Single Flower Bud Research Articles

Effect of Major Nutrients (N:P:K) on Plant Growth and Flower Yield of Jasmine (Jasminum auriculatum)

The present investigation entitled, “Effect of major nutrients (N:P:K) on Plant growth and Flower yield of Jasmine (Jasminum auriculatum)” was under taken in the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (Allahabad) during 2021-2022. The experiment was layout in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 09 treatments and each treatment replicated thrice. The treatments consist of different combinations of Chemical fertilizers (N, P and K). The treatment T8 (120:120:120g N:P:K/plant) was found the statistically significant compared to other treatment combination, which recorded highest plant height (92.44 cm), plant spread (61.82 cm), Number of leaves (142.77), Number of branches (16.29), followed by T6 (90:180:180g N:P:K/plant) and lowest growth by T2 (30:60:60g N:P:K/plant). The treatment T9 (120:240:240g N:P:K/plant) was found the statistically significant compared to other treatment combination, which recorded least days for flower bud development (14.25 days), days to first flower bud initiation (219.92 days), duration of flower (5.56 days), flower bud diameter (26.20 mm), flower bud length (2.16 cm), weight of single flower bud (0.198 g), flower yield per ha. (2.54 tons.) followed by T7 (105:210:210g N:P:K/plant).

Potential biases in screening for plant resistance to insect pests: an illustration with oilseed rape

AbstractBreeding to increase crop resistance is a common strategy to decrease damage caused by insect pests, especially in the current context where insecticides are becoming at the same time less accepted by society and less efficient because of widespread pest resistance. The main bottleneck of this strategy is phenotyping. Although simple, high‐throughput methods have been proposed which could be highly useful, they may raise conceptual issues. Using field and laboratory experiments on oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and the pollen beetle (Brassicogethes aeneus syn. Meligethes aeneus), we illustrated possible difficulties with this approach: (i) field screenings might not represent the real attractiveness of the tested genotypes; (ii) plant phenology or spatial organization of the genotypes might bias field screening results; (iii) experiments based on detached plant parts (here, single flower buds or anthers) might not allow to infer the plant–insect relationship of the whole plant. We propose ways to better take these risks into account.

Induction of 2n pollen with colchicine during microsporogenesis in Eucalyptus

Artificially inducing 2n gametes through chromosome doubling is an effective way to obtain polyploids. In this study, Eucalyptus urophylla microsporogenesis and flower development were investigated to guide 2n pollen induction. We also investigated suitable conditions for colchicine treatment. Our results showed that E. urophylla 2n pollen was spherical and had a large volume (mean diameter 28.57 ± 0.46 μm), while normal untreated pollen (mean diameter 19.68 ± 0.11 μm) was tetrahedron. The highest rate of 2n pollen production was 28.71 % when the flower buds, which ranged in size from 3.5 to 4.0 mm, underwent treatment with 0.5 % colchicine solution for 6 h. Further studies suggested that diplotene to diakinesis and metaphase I to telophase I were suitable meiotic stages for chromosomes doubling, due to asynchronous development of microsporogenesis between the anthers in a single flower bud. These data help to illuminate research in other areas, such as triploid eucalyptus production by chromosome doubling of female gametes.

Microsporogenesis and flower development in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. tereticornis.

We compared microsporogenesis and flower development in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. tereticornis. In this study, although microsporogenesis and cytokinesis occurred simultaneously during meiosis of pollen mother cells, we observed a strong asynchronism in different anthers from a flower bud. The developmental period of microsporogenesis in anthers originated from the long thrum before the short thrum. Flower development was also asynchronous at different locations on a branch. The flower buds grew on the lower side of the branch and showed greater increases in diameter. In addition, we observed a relationship between microsporogenesis development and flower bud diameter growth. Generally, when the pachytene stage was first observed in a small single flower bud growing on top of a flowering branch, the remaining microsporogenesis stages (from diplotene to tetrad) in the whole branch occurred over the next 5–9 days. Thus, the start of microsporogenesis in E. urophylla × E. tereticornis could be determined, which may be applicable to future breeding studies.

Volatiles emitted from single flower buds of a Lilium longiflorum × L. callosum interspecific hybrid and its parents

This research was initiated to analyze the volatiles emitted from a single flower bud of Lilium longiflorum Thunb., L. callosum Sieb. et Zucc., and their interspecific hybrids L. longiflorum × L. callosum (L. longi × L. cal IH). Volatiles, collected automatically every 6-hour intervals at 20°C before anthesis and at anthesis, were analyzed using a coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The most abundant volatiles in L. longiflorum occurred at retention time (rt) 12.17 (peak 7) and rt 6.87 min (peak 3), and were tentatively identified as 1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol (nerolidol) and 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-octariene (ocimene), respectively, and sensory evaluation assessed the blend to have a pleasant fragrance. However, these peaks were not observed in L. callosum which produced a relatively low level of volatiles at rt 5.36, rt 5.84, and rt 12.31 min. Emission of volatiles from a single flower bud showed a diurnal rhythm peaking between 2000 and 0200 HR and also at anthesis. The level of volatiles released from L. longi × L. cal IH flowers was less than that from L. longiflorum, and no odor was evident by sensory evaluation. Mild and pleasant fragrance of L. longi × L. cal IH results from the inheritance of volatiles such as ocimene and nerolidol from L. longiflorum at a reduced level and the lack of production of volatiles that could produce odors.

