) since 2017.MethodsThis was a retrospective, comprehensive analysis study. The Data extracted from the SFDA bioequivalence assessment reports were analyzed for reviewing the overall design and regulatory aspects of the successful bioequivalence trials, exploring the impact of the coefficient of variation of within-subject variability (CVw) on some design aspects, and providing an in-depth assessment of bioequivalence trial submissions that were deemed insufficient in demonstrating bioequivalence.ResultsA total of 590 bioequivalence trials were included of which 521 demonstrated bioequivalence (440 single active pharmaceutical ingredients [APIs] and 81 fixed combinations). Most of the successful trials were for cardiovascular drugs (84 out of 521 [16.1%]), and the 2 × 2 crossover design was used in 455 (87.3%) trials. The sample size tended to increase with the increase in the CVw in trials of single APIs. Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II and IV drugs accounted for the majority of highly variable drugs (58 out of 82 [70.7%]) in the study. Most of the 51 rejected trials were rejected due to concerns related to the study center (n = 21 [41.2%]).ConclusionThis comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the regulatory and design aspects of bioequivalence trials and can inform future research and assist in identifying opportunities for improvement in conducting bioequivalence trials in Saudi Arabia.

The Potential of Twendee X® as a Safe Antioxidant Treatment for Systemic Sclerosis.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by systemic skin hardening, which combines Raynaud's phenomenon and other vascular disorders, skin and internal organ fibrosis, immune disorders, and a variety of other abnormalities. Symptoms vary widely among individuals, and personalized treatment is sought for each patient. Since there is no fundamental cure for SSc, it is designated as an intractable disease with patients receiving government subsidies for medical expenses in Japan. Oxidative stress (OS) has been reported to play an important role in the cause and symptoms of SSc. HOCl-induced SSc mouse models are known to exhibit skin and visceral fibrosis, vascular damage, and autoimmune-like symptoms observed in human SSc. The antioxidant combination Twendee X® (TwX) is a dietary supplement consisting of vitamins, amino acids, and CoQ10. TwX has been proven to prevent dementia in humans with mild cognitive impairment and significantly improve cognitive impairment in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model by regulating OS through a strong antioxidant capacity that cannot be achieved with a single antioxidant ingredient. We evaluated the effectiveness of TwX on various symptoms of HOCl-induced SSc mice. TwX-treated HOCl-induced SSc mice showed significantly reduced lung and skin fibrosis compared to untreated HOCl-induced SSc mice. TwX also significantly reduced highly oxidized protein products (AOPP) in serum and suppressed Col-1 gene expression and activation of B cells involved in autoimmunity. These findings suggest that TwX has the potential to be a new antioxidant treatment for SSc without side effects.

Formulation of lotion ethanolic extract of rosella flower petals (Hibiscus sabrariffa L.) and antioxidant activity

Rosella flowers (Hibiscus sabrariffa L.) are plants that are useful as antioxidants. The content that acts as an antioxidant is a flavonoid compound. This study aimed to determine the effect of giving calliandra honey as a multiple active ingredient and single active ingredient (rosella petal extract, calliandra honey ) and ethyl vitamin C as an active ingredient. The lotion of ethanolic extract of rosela flower petals was made with three active ingredients: ethanolic extract of roselle flower petals with a concentration of 2.5%, calliandra honey 2.5%, and ethyl vitamin C 2%. Then, calliandra honey and ethanol extract of roselle flowers are combined with a concentration of extract 2.5% and calliandra honey (1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%). The physical and stability tests are the organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity, dispersibility, pH, lotion stability, and the value of lotion's antioxidant activity. The activity test was carried out using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picryhidrazil (DPPH) method, and the IC50 of inhibition was calculated. The results of the study showed that all lotion formulations had antioxidant activity. The highest antioxidant activity was obtained in formula three, which had a value of 95.2 ppm (2.5: 2.5 %). Based on the Kruskal Wallis test, the asymp value was obtained. Sig. 0.000, which indicates that there is a significant difference in antioxidant activity. This is because the percent inhibition of each sample has a large enough difference.

