Single Fluoride Research Articles

Nonlinear polarization rotation based 635 nm praseodymium doped mode-locked fiber laser

We demonstrated a mode-locked fiber laser oscillator using nonlinear polarization rotation as a saturable absorption system. The fiber laser generates mode-locked pulses by adjusting four waveplates. A single-clad Pr3+-doped single mode fluoride fiber with a 425 mW threshold pump power serves as the foundation for the ring cavity, which operates in the dissipative soliton resonance regime. The radio frequency signal-to-noise ratio of the pulses at 634.9 nm is 60 dB, maximum output power of 5.5 mW, and repetition rate of 34.5 MHz. These findings provide a foundation for the advancement of photonic applications in the visible spectrum.

Single activator doped fluoride nanoparticles for X-ray excited high-resolution and delayed flexible nonplanar imaging

Lanthanide doped fluoride nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit adjustable X-ray excited optical/persistent luminescence (XEOL/XEPL) and possessing extensive potential in XEPL-based delay imaging. However, the high-resolution and delayed XEPL-based delay imaging always requires strict introduction of sensitized or heterovalent ions and the construction of complex structures for excellent XEPL performance of lanthanide-doped fluoride NPs, which is attributed to a lack of effective and convenient strategies. Here we show that the intense XEPL strength was obtained by single Tb3+ activated ion doping and simple CsY2F7@NaYF4 core/shell structure for X-ray excited high-resolution and delayed flexible nonplanar imaging. The strict introduction and control of sensitized or heterovalent ions, and the construction of intricate multilayer nanostructure are avoided. In addition, we enable the NPs to achieve high and long-term XEPL performance by simply thermal processing strategy. We successfully mixed minimized amount of the NPs into flexible film to create a scintillation screen which consequently exhibit high surface smoothness, environmental stability, and transparency. Our results demonstrate high resolution delayed imaging of the NPs integrated flexible film for the interior of nonplanar objects. The spatial resolution of 14.3 lp mm−1 is substantially higher than the typical spatial resolutions required for medical CT scans (2 lp mm−1) and X-ray imaging (3.5 lp mm−1). These findings will promote the development of advanced delayed X-ray nonplanar imaging applications.

Triple-Decker Hexaazamacrocyclic Lanthanide(III) Complexes: Structure, Magnetic Properties, and Temperature-Dependent Luminescence.

The reaction of fluoride anions with mononuclear rare-earth(III) complexes of the hexaazamacrocycle derived from 2,6-diformylpyridine and ethylenediamine affords trinuclear coordination compounds [Ln3L3(μ2-F)4(NO3)2](NO3)3. The X-ray crystal structures of these complexes show triplex cationic complexes where the three roughly parallel macrocyclic lanthanide(III) units are linked by bis-μ2-F bridges. The detailed analysis of the photophysical properties of the [Eu3L3(μ2-F)4(NO3)2](NO3)3·2H2O and [Tb3L3(μ2-F)4(NO3)2](NO3)3·3H2O complexes reveals different temperature dependence of luminescence intensity and luminescence decay time of the Eu(III) and Tb(III) derivatives. The spectra of mixed species of average composition [Eu1.5Tb1.5L3(μ2-F)4(NO3)2](NO3)3·3H2O are in accordance with the ratiometric luminescent thermometer behavior. Measurements of the direct-current (dc) magnetic susceptibility of the [Dy3L3(μ2-F)4(NO3)2](NO3)3·2H2O complex indicate possible ferromagnetic interactions between the Dy(III) ions. Alternating current (ac) susceptibility measurements of this complex indicate single-molecule magnet behavior in zero dc field with magnetic relaxation dominated by Orbach mechanism and an effective energy barrier Ueff = 12.3 cm-1 (17.7 K) with a pre-exponential relaxation time, τ0 of 7.3 × 10-6 s. A similar reaction of mononuclear macrocyclic complexes with a higher number of fluoride equivalents results in polymeric {[Ln3L3(μ2-F)5](NO3)4}n complexes. The X-ray crystal structure of the Nd(III) derivative of this type shows trinuclear units that are additionally linked by single fluoride bridges to form a linear coordination polymer.

