Single Functional System Research Articles

ПРИНЦИПЫ ПОСТРОЕНИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ МЕХАТРОННЫХ СИСТЕМ

This scientific article examines the basic principles of construction and modern trends in the development of mechatronic systems. Particular attention is paid to the integration of mechanical, electrical and computer components into a single functional system capable of autonomously performing various tasks. Key aspects of design, technological innovations and prospects for the development of mechatronics in various industrial and scientific fields are considered.

Аспекти нейрогуморальної регуляції функціональної активності організму риб за умов впливу абіотичних та біотичних чинників (огляд)

Purpose. To make a comprehensive analysis and review the main aspects of the formation of the resistance of hydrobiont bodies under the influence of various factors. To show the mechanism of action of the main physiological and biochemical processes in the context of understanding the general functionality of hydrobiont bodies. To summarize the basic concepts and opinion regarding the activity of metabolic processes, regulation of enzymatic activity in hydrobiont bodies against the background of the conditions of influence of abiotic and biotic factors. Findings. An overview of modern scientific publications is presented, showing the idea of the hydrobiont body as a single functional system. Supplemented by the author’s own judgments regarding the role of physiological and biochemical processes in the formation of adaptive and compensatory mechanisms of fish, the main mechanisms of adjustment of vital processes in view of the influence of stress factors. In general, open literature data on the studies on the adaptive capacity of hydrobiont bodies against the background of the introduction of adaptogens, developmental stimulants, and immunomodulators. The general aspects of ways to solve the problem in the context of increasing the resistance of hydrobiont bodies under various exposure conditions, including growing conditions, are considered. Experimental studies were analyzed, in particular, the effectiveness of the influence of the feed factor, technological elements of cultivation on the general functional status of hydrobiont bodies. The main physiological and biochemical mechanisms of influence on metabolic processes, enzymatic activity and adaptive capabilities of fish under the influence of biologically active substances and the conditions of the aquatic environment were studied. Aspects of neurohumoral regulation in fiosh body are highlighted, which reflect the general mechanism of action and mechanisms for adjusting the vital functions of the functional system of hydrobionts. Practical value. The review carried out on the presented topic can be useful for scientists, students of higher education, practitioners, private entrepreneurs who are related to the fishery industry, research works in aquaculture. Key words: hydrobionts, organism, physiological and biochemical processes, regulation mechanism, abiotic, biotic factors.

Fundamentals of phoniatry (lecture)

Phoniatry is a branch of otorhinolaryngology and deals with issues related to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of voice disorders. Violations of voice function, especially in persons of voice-speaking professions, worsen the quality of life, affect interpersonal relationships, create difficulties in communication, and in some cases lead to professional unfitness. It is known that about 6% of the population suffers from voice disorders, and laryngeal diseases are 56 times more common among specialists of voice-speaking professions. The invention of the laryngeal mirror became a landmark event in the emergence of laryngology, and subsequently phoniatry. The process of voice formation is provided by the voice apparatus, which consists of four departments and forms a single functional system. The vibrations of the vocal folds are a complex physiological process as a result of which sound appears. But this sound is not like the voice we hear. He acquires his unique timbre in the resonator department. It is possible to assess the state of voice function with the help of video endostroboscopy of the larynx and acoustic research methods. These diagnostic methods complement each other and create the most objective representation of the voice and its disorders.

A Systematic Assessment for the Co-Design of Green Infrastructure Prototypes—A Case Study in Urban Costa Rica

The management of urban water has evolved from single-function systems to more sustainable designs promoting society and nature as inputs to engineer novel infrastructure. In transdisciplinary research, co-design refers to a design-thinking strategy in which people jointly frame a problem–solution. This article presents a conceptual framework to assess a case study focusing on the process of co-design and implementation of green infrastructure as a prototype for urban stormwater management. The evaluation is carried out from a self-reflective post-implementation perspective. Research activities are translated into the framework to evaluate conditions shaping the trajectory of the prototype development. As a result, key aspects driving the transdisciplinary research regarding levels of stakeholder participation and dimensions of power are identified. Planning resilient co-design strategies to retrofit urban spaces is necessary to avoid unintended consequences, especially at initial experimental stages. This study aims to contribute to the continuous improvement of piloting strategies in urban spaces by providing a framework for a structured evaluation of transdisciplinary research experiences.

MORPHOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF FOLLICULAR EPITHELIUM DURING OOGENESIS IN AN AUTOSEX HYBRID OF JAPANESE QUAIL

The article presents the results of studies on the morphological transformations of the follicular epithelium dur-ing oogenesis in an autosex hybrid of the Japanese quail under industrial growing conditions. Depending on the morphology of the follicular epithelium at different stages of its development, 7 stages were first identified, each of which corresponds to a certain diameter of the oocyte and a certain stage of oogenesis. It has been established that the development of the oocyte and the surrounding follicular epithelium during oogenesis in an autosex hybrid of the Japanese quail is another example of covariation within a single functional system – the follicle. The follicular epithelium of birds cannot be considered primitive, neither phylogenetically (this class is quite high in the vertebrate phylogeny) nor ontogenetically.

SURGICAL METHODS FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PURULENT RHINOSINUSITIS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Inflammatory pathology of the ENT organs accounts for 87% of all visits to the otorhinolaryngologist, in the last decade the incidence of paranasal sinusitis (PNS) has increased, and the proportion of hospitalized patients with this pathology has increased almost 3 times every year. The problem of timely diagnosis and treatment of PNS is currently quite relevant, despite the emergence of new modern methods of conservative and surgical treatment. According to various authors, PNS currently ranks first among inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract. The paranasal sinuses (SNS) are a single morphological and functional system with similar etiological factors and mechanisms for the development of diseases, therefore, when studying the epidemiology of the PNS, it is necessary to assess the prevalence of diseases not only of each sinus separately, but also of their combined lesions.

Core-Shell Structured Micro-Nanomotors: Construction, Shell Functionalization, Applications, and Perspectives.

The successful integration of well-designed micro-nanomotors (MNMs) with diverse functional systems, such as, living systems, remote actuation systems, intelligent sensors, and sensing systems, offers many opportunities to not only endow them with diverse functionalization interfaces but also bring augmented or new properties in a wide variety of applications. Core-shell structured MNM systems have been considered to play an important role in a wide range of applications as they provide a platform to integrate multiple complementary components via decoration, encapsulation, or functionalization into a single functional system, being able to protect the active species from harsh environments, and bring improved propulsion performance, stability, non-toxicity, multi-functionality, and dispersibility, etc., which are not easily available from the isolated components. More importantly, the hetero-interfaces between individual components within a core-shell structure might give rise to boosted or new physiochemical properties. This review will bring together these key aspects of the core-shell structured MNMs, ranging from advanced protocols, enhanced/novel functionalities arising from diverse functional shells, to integrated core-shell structured MNMs for diverse applications. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for the development of core-shell structured MNMs are discussed in term of synthesis, functions, propulsions, and applications.

EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF ORGANISATIONAL PROCESSES SYSTEM IN A BUILDING PRODUCTION WITH SIMULATION MODELING FOR CONTRACTING COMPANIES

Purpose. This paper presents the innovative scientifically-based method on efficiency evaluation of the building production management for contracting companies. Otimisation models are substantially aimed at reducing the influence of negative factors and increasing the quality indexes of the organisational process of construction production. Methodology. Methodological approaches of the organisational processes optimisation of construction production are based on the establishment of a well-defined interconnection between the units of the functional structure, the definition of strategies hierarchy of the contracting company.The correlation of duration t and cost c in building production, its influence on the economic appropriateness for projects realisation in civil engineering are analyzed. Findings. Using mathematical analysing methods for cumulative distribution function S(t,c) of two-dimensional random value of construction duration and cost, the basic principles are shown that allow to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the level of influence of the construction market external factors on the implementation of organisational processes in the construction industry, in which a large number of forming elements are involved. The implementation of this methodology permits to assess the real state of organisational processes system in building production, its stability, the degree of determinate indicators structuring in a single functional system, to generate an economic justification in complex. On basis of simulation modeling, efficiency of organisational processes system in building production S(t,c) was determined and graphically illustrated. Originality. The results of the present study demonstrate that it amounted to 58.08 % within the established limits of acceptable risk (LAR) between 0.35 and 0.65. Practical value. It has been shown an implementation practicability of using this methodology by contracting companies at decision-making stage for construction projects initiation with determinate indicators of duration Td and cost Cd. The creation of theoretical and methodological foundations for the development of structural efficiency evaluation algorithms for the organisation of construction production will allow to achieve for contractor companies the highest level of competitiveness in the market of construction services.