Cost-effectiveness of dietary supplement ingredients versus generic statins for LDL reduction

BackgroundWhile statin therapy is the preferred treatment for hyperlipidemia, literature supports the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) lowering effects associated with red yeast rice, berberine, and Silybum marianum. Dietary supplements may be perceived as a more affordable alternative to prescription medication. ObjectiveWe determined cost-effectiveness of generic pravastatin versus single-ingredient dietary supplements in relation to LDL lowering effect. MethodsData from meta-analyses and systematic reviews was extracted to calculate pooled weighted mean LDL differences amongst generic pravastatin and single ingredient dietary supplements. The effect was then divided by average 30-day costs and compared amongst agents. ResultsThe greatest difference was seen in pravastatin 40 mg [MD -57.88 mg/dL (95%CI: - 64.80 to −50.96)], followed by pravastatin 10 mg [MD -41.30 mg/dL (95%CI: 63.30 to - 19.40)], red yeast rice [MD -25.39 (95%CI: −32.98 to −17.81)], berberine [MD -15.13 (95%CI: −21.78 to −8.48)], and Silybum marianum [MD -9.51 mg/dL (95%CI: −22.13 to - 0.10)]. were divided by mean difference to calculate cost per mg/dL reduction in LDL. Cost-effectiveness was greatest for pravastatin 10 mg [$0.66/mg/dL LDL reduction (range: $0.39 to $1.13)], followed by pravastatin 40 mg [$0.74/mg/dL LDL reduction (range: $0.66 to $0.84)], berberine [$0.81/mg/dL LDL reduction (range: $0.56 to $1.44)], red yeast rice [$0.84/mg/dL reduction (range: $0.67 to $1.13)], and Silybum marianum [$0.88/mg/dL LDL reduction (range: $0.38 to $82.02)]. ConclusionPravastatin is most cost-effective in each scenario whether or not prescription insurance is utilized.

Interaction of Perfumes with Cytochrome P-450 19

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play a key role in the metabolism of foreign compounds and in the biosynthesis and catabolism of endogenous substances, including hormones. The activity of these enzymes can be affected by various xenobiotics, such as pollutants, food constituents, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic products, which can disrupt the endocrine system by interfering with steroidogenic CYPs. CYP19, also known as aromatase, is a crucial enzyme for testosterone conversion into 17β-estradiol, which is the final step in estrogen biosynthesis. Endocrine disruptors have the potential to inhibit CYP19 activity, leading to an imbalance in estrogen levels in the body. This imbalance can impair reproduction and cause osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, dementia, and some types of cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of commercially available perfumes on testosterone aromatization to 17β-estradiol. For this purpose, we used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection and HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) to examine CYP19 activity with and without perfume. The results showed that all perfumes tested (in a 300-fold dilution) had an inhibitory effect on this enzyme-catalyzed reaction, particularly the Montale® fragrance, ‘Intense Roses Musk’, which decreased 17β-estradiol production by 88% in comparison with the control. Upon exposure to UV light, the inhibitory effect of this perfume did not decrease. But exposure to UV light significantly increased the inhibitory capacity of another perfume with a weak baseline inhibitory effect. To ascertain whether this inhibition was caused by CYP19 interactions with perfumes, we measured the catalytic activity of NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR), the CYP reaction partner, with one selected perfume, ‘Intense Roses Musk’ by Montale®, and found no significant CYPOR inhibition. Accordingly, the decrease in testosterone conversion into 17β-estradiol caused by this perfume derives solely from CYP19. Combined, our findings highlight the importance of testing perfumes rather than single ingredients to determine their potential for adverse effects and to ensure consumer safety because their mixtures can interfere with a key enzyme of estrogen biosynthesis.

TIRPnet: Risk prediction of traditional Chinese medicine ingredients based on a deep neural network