A theoretical and experimental investigation on the surface formation mechanism in elliptical vibration cutting of single crystal magnesium fluoride

Manufacturing precise microstructures on magnesium fluoride surface remains challenging due to its brittleness and anisotropy. This study investigates the surface formation mechanism in ductile machining of single crystal magnesium fluoride and explores the feasibility of fabricating sophisticated microstructures on magnesium fluoride surfaces by applying elliptical vibration cutting technology. We conducted a systematic study on the ductile-brittle transition behavior, material removal mechanism, and fabrication performance of microstructures through theoretical analysis and cutting experiments. A theoretical model that takes into account the elliptical trajectory's orientation angle has been established to determine the evolution of instantaneous uncut chip thickness and the characteristic nominal depth of cut in one cycle during elliptical vibration cutting. By comprehensively examining the influence of the elliptical trajectory, determined by vibration amplitudes, orientation angle, and nominal cutting speed, on the dynamic behaviour of the ductile-brittle transition, we verified the proposed theoretical model with convincing experimental results. Larger critical depth of cut for ductile-brittle transition and smaller cutting forces achieved by EVC contribute to the improved ductile machinability of MgF2. With optimal vibration parameters, the critical depth of cut increases by 56 times compared to ordinary cutting. Theoretical findings regarding plastic deformation parameters and cleavage fracture parameters align well with experimental observations, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the anisotropy influence on damage evolution during the surface formation in elliptical vibration cutting of magnesium fluoride. Furthermore, leveraging our fundamental understanding of material removal and surface formation mechanisms, we successfully generated bi-sinusoidal arrays on magnesium fluoride surfaces with exceptional accuracy (machining error < 1.5%) and high efficiency (machining time < 121.5 min) by applying elliptical vibration cutting.

In-situ growth of robust and superhydrophilic nano-skin on electrospun Janus nanofibrous membrane for oil/water emulsions separation

It is difficult for composite fibrous membranes to achieve up to 99.5% separation efficiency for oil/water emulsions under cycling separation. Herein, a simple method is developed to in-situ grow surperhydrophilic nanocoating on a single electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) fiber surface for fabricating asymmetric wettable Janus PVDF fibrous membranes. Particularly, polysaccharide fluids with zwitterionic polymer chains are generated from the nanofiber subsurface in an inside-out way during the electrospinning process, forming the robust superhydrophilic nanocoating (<5°) under a synergistic effect of both the electric field force and self-migration feature of N-carboxymethyl chitosan fluids (CMCfs). Benefiting from opposite wettability of the PVDF Janus membrane, the results show that the as-prepared Janus membranes with asymmetrical wettability exhibit excellent separation efficiency (S/E) (>99.5 %), a high flux (up to 4325 L m−2 h−1 bar−1), antibacterial activity (>99%) and antifoul properties. Moreover, the obtained Janus membranes own surprising flux cycling stability and retained 99.5% separation efficiency after 12 cycles without any treatment, indicating that the multi-arm polysaccharide fluids acted as the water channel in such membrane and accelerated the flow of water molecules. The Janus PVDF composite membranes have potential applications for oily wastewater treatment and water purification in the future.

Investigating the feasibility of a hand-held photoacoustic imaging probe for margin assessment during breast conserving surgery

Approximately 19 % of breast cancer patients undergoing breast conserving surgery (BCS) must return for a secondary surgery due to incomplete tumour removal. Our previous work demonstrated that the lower lipid content, characteristic of tumour tissue, was observed as regions of hypo-intense photoacoustic (PA) contrast. The goal of this work was to evaluate feasibility of a low-frequency, hand-held PA imaging probe for surgical margin assessment based on lipid content differences. Here, we describe (i) the design of a prototype hand-held PA imaging probe, (ii) the effect of limited-bandwidth on image contrast, (iii) accuracy towards hypo-intense contrast detection, (iv) the limited-view characteristics of the single sensor design, and (v) early imaging results of an ex-vivo breast cancer specimen. The probe incorporated a single polyvinylidene fluoride acoustic sensor, a 1-to-4 optical fibre bundle and a polycarbonate axicon lens for light delivery. Imaging results on phantoms designed to mimic positive margins demonstrated the ability to detect gaps in optical absorption as small as 1 mm in width. Compared to images from a near full-view PAI system, the hand-held PAI probe had higher signal to noise ratio but suffered from negativity image artifacts. Lumpectomy specimen imaging showed that strong signals can be obtained from the fatty tissue. Taken together, the results show this imaging approach with a hand-held probe has potential for detection of residual breast cancer tissue during BCS; however, more work is needed to reduce the size of the probe to fit within the surgical cavity.