Distinguishing “Religion”. Variants of Differentiation and the Emergence of “Religion” as a Global Category in Modern Asia

AbstractThe existence of religious diversity is mostly taken for granted in today’s world society. Despite all apparent differences, however, world society theory proposes the hypothesis of a single function system of religion. At the same time, in the case of religion a process of semantic unification is highly disputed. Until recently, such debates had not paid much attention to the “translingual practice” (Liu) that has produced “religion” as a global category over the last two hundred years. Drawing on recent studies, this article traces some semantic transformations in regard to “religion” in 19thand early 20thcentury Asia and highlights the importance of three contested distinctions connected with “religion”. It also relates these semantic changes to recent debates about the differentiation of religion in theories of secularization. Any visibility of regional differences in the religious system of modern world society should be understood as the result of the emergence of this global category. Such a focus on semantics highlights the way in which speaking of “religion” as a specific instance of “culture” in world society becomes possible and “religion” becomes observable to itself and from the outside only as a result of these transformations.

Nutrition Information Systems in Ethiopia: Strengths and Challenges

Abstract Objectives The success of a nutrition program heavily relies on availability of information for measuring changes in nutrition outcomes and tracking progress in the implementation of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions. This study examined the nutrition information systems that capture nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive data in the context of the second National Nutrition Program (NNP II) implemented by the Government of Ethiopia since 2013 with particular focus on maternal, infant, and young child nutrition (MIYCN). Methods Conducted at both national and regional levels, the study employed a cross-sectional study design pursuing a qualitative data collection method. In-depth interviews were conducted with 134 participants selected from 70 national and regional institutions including ministerial and regional offices of selected sectors, special programs and non-governmental organizations. In each organization, NNP II focal persons and Monitoring and Evaluation or Health Management Information system (HMIS) focal persons were purposively selected for interviews. In addition, desk reviews constituted secondary data. The data was thematically analysed using ATLAS.ti version 8. Results The study revealed that the individual sectors and nutrition programs have information systems that capture nutrition data, either alone or as part of systems gathering data on multiple programs and interventions. The findings also show that, except for the health sector, the nutrition information systems in three NNP signatory sectors (education, women children and youth and water irrigation & energy) are in their infancy and are not collecting nutrition-sensitive indicators as required by the NNP II. Important indicators on critical nutrition interventions are lacking in the HMIS. Health workers and managers needed much more information than what the systems currently provide. Conclusions Except the HMIS, the nutrition information systems in place are sub-national and program specific, thus cannot complement the HMIS. Besides, some key MIYCN indicators are missing from the HMIS. Currently, there is no single unified functional national nutrition information system in Ethiopia to inform the NNP II. Funding Sources The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

The End of the Profession as a Sociological Category? Systems-theoretical Remarks on the Relationship between Profession and Society.

Following reflections by Talcott Parsons and Niklas Luhmann, this paper is concerned with the changing meaning of the profession as a sociological category for analyzing modern society. Professions are practical academic occupational groups oriented to certain social values, to which a special significance for society was attributed in the social sciences for a long time, thus marking a connection between professions' research and theory of society. This paper now describes that the causal relationship between profession and society is limited to a historically relatively early period. In the transition to modern society, this close network of relationships begins to dissolve, and now professions operate in the context of some function systems of society whose task is the professional assistance of single clients, such as in the fields of health, law, and pastoral care. However, the professions' highlighted position in the knowledge and action structure of single function systems seems to dissolve more and more today so that one can ask whether we can speak here already of an end of the social form profession. This would correspond with the observation that actually the professions no longer appear at all in the newer theories of society and therefore their function as an important mechanism of social structure formation is no longer attributed to them.

