Single Face Research Articles

Local selected features of dual‐tree complex wavelet transform for single sample face recognition

In this study, a new method for single sample face recognition problem based on local dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DT-CWT) representation is proposed. The proposed system provides a number of countermeasures to neutralise the unwanted imaging conditions in face classification. First of all, two novel pre-processing steps, geometric and photometric normalisation are used to normalise the facial images. The employed geometric normalisation method is more consistent with the geometry and the shape of the face image, removing redundant information from classification. This step is followed by a new illumination normalisation approach in which useful information for the extraction of DT-CWT features is kept almost unaltered. Taking a local feature-based approach, DT-CWT features are then extracted regionally. By virtue of the effective normalisation stages and the employed multi-scale and multi-orientation DT-CWT features, the proposed locally selected DT-CWT method offers invariance to moderate real world image variations, such as illumination, expression, head pose, shift and in-plane rotation. The experimental evaluation of the method is performed on the widely used FERET and YALE databases, in an identification scenario, achieving promising performance.

On the Development of Virtual Inner Loops for Feature Recognition

Typical feature recognition algorithms in industrial applications are primarily used for solving cases where a feature locates on a single face only. A feature locating on multiple surfaces is quite common in real CAD models, but it has not been received extensive study yet. The reason is because the loop data in current B-rep model is limited to a face only. The aim of this study is to develop a method to search for all kinds of inner loops on a CAD model, including the ones within a face and those across multiple faces. These inner loops are called virtual inner loops because they do not exist in current B-rep model. Several realistic examples are also presented to illustrate the meaning and feasibility of the proposed method.

Similarity effects in visual working memory.

Perceptual similarity is an important property of multiple stimuli. Its computation supports a wide range of cognitive functions, including reasoning, categorization, and memory recognition. It is important, therefore, to determine why previous research has found conflicting effects of inter-item similarity on visual working memory. Studies reporting a similarity advantage have used simple stimuli whose similarity varied along a featural continuum. Studies reporting a similarity disadvantage have used complex stimuli from either a single or multiple categories. To elucidate stimulus conditions for similarity effects in visual working memory, we tested memory for complex stimuli (faces) whose similarity varied along a morph continuum. Participants encoded 3 morphs generated from a single face identity in the similar condition, or 3 morphs generated from different face identities in the dissimilar condition. After a brief delay, a test face appeared at one of the encoding locations for participants to make a same/different judgment. Two experiments showed that similarity enhanced memory accuracy without changing the response criterion. These findings support previous computational models that incorporate featural variance as a component of working memory load. They delineate limitations of models that emphasize cortical resources or response decisions.

A follow-up study on indoor 222Rn, 220Rn their decay product concentrations in a mineralised zone of Himachal Pradesh, India.

A follow-up study was taken up in a mineralised zone situated in Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh, India, to investigate high values of radon concentrations reported in past studies as well to update the old radon data based on bare SSNTD technique. In the present investigation, the concentrations of indoor radon, thoron and their decay products have been measured using the newly developed radon/thoron discriminating diffusion chamber with single entry face, direct radon and thoron progeny sensors (DRPS/DTPS), respectively. The measurements have been carried out in 75 dwellings of 14 different villages where the previous studies were carried out using bare SSNTD technique. It was observed that high values of earlier reported radon concentrations were mainly due to thoron interference in the Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (LR-115 type II) exposed in bare mode. Now, the average concentration values and the estimated annual inhalation dose in these villages have been found to be within the reference level as recommended by the ICRP. The annual average indoor radon and thoron concentrations observed in these dwellings have been found to vary from 44±12 to 157±73 Bq m(-3) and 44±11 to 240±125 Bq m(-3), respectively. The equilibrium equivalent concentrations of radon and thoron decay products have been observed to be in the range of 10 to 63 and 1 to 5 Bq m(-3), respectively.