In solid physics equations, accurate and novel soliton wave structures for heating a single crystal of sodium fluoride

This paper analyzes the analytical and numerical solutions’ structure of the combined mKdV equation and KdV equation (mKdV+KdV equation) using the Khater II (Khat. II) method and three accurate B-spline numerical schemes. ExCBS, SBS and TQBS numerical schemes are the numerical systems used. The handled model describes many distinct phenomena such as wave propagation of bounded particles with a harmonic force in a one-dimensional nonlinear lattice, propagation of ion-acoustic waves of small amplitude without Landau damping in plasma physics, and propagation of thermal pulse through a single sodium fluoride crystal in solid physics. Numerous examples show the relationship between quick and slow soliton, which generates phase shift. This phase shift is shown in a contour map to show the modest and colossal energy density along the path of fast and slow colliding solitons. Calculating the difference between analytical and numerical solutions shows whether they match spline-connected and distribution graphs.

Fabrication and characterization of high-performance acetone-assisted polyamide thin-film composite membranes for fluoridated saline water treatment

Nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membrane show promising potential for treating fluoridated brackish water and wastewater. We assessed the water flux and rejection performance of a self-fabricated membrane with various acetone concentrations as co-solvent for the treatment of fluoridated brackish water. The membrane performance was studied at different pH and pressure levels using a crossflow RO test cell with a single fluoride feed solution, brackish water composition, and real seawater. The addition of acetone to the organic and aqueous solutions during interfacial polymerization reduced the solubility difference and formed a narrower miscibility zone, resulting in a thicker reaction zone and a multilayer polyamide structure with larger pores. The water flux performance improved as the acetone concentration rose, with just a minor loss in fluoride solute rejection. Additionally, the fluoride removal efficiency increased with pH increase as the membrane became highly negatively charged. The performance of acetone added membrane was compared with commercial RO/NF membranes under the same conditions, and the acetone-added membrane exhibited higher flux and rejection. This work illustrates the utility of an acetone-assisted membrane as a suitable stand for fluoride removal and brackish water treatment.

Dinuclear Fluoride Single-Bridged Lanthanoid Complexes as Molecule Magnets: Unprecedented Coupling Constant in a Fluoride-Bridged Gadolinium Compound.

A new synthetic method allows isolating fluoride-bridged complexes Bu4N{[M(3NO2,5Br-H3L1,1,4)]2(μ-F)} (M = Dy, 1; M = Ho, 2; M = Gd, 3) and Bu4N{[Dy(3Br,5Cl-H3L1,2,4)]2(μ-F)}·2H2O, 4·2H2O. The crystal structures of 1·5CH3C6H5,·2·2H2O·0.75THF, 3, and 4·2H2O·2THF show that all of them are dinuclear compounds with linear single fluoride bridges and octacoordinated metal centers. Magnetic susceptibility measurements in the temperature range of 2–300 K reveal that the GdIII ions in 3 are weakly antiferromagnetically coupled, and this constitutes the first crystallographically and magnetically analyzed gadolinium complex with a fluoride bridge. Variable-temperature magnetization demonstrates a poor magnetocaloric effect for 3. Alternating current magnetic measurements for 1, 2, and 4·2H2O bring to light that 4·2H2O is an SMM, 1 shows an SMM-like behavior under a magnetic field of 600 Oe, while 2 does not show relaxation of the magnetization even under an applied magnetic field. In spite of this, 2 is the first fluoride-bridged holmium complex magnetically analyzed. DFT and ab initio calculations support the experimental magnetic results and show that apparently small structural differences between 1 and 4·2H2O introduce important changes in the dipolar interactions, from antiferromagnetic in 1 to ferromagnetic in 4·2H2O.