Morphofunctional change small intestine in patients with ulcer disease

The current course of diseases of the digestive system is characterized by a multi-system pathology. The long-term existence of isolated diseases of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract is impossible: the pathology of some organs of a single functional system affects the development of the pathology of other organs.Purpose. To study the features of intestinal digestion in patients with peptic ulcer.Material and methods. 152 patients with peptic ulcer who were hospitalized in the gastroenterological department of Mordovian Republican Clinical Hospital were examined in 2011–2017. The main indicators of intestinal digestion by the activity of intestinal enzymes were studied.Results. Symptoms of impaired intestinal function are observed in 47 % of patients with peptic ulcer disease. In their development, a violation of membrane hydrolytic processes, which were expressed as a decrease (p < 0.05) in the activity of the main intestinal enzymes of maltase in 74 %, alanine aminopeptidase – 73 %, alkaline phosphatase – 62 %, glycyl-L-leucindipeptidase and protein – 37 % (p < 0.01).Conclusions. With peptic ulcer, the processes of membrane intestinal digestion are disrupted, which contributes to the development of clinical symptoms of a violation of the basic functions of the small intestine.

Understanding stroke with Bayesian networks

Background: Stroke is a major source of morbidity worldwide, causing 5.78 million deaths per annum as per WHO global health estimates. An international effort is underway to improve outcomes in stroke by means of secondary and tertiary preventative measures. To maximise the efficacy of such interventions, we must fully understand the processes which lead to stroke-related morbidity and mortality. We propose to reframe stroke as a component of a network system, with multiple interacting causes and consequences. In real-world epidemiology, interactive systems are known to exist between social, behavioural and biological risk factors. The network paradigm accommodates such complexity well, and has demonstrated value in genetics, pathology and therapeutics. We propose Bayesian network inference as a hypothesis-free method of characterising the causal processes of stroke outcomes. Methods: We examine data recorded during the International Stroke trial, a multi-centre interventional trial evaluating the efficacy of anticoagulation and antiplatelet agents as secondary preventative agents in 19,000 cases of stroke. We extract 38 relevant variables, pertaining to patient demographics, stroke presentation, clinical features, diagnosis, management and outcomes. A discrete Bayesian network inferred by optimisation of network score. The performance of several network scores and search algorithms were compared using cross validation. This process identified TABU with K2 score as the optimal network search protocol. Bayesian Network bootstrapping was used to provide an estimate of network structural confidence. Results: Bayesian network inference detected 119 significant conditional dependencies in the International Stroke Trial dataset. These conditional dependencies were consistent with known clinical associations. 14-day mortality was found to be conditionally dependent on age at presentation (Mutual Info: P value Conclusions: We organise the pathogenesis, management and sequelae as a single functional system, in which clinical phenomena are understood to influence one another. We demonstrate the utility of the method to form and test multiple hypotheses in an objective fashion. This methodology is general and may theoretically be applied to various observational datasets across the health sciences.

Physiological Parameters of the Performance of Ballistic Punch Movements in Athletes

