Single Clove Garlic Research Articles

Physicochemical, Structural, and Functional Properties of Fructans from Single-Clove Garlic and Multiclove Garlic: A Comparison.

This study aimed to compare the structural features and functional properties of polysaccharides from single-clove garlic (SGPs) and multiclove garlic (MGPs) and to establish their structure-function relationships. Both SGPs and MGPs were identified as fructans consisting mainly of →1)-β-d-Fruf (2→ and →6)-β-d-Fruf (2→ residues but differed in average molecular weights (6.76 and 5.40 kDa, respectively). They shared similar thermodynamic properties, X-ray diffraction patterns, and high gastrointestinal digestive stability. These two purified fructans could dose-dependently scavenge free radicals, reduce oxidized metals, and effectively alleviate metronidazole-induced oxidative stress and CuSO4-induced inflammation in zebrafish via inhibiting the overexpression of inflammation-related proteins and cytokines. SGPs showed lower free radical scavenging activity in vitro than MGPs but higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in vivo. Taken together, the molecular weight was the main structural difference between the two garlic fructans of different varieties, which is a potential reason for their differences in biological activities.

The Effect of Single Clove Garlic Extract (Allium sativum) Against Aspartame-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Diabetic Rats

Background: Aspartame is a widely used synthetic sweetener used for dietary control and by diabetics. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of a single garlic clove extract against aspartame-induced hepatotoxicity in diabetic rats. Methods: Forty-eight experimental male albino rats were randomly divided into eight groups (6 rats per group) as follows: Group (G)1: served as normal control and received distilled water orally, G2: rats treated with single clove garlic (SCG) extract (0.5 g/kg body weight), G3: rats were treated with SCG extract (0.5 g/kg body weight) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (200 mg/kg body weight), G4: rats treated with ASP (200 mg/kg body weight), G5: was the diabetic control group (induced by alloxan (ALX) 120 mg/kg body weight), G6: diabetic rats were treated with SCG extract (0.5 g/kg body weight), G7: diabetic rats were treated with SCG extract (0.5 g/kg body weight) and ASP (200 mg/kg body weight) and G8: diabetic rats were treated with ASP 200 mg/kg body weight. Results: The results obtained showed that treatment with ASP caused a significant increase in serum levels of serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and ASP in SCG extract-treated rats in G3 and G4 and diabetic rats in G7 and G8, while treatment with SCG extract caused a significant decrease in serum levels of ALT, AST and ALP in SCG treated rats in G2 and G6 and diabetic rats in G7 compared to the control group (G1). After treatment with ASP, histologic changes in the liver were observed in G4, which were more pronounced in G8, indicating liver damage compared to the control group, while treatment with SCG extract showed further changes in liver tissue in the diabetic rats of G7 and G8. Conclusion: The present study suggests that administering ASP in normal rats leads to liver dysfunction. Moreover, our results proved that the application of ASP in diabetic rats may cause additional damage compared to ASP in normal rats. This study demonstrated that treatment with SCG extract significantly attenuated the biochemical and histopathologic changes induced by ASP and alloxan. From the data obtained, it appears that treatment with SCG extract has a protective effect against the toxicity of ASF and alloxan on the liver of normal and diabetic rats.

Antioxidant and Antiatherogenic Responses of Black Solo Garlic in Alloxan-Induced White Rats

The association between the consumption of black solo garlic (SG) and the increase in antioxidant enzymes and the ability to prevent atherogenicity has not been studied much. This study aims to examine the antioxidant and antiatherogenic capacities of black solo garlic in aloksan induced rats. This study used a true experimental design with a pre- and post-test approach with a control group design. The sample of 30 Wistar rats was randomly divided into 6 groups: a healthy control, a negative control, treatment at doses of 6.5, 13.5, and 26 g/KgBW, and positive controls receiving vitamin C at a dose of 1 g/kgBW. The outcomes demonstrated that following the induction, MDA, CRP, LDL, and IL-6 levels increased, while SOD and GSH-Px enzyme levels decreased. After treatment with black solo garlic for 14 days, there was an increase in the enzymes SOD and GSH-Px, as well as a significant decrease in levels of MDA, IL-6, CRP, and LDL in experimental animals. The SG dose of 13.5 g/kg BW is the most effective dose in this study. The active compounds in SG function as antioxidants in preventing atherogenic events.

Effect of Single-Bulb Garlic (Allium sativum Var. Solo Garlic) Extract on The Hematological Profile In E-Cigarette-Induced Male Sprague Dawley Rats

Effect of Single-Bulb Garlic (Allium sativum Var. Solo Garlic) Extract on The Hematological Profile In E-Cigarette-Induced Male Sprague Dawley Rats

Administration of Solo Garlic Extract (Allium sativum Var. Solo Garlic) Reduced Low Density Lipoprotein and Increased Superoxide Dismutase than Control in Male Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Fed with High Fat Diet