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTraditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a history of over 3000 years of medical practice. Due to the complex ingredients and unclear pharmacological mechanism of TCM, it is very difficult to predict its risks. With the increase in the number and severity of spontaneous reports of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of TCM, its safety has received widespread attention. Aim of the studyIn this study, we proposed a framework based on deep learning to predict the probability of adverse reactions caused by TCM ingredients and validated the model using real-world data. Materials and methodsThe spontaneous reporting data from Jiangsu Province of China was selected as the research data, which included 72,561 ADR reports of TCMs. All the ingredients of these TCMs were collected from the medical website and correlated with the corresponding ADRs. Then, a risk prediction model was constructed based on a deep neural network (DNN), named TIRPnet. Based on one-hot encoded data, our model achieved the optimal performance by fine-tuning some hyperparameters. The ten most commonly used TCM ingredients and their ADRs were collected as the test set to evaluate their performance as objective criteria. ResultsTIRPnet was constructed as a 7-layer DNN. The experimental results showed that TIRPnet performs excellently in all indicators, with a sensitivity of 0.950, specificity of 0.995, accuracy of 0.994, precision of 0.708, and F1 of 0.811. ConclusionsThe proposed TIRPnet owns the ability to predict the ADRs of a single TCM ingredient by learning a large number of TCM-related spontaneous reports, which can help doctors design safe prescriptions and provide technical support for the pharmacovigilance of TCM.

Investigation on the Efficacy of Two Food Supplements Containing a Fixed Combination of Selected Probiotics and β-Glucans or Elderberry Extract for the Immune System: Modulation on Cytokines Expression in Human THP-1 and PBMC

Several herbal and other natural products are used as ingredients in food supplements to strengthen immunity even if, very often, marketed products are proposed without a clear rationale or experimental evidence. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect on human monocytes (THP-1) and on ex vivo human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of two formulations, one containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04® with β-glucans (for adults) and one containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 with elderberry extract (for children). We compared formulations with single ingredients, with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the drug pidotimod; cytokines expression level was evaluated testing different concentrations of samples at two exposure times. As expected, LPS caused a non-specific huge upregulation of cytokines expression both in THP-1 and in PBMC, whereas pidotimod mainly upregulated IL-2 in PBMC and IL-8 in THP-1. The two formulations showed a difference between a pro-inflammatory stimulus such as LPS, and also from an immunostimulant drug, such as pidotimod, as they mainly upregulated the expression of IL-6 and IL-10 in PBMC but not in THP-1, in a concentration-dependent mode. Probiotics were shown to play a major role, but β-glucans and elderberry extract exerted a synergistic activity. This work demonstrated that combining selected probiotics with other natural products having immunomodulatory properties is an interesting strategy to develop innovative formulations in the sector of food supplements.

Immune Activation by a Nutraceutical Blend: Rapid Increase in Immune-Modulating Cytokines, Followed by Induction of Anti-Inflammatory and Restorative Biomarkers

Immune cells express Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) to recognize potentially pathogenic microbial forms. Nutraceutical compounds can induce immune cell activation through PRRs. The nutraceutical immune blend (IB), QuickStart™, contains botanical and yeast-derived ligands for PRRs, along with vitamin C and zinc. We evaluated immune-activating effects of the IB and its ingredients in vitro. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with either the IB or single ingredients: elderberry extract, the proprietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentate EpiCor™ (Sacc), the plant-based hemicellulose preparation Natramune (PDS-2865)™ (Hemi), vitamin C (VitC), or zinc gluconate (Zinc). The IB triggered sequential waves of immune activation. Initial cytokine induction by the IB at 2 h involved the immune-activating cytokines IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α, and TNF-α, and the stem cell-mobilizing growth factor G-CSF, as did Sacc and Hemi. The 24 h immune-activation by the IB included increases in IL-1β, IL-17A, IP-10, GM-CSF, Basis FGF, PDGF-BB, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Increased CD69 expression by the IB was also seen for VitC and Sacc. Increased CD25 expression by the IB on monocytes was also seen for Sacc. The IB triggered rapid immune activating events of higher magnitude than the single ingredients, involving immune-activating cytokines and restorative growth factors. Clinical research is warranted to evaluate rapid immune-modulating events upon consumption.

Prevalence, variety, and iron and zinc content of commercial infant and toddler foods sold in the United States that contain meat.