The motor-coordination features of punch actions in athletes receive special attention in the literature. However, the association between punch force actions and the mechanisms of motor coordination and balance is disregarded in the majority of studies, and a hierarchic movement organization adequate to the motor task consequently escapes attention. Vegetative support of various types of punches is poorly understood. Vertical stability, stabilographic parameters, muscle electrical activity of the upper limbs and trunk, and vegetative vascular support of various types of punch movements were studied using sports equipment in boxers of various skill levels. The results were used to systematize the physiological characteristics of punch movement performance in boxers. A higher level of qualification was associated with an increase in balance retention time in the complicated Romberg position. For the ballistic type of punch, the sagittal linear velocity of punch increased with the increasing qualification level and a pronounced frontal velocity component became detectable at the level of Candidate Master of S6ports (CMS). The changes were accompanied by an increase in the amplitude of bioelectric activity of muscles in the upper and lower limbs; signs of muscle disorganization were replaced by synchronization of bioelectric activity. Changes in motor pattern were accompanied by a nonlinear reorganization of the vegetative support system, and blood supply and blood return gradually increased in the lower and upper limbs. Blood circulation indices became more economic and optimal for ballistic technology. Based on the results, the development of sports mastery in boxing was considered as the development of a single functional system in which the ability to maintain balance and the punch velocity parameters are associated with an adaptive reorganization of contractile muscle activity in the lower and upper limbs and vascular maintenance of body activity. The findings help to better understand the physiological mechanisms underlying the formation of punch movement skills in combat sports and can provide a theoretical basis for improving the training process.

Bone Control of Muscle Function

Bone and muscle represent a single functional system and are tightly connected to each other. Indeed, diseases characterized by alterations of muscle physiology have effects on bone remodeling and structure and vice versa. Muscle influence on bone has been deeply studied, and recent studies identified irisin as new molecule involved in this crosstalk. Muscle regulation by bone needs to be extensively investigated since in the last few years osteocalcin was recognized as a key molecule in the bone–muscle interaction. Osteocalcin can exist in two forms with different degrees of carboxylation. The undercarboxylated form of osteocalcin is a hormone released by the bone matrix during the osteoclast bone resorption and can bind its G-protein coupled receptor GPRC6A expressed in the muscle, thus regulating its function. Recently, this hormone was described as an antiaging molecule for its ability to regulate bone, muscle and cognitive functions. Indeed, the features of this bone-related hormone were used to test a new therapeutic approach for sarcopenia, since injection of osteocalcin in older mice induces the acquirement of physical abilities of younger animals. Even if this approach should be tested in humans, osteocalcin represents the most surprising molecule in endocrine regulation by the skeleton.

Maximum entropy approach to reliability.

The aging process is a common phenomenon in engineering, biological, and physical systems. The hazard rate function, which characterizes the aging process, is a fundamental quantity in the disciplines of reliability, failure, and risk analysis. However, it is difficult to determine the entire hazard function accurately with limited observation data when the degradation mechanism is not fully understood. Inspired by the seminal work pioneered by Jaynes [Phys. Rev. 106, 620 (1956)PHRVAO0031-899X10.1103/PhysRev.106.620], this study develops an approach based on the principle of maximum entropy. In particular, the time-dependent hazard rate function can be established using limited observation data in a rational manner. It is shown that the developed approach is capable of constructing and interpreting many typical hazard rate curves observed in practice, such as the bathtub curve, the upside down bathtub, and so on. The developed approach is applied to model a classical single function system and a numerical example is used to demonstrate the method. In addition its extension to a more general multifunction system is presented. Depending on the interaction between different functions of the system, two cases, namely reducible and irreducible, are discussed in detail. A multifunction electrical system is used for demonstration.

THE APPLICABILITY OF THE SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE MODEL OF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE LIPETSK REGION

The model of regional economic development in the Lipetsk region based on the allocation of industry and agriculture production in Special Economic Zones has shown its effectiveness for the development of the whole region. However, this model was helpless to introduce any significant breakthrough changes in the structure of the economy. Currently there has been an attempt to apply the same allocation model to tourism segment objects. It is shown that tourist entities unlike industrial and agricultural have different development imperatives. The main condition for the successful formation and functioning of tourist objects on a territory is their interconnected interaction within a tourist cluster. A tourist cluster can not be created at the only site. Tourist objects of a tourist cluster must be distributed according to tourist destinations and integrated through a well-developed infrastructure in a single functional system. When applying the special economic zone model to a territory it is necessary to make adaptations in accordance to the specifics of the allocated objects. The conclusion is that the application of the same management model for different economy segments needs adjustment. It is also important to distinguish a “Cluster” which is a geographic concentration of interconnected companies and a “Special Economic Zone” which is a territory with economic preferences.