A robust framework for tracking simultaneously rigid and non-rigid face using synthesized data

This paper presents a robust framework for simultaneously tracking rigid pose and non-rigid animation of a single face with a monocular camera. Our proposed method consists of two phases: training and tracking. In the training phase, using automatically detected landmarks and the three-dimensional face model Candide-3, we built a cohort of synthetic face examples with a large range of the three axial rotations. The representation of a face’s appearance is a set of local patches of landmarks that are characterized by Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) descriptors. In the tracking phase, we propose an original approach combining geometric and appearance models. The purpose of the geometric model is to provide a SIFT baseline matching between the current frame and an adaptive set of keyframes for rigid parameter estimation. The appearance model uses nearest synthetic examples of the training set to re-estimate rigid and non-rigid parameters. We found a tracking capability up to 90° of vertical axial rotation, and our method is robust even in the presence of fast movements, illumination changes and tracking losses. Numerical results on the rigid and non-rigid parameter sets are reported using several annotated public databases. Compared to other published algorithms, our method provides an excellent compromise between rigid and non-rigid parameter accuracies. The approach has some potential, providing good pose estimation (average error less than 4° on the Boston University Face Tracking dataset) and landmark tracking precision (6.3 pixel error compared to 6.8 of one of state-of-the-art methods on Talking Face video).

Synthesis of II-VI Semiconductors Thin Films By Ecald from Citric Buffer

Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition (ECALD) was proposed by Stickney and coworkers[1] to obtain low-cost production of structurally well-ordered II-VI compound semiconductors, such as transition metal chalcogenides, on polycrystalline as well as on single-crystal electrodes. The method is based on the alternate underpotential deposition (UPD) of atomic layers of the elements that form the compound. Underpotential deposition is the well-known phenomenon whereby the potential necessary to deposit one element onto a second element occurs before that necessary to deposit the element on itself. The phenomenon is surface limited, so that the resulting deposit is generally limited to one atomic layer. Moreover, when the UPD is performed on a single crystal face the resulting deposit is epitaxial. The free energy change involved in the compound formation is generally negative enough to produce the underpotential deposition of the metallic element on a layer of the previously deposited nonmetallic element, and vice versa. The number of cycles, which determines the thickness of the deposits, can be repeated as many times as desired to obtain deposits of practical importance. By limiting depositions to single atomic layers, no three dimensional growth is promoted and epitaxy should result. Once the deposit is formed, the amount of the elements deposited is determined from the charge involved in their stripping. Such investigations always confirmed the stoichiometric ratio of the elements forming the compound. The fundamental object to the method is the necessity of singling out the proper electrochemical conditions to be used, i.e. potentials, reactants, electrolytes and pH. Moreover, being the method based on surface phenomena, the electrochemical conditions are also dependent on the substrate used. Here, the first results of the electrodeposition of CdSe and ZnSe on polycrystalline gold from citric buffer are reported. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Polish National Center of Science under grant 2011/01/D/ST5/05743. 1. Gregory, B.W. and J.L. Stickney, Electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy (ECALE). Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1991. 300(1-2): p. 543-561.

RECOGNIZING FACES USING INDIVIDUAL EIGEN SUBSPACES TECHNIQUE WITH FUZZY RULES METHODOLOGY

This paper proposes a new methodology of recognizing face using Individual Eigen Subspaces and it’s implemented in the field of Image Processing for Personnel verification or recognition. A major objective of this work is to develop a tool for face recognition, which can help in quicker and effective analysis of a face from the face set, thus reducing false acceptance rate and false rejection rate. Face recognition has been widely explored in the past years. A lot of techniques have been applied in various applications. Robustness and reliability have become more and more important for these applications especially in security systems. In this thesis, a variety of approaches for face recognition are reviewed first. These approaches are classified according to three basic tasks: face representation, face detection, and face identification. An implementation of the appearance-based face recognition method, the eigenface recognition approach, is reported. This method utilizes the idea of the principal component analysis and decomposes face images into a small set of characteristic feature images called eigenfaces. This proposed work is intended to develop, multiple face Eigen subspaces. With each one is corresponding to one known subject privately, rather than all individuals sharing one universal subspace as in the traditional eigenface method. Compared with the traditional single subspace face representation, the proposed method captures the extra personal difference to the most possible extent, which is crucial to distinguish between individuals, and on the other hand, it throws away the most intrapersonal difference and noise in the input.