Iron and zinc are important nutrients during infancy, particularly for infants exclusively fed human milk at the beginning of complementary feeding (CF) from 6-12 months. The 1st Foods Study examined the ingredients and nutrient contents of commercially-available infant and toddler foods (ITFs) that were sold in the US and contained meat. Company websites (n = 22) were used to create a database of commercial ITFs (n = 165) available for purchase in the US and contained at least one meat (e.g., beef, chicken, pork). Single ingredient and ready-to-serve meals (for ages ≤ 9 months) and ready-to-serve meals (for ages 10+ months) were categorized as infant and toddler products, respectively. For each product, the ingredient list, intended age/stage, serving size (g), energy (kcal), protein (g), iron (mg), and zinc (mg) per serving were recorded from product labels. Nutrient amount/100 g was calculated for each product and medians and inter-quartile ranges were calculated and compared (1) by intended age/stage of the product and (2) according to meat type. In general, toddler products contained more iron than infant products. Within infant products (n = 65), more iron was found in products containing beef relative to products with other meats, which were similar in iron content. Within toddler products (n = 38), more iron was found in products containing seafood, followed by beef, turkey, and pork. Slightly less iron was found in products with chicken. Zinc content was infrequently reported (n = 17 total products). Because many of the products assessed contained low amounts of iron and zinc, meeting the current infant and toddler requirements for iron and zinc during the CF period may be challenging if commercial ITFs containing meat are the primary source of these nutrients.

Dietary fiber and polyphenols from whole grains: effects on the gut and health improvements.

Cereals are the main source of energy in the human diet. Compared to refined grains, whole grains retain more beneficial components, including dietary fiber, polyphenols, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Dietary fiber and bound polyphenols (biounavailable) in cereals are important active substances that can be metabolized by the gut microorganisms and affect the intestinal environment. There is a close relationship between the gut microbiota structures and various disease phenotypes, although the consistency of this link is affected by many factors, and the specific mechanisms are still unclear. Remodeling unfavorable microbiota is widely recognized as an important way to target the gut and improve diseases. This paper mainly reviews the interaction between the gut microbiota and cereal-derived dietary fiber and polyphenols, and also summarizes the changes to the gut microbiota and possible molecular mechanisms of related glycolipid metabolism. The exploration of single active ingredients in cereals and their synergistic health mechanisms will contribute to a better understanding of the health benefits of whole grains. It will further help promote healthier whole grain foods by cultivating new varieties with more potential and optimizing processing methods.

Effects of a phytobiotic-based additive on the growth, hepatopancreas health, intestinal microbiota, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus resistance of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.

Vibrio genus is a common pathogen in aquaculture and causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) and massive mortality of shrimp. Many studies have suggested that a single functional ingredient such as plant extract or organic acid can reduce the dependence on antibiotics and promote the growth and immunity of aquatic animals. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a phytobiotic-based compound additive (Sanacore® GM, SNGM), which had a successful trajectory of commercial application in fish farming. However, its effects on the hepatopancreas health and intestinal microbiota of shrimp after Vibrio challenge have not been well evaluated. In the present study, Pacific white shrimp were fed diets with or without supplementation of SNGM, and the SNGM grades were 0-g/kg (CON), 3-g/kg (SNGM3), and 5-g/kg (SNGM5) diets. The feed trial lasted 60 days, after which a Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge was performed. The results showed that compared to the CON group, both the SNGM3 and SNGM5 groups had a significantly higher weight gain and a lower feed conversion ratio as well as higher survival after Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. In the growth trial, the SNGM3 group had a significantly increased total protein, albumin concentration, and acid phosphatase activity in hemolymph compared to the CON group. In the challenge experiment, the SNGM3 and SNGM5 groups had increased albumin and glucose contents as well as the activities of phenoloxidase, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, and superoxide dismutase in hemolymph. Both the SNGM3 and SNGM5 groups had improved morphology of the hepatopancreas and intestine. The SNGM5 group had alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by Vibrio infection by increasing the potential probiotic bacterium abundance (Shewanella) and decreasing the potential pathogenic bacteria abundance (Vibrio, Photobacteriuma, Pseudoalteromonas, and Candidatus_Bacilloplasma). In conclusion, the dietary phytobiotic-based additive at 3-g/kg level increased the growth and Vibrio parahaemolyticus resistance of Pacific white shrimp by promoting immune-related enzyme activities and improving the morphological structure of the hepatopancreas and intestine and the intestinal microbiota composition.