Genome as a top informational attribute of biological species

Aim. To substantiate a concept of genome as the top informational attribute of biological species based on the modern achievements of biological sciences. Methods. Study and analysis of subject scientific literary sources, in which the technique of genomic analysis is used for determination of a number and similarity of genomes. Results. The main component of genomes is DNA that carries information about the primary structure of proteins (structural genes of matrix RNA), synthesis of proteins (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), sites for connection of signaling molecules (start/stop expression, amplification, deceleration, repetition, etc.), mobile genetic elements, recombination sites, etc. The genome of each organism has a great variety of genetic nets and systems that control the molecular, biochemical, physiological and morphological features of organisms. At the same time, each gene network has genetic mechanisms designated for its regulation, based on changing functions of certain groups of genes that are part of the gene networks. Conclusions. Therefore, the genome is a part of a cell of a certain living body, consisting of an appropriate set of nucleic acids and proteins, combined into a single structural and functional system. Keywords: genome, structure, functions.

МОНИТОРИНГ МОРФОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОГО И МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ЮНЫХ ПЛОВЦОВ

Aim. The aim of this article is to conduct the monitoring of morphofunctional and metabolic state in young swimmers at the final stages of preparation to socially significant competitions. Materials and methods. We examined young swimmers aged 12–16 years from learning and training groups and the groups of sports improvement having 3rd–2nd ranks (12.25 ± 0.50 years), 1st–2nd ranks (14.88 ± 0.39 years) or the Candidate in Masters of Sports and Master of Sports qualification (16.00 ± 0.26 years). Each age group consisted of 15 teenagers and girls. Sport experience in swimming was from 5 to 8 years. The examination was conducted in the Research center for sports science at the final stages of preparation to socially significant competitions. We used Tanita diagnostic appliance (Japan) to measure body composition. Express-information on blood indices under stress and functional metabolic reactions allowed us to reveal weak components of homeostasis (Nonivasive Hemogram Analyzer AMP, Ukraine). The assessment of functional and molecular cell state was performed with the help of Oxycon Mobile diagnostic appliance (FRG). Results. We revealed that huge training loads provoke significant shifts in the morphological structures and biochemical processes of tissues and organs. The disturbance of homeostasis in athletes performing physical exercises occurs only under near threshold loads. It may occur either at the initial stage of training with huge training loads without taking into account the principle of a gradual increase in loads or if athlete’s abilities do not correspond to training loads. Conclusion. The monitoring performed allowed us to reveal long-term and shortteam reactions of the body to huge training loads. At the same time, the single functional system determined the results of training and competition activity. Under these conditions we revealed weak components, which can be improved with the help of load regulation, recovery, pharmacological drugs or approved biologically active additives.

Systematic assessment and characterization of chronic pain in multiple sclerosis patients

Pain is one of the most disabling clinical symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Several studies have already assessed the prevalence of pain in MS patients, reporting variable results, probably due to methodological differences. The aim of this single-centre cross-sectional study was to define the prevalence and characteristics of chronic pain in a population of MS patients using validated tools, and to analyse these data in relation to demographic and clinical features, including disease duration and disability (EDSS and its single functional system scores). Of 397 enrolled patients, 23 were excluded due to a Beck's Depression Inventory Score > 19. In the remaining 374 patients, the overall prevalence of chronic pain was 52.1%, most frequently affecting the lower limbs (36.9%). Neuropathic pain was the most frequent type of chronic pain (89 patients, overall prevalence of 23.7%) and was associated with a sensory functional system involvement. Pain intensity was significantly higher in patients with neuropathic pain as opposed to patients with non-neuropathic pain. Patients with chronic pain and, in particular, patients with neuropathic pain had significantly higher EDSS scores than those without pain. Only 24% of patients with chronic pain and 33% of patients with neuropathic pain were on a specific long-lasting treatment for pain. The present study supports the routine assessment of neuropathic pain in MS patients, especially in those with a sensory functional system involvement, in order to avoid underdiagnosing and undertreating a potentially disabling condition.