Er3+:NaYb2F7 imbedded fluorotellurite transparent glass ceramic for enhanced upconversion luminescence and related thermometric behavior

Fluorotellurite glass ceramics (GCs) are promising photonic materials owing to their unique characteristic of integration of low cut-off phonon energy of fluorides and the high refractive index of tellurite glasses. Here, appropriate heat treatment to obtain the transparent GC from the parent glass (PG) of TeO2–Al2O3–NaF–CaF2-YbF3-ErF3 was established. The XRD, TEM, and spectroscopy techniques were employed to characterize the structure and properties of the as-prepared samples. The single fluoride phase NaYb2F7 crystallized from the PG was confirmed by XRD. TEM images displayed that in the transparent GC the nanocrystals are uniformly distributed in glassy matrix with an average size of about 6 nm. Under the 980 nm NIR excitation, the transparent GC exhibited bright upconversion luminescence in the visible region with intensity enhancement of ~73% comparing with the PG. The upconversion fluorescence kinetics were studied, along with the upconversion mechanism analyzed in details. Furthermore, the dependence of upconverted fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of the 2H11/2 → 4I15/2 emission to 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 emission from Er3+ ions on temperature was studied over a temperature range of 323–548 K. The results have shown that the Er3+:NaYb2F7 imbedded transparent fluorotellurite GC can be favorably employed for temperature sensing.

Solution growth of millimeter‐scale Na2SiF6 single crystals for Mn4+‐doping as red phosphor

AbstractThe cation exchange method has been demonstrated to be efficient in doping Mn4+ ions into various fluorides to synthesize the red‐emitting LED phosphors. This paper, however, reports the challenge in using this method to dope Mn4+ into the Na2SiF6 single crystals, to prepare the fluoride phosphor in single‐crystal form, a state‐of‐the‐art study in the white LED lighting field. The millimeter‐sized Na2SiF6 single crystals with a uniform columnar morphology (2–3 mm in length) were successfully grown in solution by a slow cooling process after optimizing the precursors. Then, the crystals were soaked in the HF solution dissolved with K2MnF6 to implement Mn4+‐doping via the cation exchange process. Evaluation of the Mn4+‐doping behavior reveals that the Mn4+ ↔ Si4+ cation exchange is less efficient in the case of single crystal host compared with the polycrystalline powdery ones and by‐reactions also occur which generates new phases. The Na2SiF6 single crystals doped with Mn4+ exhibit a series of discrete sharp peaks with intense zero phonon line emission at 617 nm under 450 nm blue irradiation. This study may trigger the exploration of new single crystal fluoride phosphor.

Calcium mitigates fluoride-induced kallikrein 4 inhibition via PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in ameloblast-lineage cells

ObjectivesThe present study aimed to investigated the effect and mechanism of Ca2+ treatment on fluoride in ameloblast-lineage cells (ALCs). Materials and methodsThe effects of fluoride and different Ca2+ levels treatment on the proliferative activity, cell apoptosis, cell cycle, intracellular free Ca2+, were firstly determined. Kallikrein 4 (KLK4), glucose-responsive protein 78 (GRP78), Protein kinase R -like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), CCAAT enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), were investigated in ALCs. ResultsThe proliferative activity was obviously inhibited under concentrations of single fluoride high than 1 mM, and indicated highest proliferation at single 2.5 mM Ca2+ concentration in ALC cells. In addition, we found that single fluoride markedly induced intracellular free Ca2+ increasing, G2/M phase arrest, apoptosis. GRP78 and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway of PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP were significantly increased, while the proliferation and KLK4 were markedly reduced in ALCs. Ca2+ additional treatment can obviously reverse the effect of fluoride-induced apoptosis and inhibition of KLK4. The effect of GRP78 and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway of PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP were also alleviated under Ca2+ additional treatment in ALCs. More important, the results of 2.5 mmol/L Ca2+ treatment on the proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis suggest this concentration is relatively better to mediate the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in ALCs. ConclusionsIn sum, Ca2+-supplementation exerts antagonistic the toxic effects on fluoride and this inhibitory effect suggests the potential implications for Ca2+-supplementation on fluorosis.