Economic evaluation of fixed-dose drug combinations: A systematic review

This study aimed to review the quality of published evidence on the cost-effectiveness of fixed-dose drug combinations (FDCs), summarize key methodologic assumptions, and make recommendations for future economic evaluations of FDCs. The search was conducted on four databases, namely Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment. Studies were selected if they assessed the cost-effectiveness of FDCs compared to one or more single active ingredient dosage forms or placebo. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022 checklist was utilized for evaluating the quality of studies. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021295388). A total of 39 studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. While most of the studies (n = 29) reported that FDCs are cost-effective, the comparator in the economic evaluations was not justified explicitly in most studies (n = 34). Modelling that examined cost-effectiveness did not incorporate medication adherence (n = 22), failing to consider a key advantage of FDCs. The majority of studies investigating FDCs reported that they were cost-effective interventions. However, further economic evaluations based on long-term clinical trials with larger populations are necessary. Also, future economic studies should incorporate superior treatment adherence with FDC into the model structure.

The Sustainable Cocoa Debate: Key controversies

Abstract The sustainability of agriculture has been a topic of public debate over the last twenty years. The cocoa sector has been at the centre of this debate because of the large demand for chocolate in the Global North, which was one of the first sectors to begin to adopt sustainability standards. In this article, we focus on the actions taken by Northern and Southern actors to try to achieve cocoa sustainability over the past five years. Based on interviews and observations in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and European countries, complemented by document analysis, we map the controversies in the sector. Three issues emerge from our analysis: fair remuneration for producers, child labour and deforestation. We note differences of views between the actors of the North and the South, especially around the question of the fair remuneration of small producers. Emerging concerns are the single ingredient labels and the European regulations on zero imported deforestation and human rights due diligence.

Preparation of Single Garlic, Red Ginger, Lemon and Apple Vinegar Combination Tablets By Wet Granulation Method

Garlic, red ginger, lemon, and apple cider vinegar are spices in Indonesia that can be useful for increasing the body's resistance and preventing degenerative diseases. Tablet preparations are preferred because they are practical, easy to use, and easy to carry anywhere. The aim of this research is to see the effect of differences in the concentration of internal and external disintegrants, binders, gliders, and lubricants in each formula. Tablets are made with the single active ingredients of garlic, red ginger, apple cider vinegar, and lemon. The wet granulation method was chosen because natural materials have poor flow properties, so by using the wet granulation method, the flow rate, compressibility, and binding capacity of the granules can be improved for the better so that they can be molded into tablet preparations. The research results showed that all tablet formulas met the tablet evaluation requirements. The concentration of external and internal disintegrants, binders, gliders, and anti-adherents does not make a difference in flow time or angle of repose but provides different water content values in formula 3.There is an influence of differences in the concentration of additional ingredients on the quality of the tablets produced. The greater the concentration, the better the weight uniformity, the harder the resulting tablet, and the longer the disintegration time. Tablet fragility on F2 is high than formula 1 and 3, but still meets tablet quality requirements.

Over-the-Counter Drug Consumption: How Consumers Deviate from Label Instructions

Product consumption is an important yet understudied aspect of marketing. Over-the-counter medicines present a unique consumption context because consumers are expected to follow product label instructions. For acetaminophen, a widely consumed over-the-counter drug, the authors study which consumers tend to deviate from the label instructions, why they do so, and the interventions that are most promising to mitigate such deviations. They develop a dynamic structural model of consumption that enables them to investigate the probability of different types of label deviations (e.g., >4 g per day) and drivers of such behaviors. Label deviations are infrequent “tail area” behaviors, and the model uncovers them well. The analysis is based on a unique online consumption diary in which consumers select from two classes of acetaminophen products (single ingredient or a combination of ingredients) to treat their pain or non-pain-related symptoms . Consumers have a higher probability of taking >4 g of acetaminophen when they have multiple symptoms, and a variety of observable factors explain the individual propensity to deviate from the label. The authors propose two interventions—a new label instruction and consumer education—to mitigate the observed label deviations and assess the expected impact of each.

Controlling Gut Microbiota by Twendee X® May Contribute to Dementia Prevention.