Structural brain correlates of associative memory in older adults

Associative memory involves binding two or more items into a coherent memory episode. Relative to memory for single items, associative memory declines greatly in aging. However, older individuals vary substantially in their ability to memorize associative information. Although functional studies link associative memory to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), little is known about how volumetric differences in MTL and PFC might contribute to individual differences in associative memory. We investigated regional gray-matter volumes related to individual differences in associative memory in a sample of healthy older adults (n=54; age=60years). To differentiate item from associative memory, participants intentionally learned face–scene picture pairs before performing a recognition task that included single faces, scenes, and face–scene pairs. Gray-matter volumes were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry region-of-interest (ROI) analyses. To examine volumetric differences specifically for associative memory, item memory was controlled for in the analyses. Behavioral results revealed large variability in associative memory that mainly originated from differences in false-alarm rates. Moreover, associative memory was independent of individuals' ability to remember single items. Older adults with better associative memory showed larger gray-matter volumes primarily in regions of the left and right lateral PFC. These findings provide evidence for the importance of PFC in intentional learning of associations, likely because of its involvement in organizational and strategic processes that distinguish older adults with good from those with poor associative memory.

Magneto-optical studies of BaFe_12O_19 films grown by metallo-organic decomposition

M-type barium hexagonal ferrites BaFe12O19 (BaM) films considered for new devices that operate in the 40-70 GHz range with small or zero applied magnetic fields were characterized by magneto-optical (MO) complex polar “Kerr” effect (PKE) spectroscopy, MO magnetometry, and spectral ellipsometry (SE). The textured polycrystalline films were grown on Pt(111)/TiO2 template on Si wafer using metallo-organic decomposition technique (MOD) followed by rapid thermal annealing. In the films grown in one, two and three MOD iterations, the thickness was evaluated by SE and transmission electron microscopy. The film thickness ranged from 30 nm to 50 nm per MOD iteration. The best films display out-of-plane effective magnetic anisotropy field of 13 kOe, high perpendicular remanent magnetization and ferromagnetic resonance linewidth of 340 Oe at 60 GHz. The coercivity deduced from the MO hysteresis loops ranged between 0.25 kOe and 0.52 kOe. The SE and PKE spectra were taken at photon energies from 0.7 eV to 6.4 eV and from 1.2 eV to 4.8 eV, respectively. The PKE spectra display the structure observed on BaM single crystal natural faces normal to the c-axis. They are consistent with magnetoplumbite structure, with high degree of grain c-axis ordering, absence of foreign phases and Fe valence-exchange mechanism. Single phase nature of the films was further confirmed by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and 57Fe nuclear magnetic resonance at 4.2 K.

Measures of skin conductance and heart rate in alcoholic men and women during memory performance.

We examined abnormalities in physiological responses to emotional stimuli associated with long-term chronic alcoholism. Skin conductance responses (SCR) and heart rate (HR) responses were measured in 32 abstinent alcoholic (ALC) and 30 healthy nonalcoholic (NC) men and women undergoing an emotional memory task in an MRI scanner. The task required participants to remember the identity of two emotionally-valenced faces presented at the onset of each trial during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. After viewing the faces, participants saw a distractor image (an alcoholic beverage, nonalcoholic beverage, or scrambled image) followed by a single probe face. The task was to decide whether the probe face matched one of the two encoded faces. Skin conductance measurements (before and after the encoded faces, distractor, and probe) were obtained from electrodes on the index and middle fingers on the left hand. HR measurements (beats per minute before and after the encoded faces, distractor, and probe) were obtained by a pulse oximeter placed on the little finger on the left hand. We expected that, relative to NC participants, the ALC participants would show reduced SCR and HR responses to the face stimuli, and that we would identify greater reactivity to the alcoholic beverage stimuli than to the distractor stimuli unrelated to alcohol. While the beverage type did not differentiate the groups, the ALC group did have reduced skin conductance and HR responses to elements of the task, as compared to the NC group.