Evaluation of fluoride and cadmium adsorption modification of corn stalk by aluminum trichloride

The aluminum-modified corn stalk biochar (AlCl3-BC) were prepared to adsorb fluoride from single ion solution and from binary mixtures with cadmium. FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and zeta potentiometry revealed that surface functional groups, crystal and physical structure of biochar were significantly improved by AlCl3 modification. The fluoride adsorption process consisted with pseudo-first order kinetics model and both Langmuir and Freundlich models well. The AlCl3-BC exhibited greater adsorption capacities than the original biochar (BC) with adsorption capacity of 81.65 mg g−1 at 35 °C. Both BC and AlCl3-BC showed higher capacities than those reported for other biochar. The fluoride adsorption capacity Qe from a binary solution of fluoride and cadmium gradually decreased as the initial cadmium concentration increased at fixed initial fluoride concentrations, while adsorption of cadmium increased. As the initial fluoride concentrations increased from 5 to 20 mg L−1, the Qe of fluoride increased as the Qe of cadmium decreased, indicating that fluoride adsorption by BC and AlCl3-BC was clearly reduced in the presence of cadmium. This research suggested that AlCl3-BC is a promising candidate material for single ion fluoride removal and could also achieve synergetic removal of fluoride and cadmium from contaminated water bodies.

Frustrated Lewis-Pair-Meditated Selective Single Fluoride Substitution in Trifluoromethyl Groups

Single fluoride substitution in trifluoromethylarenes is an ongoing synthetic challenge that often leads to "over-reaction", where multiple fluorides are replaced. Development of this reaction would allow simple access to a vast range of difluoromethyl derivatives of current interest to pharmaceutical, agrochemistry, and materials sciences. Using a catalytic frustrated Lewis pair approach, we have developed a generic protocol that allows a single substitution of one fluoride in trifluoromethyl groups with neutral phosphine and pyridine bases. The resulting phosphonium and pyridinium salts can be further functionalized via nucleophilic substitution, photoredox coupling, and electrophilic transfer reactions allowing the generation of a vast array of difluoromethyl products.

Determination of the Faraday rotation perpendicular to the optical axis in uniaxial CeF3 crystal by using the Generalized-High Accuracy Universal Polarimeter

Many single crystals have been developed and commercialized for optical isolators. However, optical isolator materials have been limited to isotropic crystals or to the isotropic direction (optic axis) of anisotropic crystals. This study investigates the wavelength dependences of linear birefringence, linear dichroism, Faraday rotation and magnetic-circular dichroism in a single crystal rare-earth fluoride, namely CeF3. Measurements were made in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the optic axis under an applied magnetic field. The magnetic field was generated by Nd-Fe-B magnets installed in the generalized-high accuracy universal polarimeter (G-HAUP). The first application of G-HAUP to a magneto-optical material is presented. In the CeF3 crystal, the Verdet constants along directions parallel and perpendicular to the optic axis were positive over the measured wavelength region (300–680 nm), and their magnitudes were nearly equal. The success in the accurate measurement on Faraday rotation along anisotropic directions has opened the way to study on optical isolators along the direction other than optic axis.

Dual-mode temperature sensitive fluorescence phenomenon based on reconstruction of multi-level system in BaCaLu2F10 micro-nanocrystals

In this work, we mainly focus on the design of dual-mode temperature (T) sensitive fluorescence phenomenon in single fluoride materials. The compound BaCaLu2F10 with low phonon energy is used as the host to expectantly construct the programmable energy system based on Yb3+-Er3+-Tm3+ rare earth ions, thereby achieving dual-mode fluorescence features of the thermal coupling phenomenon of Er3+ between 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 energy levels, and energy transfer between 4F9/2 energy level of Er3+ and 3F2 energy level of Tm3+. Whereas the T-dependent spectrum indicates that the Yb3+-Er3+-Tm3+ system exhibits excellent thermal stability under the excitation of 980 nm, which is not conducive to the application in T sensors. The V5+/Mo6+ have rich charge transitions between their d0 electronic structure and ligand orbits could be effective choice to bridge the different energy levels. Consequently, we attempt to reconstruct the Yb3+-Er3+-Tm3+-V5+/Mo6+ energy level system and successful change the fluorescence intensity ratios of 521nm/540 nm and 700nm/654 nm as the T rises. Meanwhile, the UC emission intensities of BaCaLu2F10:Yb3+, Er3+, Tm3+ UCPs are sharply enhanced up to 104 and 4.14 times by doping 3mol% V5+ or 3mol% Mo6+, respectively, which is beneficial to improve the sensitivity of T sensors.