The human gut microbiota (GM) is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that hosts trillions of commensal and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. It is crucial in protecting humans from pathogens and in maintaining immune and metabolic homeostasis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that GM has a significant impact on health and disease, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by impaired short-term memory and cognitive deficits. Patients with AD have been reported to exhibit abnormalities in GM density and species composition. Oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated in the onset and progression of AD; however, the relationship between OS and gut microbiota in AD onset and progression is not clear. Twendee X® (TwX), an oral supplement consisting of eight active ingredients, has been shown to prevent dementia in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in humans and substantially improve cognitive impairment in mouse models of AD. This positive effect is achieved through the potency of the combined antioxidants that regulate OS; therefore, similar results cannot be achieved by a single antioxidant ingredient. To examine the impact of long-term OS elevation, as seen in AD on the body and GM, we examined GM alterations during the initial OS elevation using a two-week OS loading rat model, and examined the effects of TwX on OS and GM. Furthermore, using a questionnaire survey and fecal samples, we analyzed the impact of TwX on healthy individuals' gut bacteria and the associated effect on their quality of life (QOL). TwX was found to increase the number of bacteria species and their diversity in GM, as well as butyrate-producing bacteria, which tend to be reduced in AD patients. Additionally, TwX improved defecation condition and QOL. The gut bacteria function as part of the homeostatic function during OS elevation, and the prophylactic administration of TwX strengthened this function. The results suggest that the preventative effect of TwX on dementia may involve the GM, in addition to the other previously demonstrated effects.

45 Determining the Phosphorus Release Curve for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 Phytase from 500 to 2,500 FTU/kg in Nursery Pig Diets

Abstract A total of 320 pigs (Line 241 × 600, DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 11.9 ± 0.22 kg) were used in a 21-day growth study to determine the available P (aP) release curve for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 (Barentz, Woodbury, MN). At approximately 19 d of age, pigs were weaned, randomly allotted to pens, and fed common starter diets for 18 d. Pigs were then blocked by average pen body weight (BW) and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 8 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were derived from a single basal diet and ingredients including phytase, monocalcium P, limestone, and sand were added to create the treatment diets. Treatments included 3 diets containing increasing inorganic P from monocalcium P (0.11, 0.19, and 0.27% dietary aP), or 5 diets with increasing phytase (500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, or 2,500 FTU/kg) added to the diet containing 0.11% aP. All diets were corn-soybean meal-canola meal-based and were formulated to contain 1.24% SID Lys, 0.30% phytate P, and an analyzed Ca:P ratio of 1.10:1. At the conclusion of the study, 1 pig closest to the mean BW of each pen was euthanized and the right fibula, 10th rib, and metacarpal were collected to determine bone ash, density, and total bone P. For bone ash, bones were processed using the non-defatted method. Residual bone ash was digested using nitric acid and P measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. For the overall experimental period, pigs fed increasing inorganic P had increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.053) ADG, ADFI, G:F and final BW (Table 1). Pigs fed increasing phytase had increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.004) ADG, G:F, and final BW and increased (linear, P = 0.019) ADFI. For fibula, rib, and metacarpal characteristics, pigs fed increasing aP from inorganic P had increased (linear, P < 0.001) bone ash weight, bone ash percentage, bone density, and bone P. Additionally, pigs fed increasing phytase had increased (P < 0.05) bone ash weight, bone ash percentage, bone density, and bone P in either a linear or quadratic manner depending upon bone. The aP release curve developed for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 for percentage bone ash using combined data generated from all three bones is: aP = (0.219 × FTU/kg) ÷ (993.238 + FTU/kg).