Conduciveness of Women Social Setting in Traditional Iranian Bazaar from Functional Dimension

Iranian traditional Bazaars are not just physical settings for everyday commercial activities. They are places ofcommunal life especially for women and provide the main daily sources of their outdoor recreations. Theresearch hypothesize that there is a serious lack of sensitivity to the cultural values, especially for women withinmodern Iranian market places. In this regard, the aim of this research was in filling this gap and describing therelationship between women communal life and urban public spaces. To reach the aim, this study was conductedamong middle-aged Iranian women within the Iranian traditional Bazaar of Isfahan (as the most public urbanspace in the Iranian cities). To increase the accuracy of findings, the data collection methods throughtriangulation were unobtrusive behavioral observation of women communal life within two selected settings,semi-structured single face to face women interviews (n=24), semi-structured focus group interviews (n=5), andtaking photographs. In order to analyze the collected data, a qualitative content analysis and descriptive analysiswere used. The finding of the research showed that the social settings of traditional Isfahan Bazaar are proper forwomen communal life functionally.

Structural ordering transitions in ionic liquids mixtures

Differential capacitance curves for the electrical double layer (EDL) of mixtures of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with a common cation (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, [C 2 MIM] + ) and two different anions (bis(trifuoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [Tf 2 N] − ) and tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate [FAP] − ) were obtained. Sharp peaks in the differential capacitance curves were observed for a small range of mixtures compositions at positive charge densities. The appearance and position on the potential scale of the peaks were found to be dependent on the mixture composition and temperature. The occurrence of these phenomena is interpreted as corresponding to an abrupt change in the EDL structure arrangement as a result of a complex interplay of electrostatic interactions and steric effects. The use of the non-structured mercury electrode allowed to decouple the eventual potential induced restructuring occurring at the double layer from the well-known surface reconstruction effects often reported for ionic liquids in contact with single crystal face electrodes. • Structural EDL transitions in ILs mixtures are followed by an abrupt increase in the differential capacitance curves. • Interfacial structure results from the balance between the short range effects and is also affected by long range forces. • Ubiquitous properties obtained by mixing ionic liquids arise from the competition between these two kinds of interactions.

The Focus of Spatial Attention Determines the Number and Precision of Face Representations in Working Memory.

The capacity of visual working memory for faces is extremely limited, but the reasons for these limitations remain unknown. We employed event-related brain potential measures to demonstrate that individual faces have to be focally attended in order to be maintained in working memory, and that attention is allocated to only a single face at a time. When 2 faces have to be memorized simultaneously in a face identity-matching task, the focus of spatial attention during encoding predicts which of these faces can be successfully maintained in working memory and matched to a subsequent test face. We also show that memory representations of attended faces are maintained in a position-dependent fashion. These findings demonstrate that the limited capacity of face memory is directly linked to capacity limits of spatial attention during the encoding and maintenance of individual face representations. We suggest that the capacity and distribution of selective spatial attention is a dynamic resource that constrains the capacity and fidelity of working memory for faces.