Multipoint-Detection Strain Sensor with a Single Electrode Using Optical Ultrasound Generated by Carbon Nanotubes.

With the development of wearable devices, strain sensors have attracted large interest for the detection of human motion, movement, and breathing. Various strain sensors consisting of stretchable conductive materials have been investigated based on resistance and capacitance differences according to the strain. However, this method requires multiple electrodes for multipoint detection. We propose a strain sensor capable of multipoint detection with a single electrode, based on the ultrasound pulse–echo method. It consists of several transmitters of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a single polyvinylidene fluoride receiver. The strain sensor was fabricated using CNTs embedded in stretchable polydimethylsiloxane. The received data are characterized by the different times of transmission from the CNTs of each point depending on the strain, i.e., the sensor can detect the positions of the CNTs. This study demonstrates the application of the multipoint strain sensor with a single electrode for measurements up to a strain of 30% (interval of 1%). We considered the optical and acoustic energy losses in the sensor design. In addition, to evaluate the utility of the sensor, finger bending with three-point CNTs and flexible phantom bending with six-point CNTs for the identification of an S-curve having mixed expansion and compression components were carried out.

Anisotropic Excitation Polarization Response from a Single White Light-Emitting β-NaYF4 :Yb3+ ,Pr3+ Microcrystal.

Precise knowledge about optical and structural performance of individual rare earth (RE)-doped particles is extremely important for the optimization of luminescent particles and for fully exploiting their capability as multifunctional probes for interdisciplinary applications. In this work, optical and structural anisotropy of individual particles through RE-doped single fluoride microcrystals with controllable morphology is reported. Unique luminescent phenomena, for example, white light-emission from Pr3+ at single particle level and different photoluminescent spectra variation dependence on excitation polarization orientation at different excitation direction are observed upon excitation with a 980 nm linearly polarized laser. Based on the analysis of local site symmetry and electron cloud distribution of REs in hexagonal structure by density functional theory calculations, an exciting mechanism of excitation polarization response anisotropy is given for the first time, providing a guidance for emission polarization simultaneously. The structural anisotropy is presented in Raman spectra with obvious differing Raman curves, revealing the reason why there are differences between powder groups. Taking advantage of anisotropic crystals, potential applications in microscopic multi-information transportation are suggested for the optical and structural performance anisotropy from RE-doped fluoride single nano/microcrystals to ordered nano/microcrystal arrays, such as local rate probing in a flowing liquid.

Thermodynamic study of NaLaF4 in NaF-LaF3 system using solid state electrochemical cell method

The NaF-LaF3 system is characterized with single ternary fluoride compound, NaLaF4. This compound has been synthesized in solid state route and characterized with X-ray diffraction technique. The purity has been checked with ICPMS technique. The heat capacity of NaLaF4 (s) has been experimentally measured with differential Scanning Calorimeter and the variation of Cp as a function of temperature can be expressed as.Cp /J.mol-1K-1 = (171.2 ​± ​0.1) ​+ ​(0.00089 ​± ​0.0002) ​× ​T/K - (3.235 × 106 ± 9204) × (T/K)-2The Gibbs energy of formation of NaLaF4 (s) has been determined using Solid Electrolyte Galvanic Cell method with calcium fluoride as solid electrolyte. The ΔfG of NaLaF4 (s) as a function of temperature can be given as.ΔfG (NaLaF4, s, T) (kJ mol -1) = (- 2220.7 ​± ​0.7) ​+ ​(0.3123 ​± ​0.0032) · (T/K)Using the experimentally obtained thermodynamic data, the binary phase diagram of NaF (s) - LaF3 (s) system has been calculated. To study the stability domain and coexisting phases of NaLaF4(s), the chemical potential diagram of Na-La-F-O system and ternary phase diagram of Na-La-F system has been calculated.

A novel approach to white-light emission using a single fluorescent urea derivative and fluoride

First observation of white fluorescence using a single fluorescent urea derivative and fluoride.