64 Determining the Phosphorus Release Curve for Sunphase HT Phytase from 250 to 2,000 FTU/kg in Nursery Pig Diets

Abstract A total of 280 pigs (DNA 241 × 600, initially 10.4 ± 0.24 kg BW) were used in a 21-day growth study to determine the available P (aP) release curve for Sunphase HT phytase (Wuhan Sunhy Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, P.R., China). At approximately 19 d of age, pigs were weaned, randomly allotted to pens, and fed common starter diets. On d 21 post-weaning, considered d 0 of the study, pigs were blocked by average pen body weight (BW) and randomly allotted to 1 of 7 dietary treatments with 5 pigs per pen and 8 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were derived from a single basal diet and ingredients including phytase, monocalcium P, limestone, and sand were added to create the treatment diets. Treatments included 3 diets containing increasing (0.11, 0.19, and 0.27% aP) inorganic P from monocalcium P, or 4 diets with increasing phytase (250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 FTU/kg) added to the diet formulated to 0.11% aP. All diets were corn-soybean meal-canola meal-based and were formulated to contain 1.24% SID Lys and an analyzed Ca:P ratio of 1.10:1. Before the beginning of the study, all pigs were fed a diet containing 0.11% aP for a 3-d period (d 18 to 21 post-weaning). At the conclusion of the study, 1 pig, closest to the mean weight of each pen, was euthanized and the right fibula, rib, and metacarpal were collected to determine bone ash and density. After cleaning, bones were submerged in ultra-purified water under vacuum for 4 h. Weights were then collected, and bone density was calculated. For bone ash, bones were placed in a drying oven at 105oC for 7 d and then ashed in a muffle furnace at 600oC for 24 h (Table 1). For the overall experimental period, feeding increasing levels of aP from inorganic P improved (linear, P ≤ 0.014) ADG, G:F, and final BW. Similarly, feeding increasing phytase increased (linear, P ≤ 0.011) ADG and final BW as well as improved (quadratic, P = 0.023) G:F. For fibula bone ash weight and percentage bone ash, rib bone ash weight and bone density, and all metacarpal bone properties, pigs fed increasing levels of aP from inorganic P exhibited a linear improvement (P ≤ 0.019), with a quadratic response (P ≤ 0.030) for fibula bone density and rib percentage ash. Additionally, pigs fed increasing phytase had increased (P < 0.05) bone ash weight, percentage bone ash, and bone density in either a linear or quadratic fashion depending on the bone analyzed. The available P release curve generated for Sunphase HT phytase for percentage bone ash combining values from right fibula, rib, and metacarpal is: aP = (0.360 × FTU) ÷ (2,330.250 + FTU).

Environmental and biodiversity performance of a novel single cell protein for rainbow trout feed

Seafood has an important role to play to achieve a sustainable food system that provides healthy food to a growing world population. Future seafood production will be increasingly reliant on aquaculture where feed innovation is essential to reduce environmental impacts and minimize feed and food competition. This study aimed to investigate whether a novel single cell protein feed ingredient based on Paecilomyces variotii grown on a side stream from the forest industry could improve environmental sustainability of farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by replacing the soy protein concentrate used today. A Life Cycle Assessment including commonly addressed impacts but also the rarely assessed biodiversity impacts was performed. Furthermore, feeding trials were included for potential effects on fish growth, i.e., an assessment of the environmental impacts for the functional unit ‘kg feed required to produce 1 kg live-weight rainbow trout’. Results showed that the best experimental diet containing P. variotii performed 16–73 % better than the control diet containing soy protein concentrate in all impact categories except for energy demand (21 % higher impact). The largest environmental benefits from replacing soy protein with P. variotii in rainbow trout diets was a 73 % reduction of impact on biodiversity and halved greenhouse gas emissions. The findings have high relevance for the aquaculture industry as the production scale and feed composition was comparable to commercial operations and because the effect on fish growth from inclusion of the novel ingredient in a complete diet was evaluated. The results on biodiversity loss from land use change and exploitation through fishing suggest that fishery can dominate impacts and exclusion thereof can greatly underestimate biodiversity impact. Finally, a novel feed ingredient grown on side streams from the forest industry has potential to add to food security through decreasing the dependence on increasingly scarce agricultural land resources.

Deciphering of Anthelmintic Potential of Annona squamosa Leaf: Molecular Mechanistic

Herbal treatments have historically been utilized to treat various human diseases. To find a single ingredient that could be the basis for creating new therapeutically effective products, researchers studied herbal medicines. Annona squamosa Linn has anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, cytotoxic, gene-toxic, and anticancer properties. The primary active components of A. squamosa leaves, flavonoids, have been utilised to treat a variety of human ailments. Quercetin and rutin, two flavonoids, have been shown to have anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and heart disease preventive properties. In the present study in -vivo and in -silico evaluation of anthelmintic potential of Annona squamosa leaf methanolic extract was carried out. Further proposed mechanism of Anthelmintic efficacy of Annona squamosa leaf was determined by molecular docking.