Liveness Detection in Face Identification Systems: Using Zernike Moments and Fresnel Transformation of Facial Images

There are many ways to cheat Biometric facial recognition systems such as recorded movies or portrait photographs. Hence, these systems need Liveness detection in order to guard against such attacks. We have proposed a new real time and single image Liveness detection and face identification approach utilizing Zernike moments and Fresnel Transformation. The advantages of using Fresnel transformation and Zernike moments to express the facial features are investigated in both face identification and Liveness detection scopes. A publically available PRINT-ATTACK database is used for evaluation of our Liveness detection method. Some of the conventional Liveness detection systems use 3D or IR cameras that are costly and may decrease the facial features that are important in face recognition. Multimodal biometric systems use several independent biometrics, like face and voice, simultaneously. Such methods need extra equipment and algorithms that may be expensive and time-consuming. Thanks to the ability of digital Fresnel transformation and Zernike moments to describe and differentiate the light intensity reflections and the aliasing characteristics, a common digital camera is used instead of 3D or IR cameras. The Fresnel transformation of the facial images is extracted and the Zernike moments are then calculated as the features for both face recognition and Liveness detection. A support vector machine classifier is used for Liveness detection and the hamming distance between the extracted feature vectors and the average of registered samples are calculated for face recognition. We obtained an accuracy of 94.0% in separation of the original face pictures and fake ones and 97.16% in face identification. Our methodology proposed a new generative rotation and scale invariant facial anti-spoofing approach that can be used instead of the state of the art features like LBP and Gabor wavelets.

Face recognition in newly hatched chicks at the onset of vision.

How does face recognition emerge in the newborn brain? To address this question, we used an automated controlled-rearing method with a newborn animal model: the domestic chick (Gallus gallus). This automated method allowed us to examine chicks' face recognition abilities at the onset of both face experience and object experience. In the first week of life, newly hatched chicks were raised in controlled-rearing chambers that contained no objects other than a single virtual human face. In the second week of life, we used an automated forced-choice testing procedure to examine whether chicks could distinguish that familiar face from a variety of unfamiliar faces. Chicks successfully distinguished the familiar face from most of the unfamiliar faces-for example, chicks were sensitive to changes in the face's age, gender, and orientation (upright vs. inverted). Thus, chicks can build an accurate representation of the first face they see in their life. These results show that the initial state of face recognition is surprisingly powerful: Newborn visual systems can begin encoding and recognizing faces at the onset of vision.

Camera Gesture Estimation for Confirming View Point of Virtual 3D Face Model

Camera gesture information is important for making virtual 3D face model synchronize to the real face at view point, in other areas such as: human-computer interface, 3D object estimation, automatic camera control etc. Camera gesture is also very important. In this paper, we will introduce an algorithm to detect camera gesture from a single face image, through our algorithm, camera rotation angles in both x-axis and y-axis and distance can be gained to confirm camera gesture. Then we can set the camera gesture information to view point of virtual 3D face model. This can make can make virtual 3D face model synchronize to the real face at view point. Experiment results demonstrate the validity of our algorithm and the correct estimation rate is accredited for applying it into practice.

A new face recognition method based on image decomposition for single sample per person problem

The image decomposition based method is one of the efficient and important face recognition solutions for the single sample per person problem. The low image decomposition performance and the unconvincing reconstruction of the approximation image are the two main limitations of the previous methods. In this paper, a new single sample face recognition method based on lower-upper (LU) decomposition algorithm is proposed. The procedure of the proposed method is as following. First, the single sample and its transpose are decomposed to two sets of basis images by using the LU decomposition algorithm, which is more efficient than the image decomposition algorithms of the previous works. Two approximation images are reconstructed from the two basis image sets by the reverse thinking approach based on experimental analysis. Then, the fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) algorithm is used to evaluate the optimal projection space by using the new training set consisting of the single sample and its two approximation images for each person. Finally, the nearest neighbor classifier based on Euclidean distance is adopted as the final classification. We make two main contributions: one is that we propose to decompose the single sample and its transpose using the efficient LU decomposition algorithm, and reorder each basis image set according to the basis image energy; the other is that we present a reverse thinking approach based on experimental analysis to reconstruct the approximation image. The performance of the proposed method is verified using four public face databases, namely FERET, AR, ORL and Yale B. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method is efficient and outperforms several state-of-the-art approaches which are proposed to address the single sample per person problem.