Possible Roles of Methyl Glucoside andMyo-inositol in the Opening of Cut Rose Flowers

Methyl glucoside andmyo-inositol are present in all organs of rose (Rosa hybridaL.). To investigate the possible role of these carbohydrates in the opening of cut roses, flowers with a 10, 20 or 40-cm-long stem and a single flower bud (about 1.5 cm in diameter) were placed in water and flower opening and changes in sugar content in flowers and stems examined for 7 d. The longer the stem of the cut flower, the larger was the flower diameter. In stems, the concentration of carbohydrates, including methyl glucoside andmyo-inositol markedly decreased before flower opening. In petals, contents of glucose, methyl glucoside andmyo-inositol also decreased before flower opening, but those of fructose, sucrose and xylose did not. When glucose and methyl glucoside were added to the vase water (4%) flower opening was clearly promoted; this was accompanied by an increase in methyl glucoside and fructose concentrations in petals. On the contrary,myo-inositol inhibited flower opening, and this was accompanied by an increase inmyo-inositol and xylose concentrations in petals. These results suggest that methyl glucoside and/or its metabolites are transported into the petal cells, thereby lowering the osmotic water potential and promoting flower opening.Myo-inositol is not readily metabolized, and exogenousmyo-inositol given at a high concentration may act as an extracellular osmolyte, which inhibits water uptake and flower opening.

Shoot Regeneration from Fragmented Flower Buds of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)

Adventitious shoots were regenerated from fragmented flower buds, individual petals and receptacles in a number of different carnation cultivars. The major site of shoot formation was the subepidermal cells at the proximal end of the petals. The yield of shoots from a single flower bud was high, ranging between 70 and 275, for the 11 cultivars tested. The regeneration medium contained Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 4-8 micromolar alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid and 4-8 micromolar benzyladenine. The preferred regeneration protocol appears highly suited to the development of gene transfer systems.

DPX 1840-induced Organogenesis in Xanthi-nc Tobacco Plants

The synthetic growth regulant DPX 1840 (3,3a-dihydro-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-8H-pyrazolo[5, 1-a]isoindol-8-one) induced callus growth and subsequent tissue differentiation on cut surfaces of decapitated Xanthi-nc tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum). Callus formation and organogenesis induced by DPX 1840 depended on the presence of leaves. The adventitious meristems developed into either vegetative or flowering shoots. Pedicels that bore single flower buds developed two abscission zones that caused the buds to abscise before anthesis. The various morphological and physiological processes affected by DPX 1840 suggests that this growth regulator affects the endogenous hormonal distribution and/or activity.

Asynapsis in <i>Zebrina pendula</i> Schnizl

Asynapsis was observed at diakinesis in the pollen mother cells of a single flower bud of Zebrina pendula Schnizl. (n=12), while the rest of the material was non-asynaptic showing rings and chains of 6, 4 or 3 chromosomes, bivalents and univalents.Reduced chiasma frequency, high frequency of univalents and rod bivalents and low frequency of higher associations indicate a failure of chromosome pairing or chiasma formation in the exceptional bud.A gene or chromosome mutation controlling chromosome pairing or chiasma formation occurring in the inflorescence primordium or in the primordium of a flower has probably caused the reduction in the chiasma frequency.The above and similar occurrence of asynapsis as effecting a few cells in the sporangium or one or more flowers in an inflorescence is considered to be related to the time of occurrence of the mutation.

Studies on the Reproductive Physiology in Azuki-beans : Phaseolus radiatus var. aurea PRAIN : I. On the flower bud differentiation and development

This study was undertaken to determine the normal course from the differentiation of flower buds to their flowering in Azuki-beans. External and microscopical observations were made with their development. 10 distinguished stages are given as follows : 1) Formation of a plateau in the apical cells. 28 days before flowcring. Fig. 1, photo. 1. 2) Inflorescence primordial differentiation. 23 days before. 3) Single flower bud differentiation. 21 days before, Photo. 2. 4) Sepal and petal differentiation, 18 days before. Photo. 3. 5) Flower parts formation. 15 days before. Photo. 4, 5, 6 6) P. M. C. and embryosac mother cell formation. 11 bays before. Photo. 7. 7) Reproductive division in P. M. C. and E. S. M. C., 9 days before. Photo. 8, 9. 8) Rapid development of flower parts. 6 days before. 9) Completion of all flower parts. 2 days before. Photo. 10 10) Flowering.