Introduction: Obesity increases the release of ROS and cause oxidative stress. Solo Garlic Extract (Allium sativum Var. Solo Garlic) has secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, ajoene, organosulfur, allicin, phenol tannins and other compounds which are known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity and can improve blood lipid profiles. This study aims to prove the effect of solo garlic extract on LDL and SOD level in male Wistar rats fed with high-fat diet. Methods: This was true experimental research using post-test only control group design. The subjects were 30 male Wistar rats aged 2-3 months, weighing 150-200 grams that were randomly divided into 3 groups. The normal group (N) was given standard diet, the control group (C) was given high-fat diet and 1 cc of placebo, and the treatment group (T) was given high-fat diet and 0.2 gram in 1 cc of solo garlic extract, given once each day for 28 days. The blood was taken to examine LDL and SOD level after 28 days. Data was analyzed using One Way Anova. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in LDL: The N group (20.45 ug/mL), the C group (37.32 ug/mL) and The T group (24.44 ug/mL). The LDL in the T group was lower than that of the C group (p<0.001) and the LDL in the T group was higher than the N group (p<0.001). There was a significant difference in SOD between the N group (0.88 ng/mL), the C group (0, 89 ng/mL) and the T group (1.99 ng/mL). The SOD of the T group was higher than that of the C group (p<0.001) and the N group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Administration of 0.20 gram in 1cc/day of solo garlic extract reduced LDL level and increased SOD enzyme in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) fed with high-fat diet.

Single Clove Garlic (Allium sativum) Essential Oil as an Inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

Staphylococcus aureus is gram-positive bacteria that often infect the skin. S. aureus has been experiencing resistance to several antibiotics. One of the solutions to overcome the resistance is by using garlic that is believed by the society can overcome bacterial infection. The study aimed to find out the influence of the variation in concentration of local single clove garlic essential oil used on the inhibition and damage of morphological structure of S. aureus bacteria. The inhibition test was conducted using disc diffusion method. The experiment groups consisted of 1% DMSO as negative control, vancomycin 30µg/ml as positive control and single clove garlic essential oil (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml and100 mg/ml) as treatment groups. The diameter of inhibition zone was measured using calipers. The morphological damage of the bacterial cells can be seen using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with magnification of 25000x. The result of Kruskal-Wallis test analysis indicated that the extract of local garlic essential oil has inhibitory activities against S. aureus bacteria (P<0.05). The damage to the morphological structure of bacterial cells with the administration of 30 µg/ml vancomycin was equal to 100 mg/ml single clove garlic essential oil extract. Single clove garlic essential oil can be used as an alternative treatment for skin infection diseases by inhibiting S. aureus growth.

Effects of Solo Garlic Extract in Decreasing Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels due to E-Cigarette Exposure

The popularity of E-Cigarette has increased significantly over the last decade, and has potential to replace tobacco cigarettes. Aerosol which is produced by E-Cigarette, contains reactive carbonyl and free radicals, inducing oxidative stress and causing inflammation, proliferation, and cell damage. This oxidative stress can be seen through the Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the body, and reduced by antioxidant activity in Solo Garlic extract. The aim of this study is analyzing the differences of MDA levels in four treatment groups. 28 white rats were divided into four groups and three of them were exposured by E-Cigarette. This study showed that the highest MDA levels was found in the group which was exposured by E-Cigarette without solo garlic extract (7,179 nmol/ml). MDA levels can be reduced by antioxidant activity shown in the group which was exposured by E-Cigarette and solo garlic extract dose 0,05 gram/day (the smallest dose), amount 3,715 nmol/ml. The average of MDA levels in group which was given by the smallest dose of solo garlic extract, is lower than the control group. So, it can be concluded that using solo garlic extract less than 0,05 gram/day can restore MDA levels to a normal state (4,210 nmol/ml).

Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of single clove garlic against CCl4-induced hepatic damage in rabbits

BackgroundThe increase in demand and consumption of single clove garlic or ‘Solo garlic’ (Allium sativum) has resulted in an increase in research on its therapeutic properties. The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activities, oxidant-scavenging efficiency and preventive effects of SCG (single clove garlic) and MCG (multi clove garlic) on CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity in male rabbits.MethodsFor this purpose, rabbits were orally administered with 3 ml of CCl4 /kg of body weight, followed by 0.8 g of MCG or SCG/kg twice a week for three successive weeks. Oxidative hepatotoxicity was then assessed.ResultsSCG extracts exhibited higher antioxidant capacity than the MCG extract. Scavenging ability of SCG showed significant (p < 0.05) elevation against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radicals in comparison to MCG. In addition, total phenolic content of SCG was significantly elevated (p < 0.001), thereby suggesting that the composition of garlic storage constituents varies with the number of cloves present. CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity demonstrated histological changes including severe damage in the structure of liver tissues which correlated well to oxidative stress levels. Simultaneously, administration of SCG resulted in a significant reduction of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total bilirubin (TB) levels in addition to improvement in some histological parameters. Low levels of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) (p < 0.001), along with a huge reduction in peroxidase (POx) (p < 0.001) revealed protection against oxidative toxicity in the liver homogenate. Higher levels of catalase (CAT) (p < 0.001) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.05) when compared to the MCG test (TM) group indicates that removal of H2O2 is based on CAT activity in SCG test (TS) group rather than the POx activity demonstrated in the former group.ConclusionThe present study indicates that SCG possesses more protective ability than MCG against CCl4-induced liver injury and might be an effective alternative medicine against acute oxidative liver toxicity.