Head Pose Estimation From a 2D Face Image Using 3D Face Morphing With Depth Parameters

This paper presents estimation of head pose angles from a single 2D face image using a 3D face model morphed from a reference face model. A reference model refers to a 3D face of a person of the same ethnicity and gender as the query subject. The proposed scheme minimizes the disparity between the two sets of prominent facial features on the query face image and the corresponding points on the 3D face model to estimate the head pose angles. The 3D face model used is morphed from a reference model to be more specific to the query face in terms of the depth error at the feature points. The morphing process produces a 3D face model more specific to the query image when multiple 2D face images of the query subject are available for training. The proposed morphing process is computationally efficient since the depth of a 3D face model is adjusted by a scalar depth parameter at feature points. Optimal depth parameters are found by minimizing the disparity between the 2D features of the query face image and the corresponding features on the morphed 3D model projected onto 2D space. The proposed head pose estimation technique was evaluated on two benchmarking databases: 1) the USF Human-ID database for depth estimation and 2) the Pointing'04 database for head pose estimation. Experiment results demonstrate that head pose estimation errors in nodding and shaking angles are as low as 7.93° and 4.65° on average for a single 2D input face image.

The P300 component wave reveals differences in subclinical anxious-depressive states during bimodal oddball tasks: An effect of stimulus congruence

ObjectiveWe previously found that using a bimodal oddball design with synchronized pairs of audio-visual stimuli increased the sensitivity of the P300 wave to subclinical differences in depression. We wondered: (1) whether these P300 modulations were due to facilitated discrimination of deviant vs. frequent stimuli and (2) whether congruency of the stimuli was necessary to produce this effect. MethodTwo groups of participants (students displaying anxious-depressive tendencies as the subclinical group and healthy students as the control group) had to detect deviant stimuli among frequent stimuli in oddball tasks. Experiment 1 involved either single faces (Single condition) or two similar faces presented side-by-side (Double condition). Experiment 2 involved audio (A), visual (V), bimodal congruent (AVC), and bimodal incongruent (AVI) oddball tasks. ResultsWhile the easiest Double condition produced the fastest reaction times and shortest P300 latencies, there were no significant differences in P300 modulation between the groups in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, P300 amplitudes of the control group were higher in response to AVC tasks than in response to unimodal (A or V) or AVI tasks. ConclusionsThe increased sensitivity of the P300 wave to subclinical differences that we observed here is not related to an enhanced discrimination effect. However, during bimodal tasks, stimulus congruency is necessary for the appearance of the increased P300 sensitivity. SignificanceThe impaired “bimodal congruence effect” in patients with subclinical depression/anxiety suggests these patients have altered integrative processes, which has potential implications for cognitive therapy.

A study of indoor radon, thoron and their progeny measurement in Tosham region Haryana, India

In the present study indoor radon, thoron and their decay products concentrations have been measured using the newly developed LR-115 type-ІІ based Radon-Thoron discriminating twin-cup dosimeters with single entry face, direct radon and thoron progeny sensors (DRPS/DTPS) respectively. The annual annihilation dose has been assessed from measured radionuclide concentration to find out major contributor of lung cancer in the study area. The measurements have been carried out in NINETY dwellings of THIRTEEN different villages situated in and around the Tosham region. This region is known to be composed of acidic volcanic and associated granites. Dwellings were selected mainly targeting different type building material used in construction of houses like concrete–brick, mud-brick, and mud-thatches along with an idea of different ventilation conditions which affects the equilibrium factor (EF). The EF in this region has been varying from 0.20 to 0.72 and 0.03–0.13 for indoor radon and thoron respectively. The average inhalation dose observed in dwellings of different villages varies from 1.33 ± 0.31–3.36 ± 0.72 mSv/y that lies within the safe limits recommended by ICRP (2011).