Single Clause Research Articles

Analisis Konstruk Sintaktik Bahasa Jawa Pada Anak Tuna Rungu Wicara (Disphasia) Di Yayasan Rehabilitasi Tuna Rungu Wicara Surakarta

The aim of this research is to describe the syntactic constructs of the Javanese language for deaf and speech impaired students. This research is included in qualitative research. Data was collected by listening freely and engaging in conversation. After the data is collected, data analysis is carried out. The language analysis technique in this research was carried out using the change of form technique. From the results of data analysis, it can be seen that the syntactic constructs of the Javanese language spoken by deaf and speech impaired children at the Deaf and Speech Impaired Rehabilitation Foundation (YRTRW) are adverbial phrases, single clauses with an active sentence type (ukara Horn) positioned as interrogative sentences ukara pitaken, ukara sambawa, and ukara cariyos.

A text classification-based approach for evaluating and enhancing the machine interpretability of building codes

Interpreting regulatory documents or building codes into computer-processable formats is essential for the intelligent design and construction of buildings and infrastructures. Although automated rule interpretation (ARI) methods have been investigated for years, most of them are highly dependent on the early and manual filtering of interpretable clauses from a building code. While few of them considered machine interpretability, which represents the potential to be transformed into a computer-processable format, from both clause- and document-level. Therefore, this research aims to propose a novel approach to automatically evaluate and enhance the machine interpretability of single clauses and building codes. First, a few categories are introduced to classify each clause in a building code considering the requirements for rule interpretation, and a dataset is developed for model training. Then, an efficient text classification model is developed based on a pretrained domain-specific language model and transfer learning techniques. Finally, a quantitative evaluation method is proposed to assess the overall interpretability of building codes. Experiments show that the proposed text classification algorithm outperforms the existing CNN- or RNN-based methods, by improving the F1-score from 72.16% to 93.60%. It is also illustrated that the proposed classification method can enhance downstream ARI methods with an improvement of 4%. Furthermore, analysis of more than 150 building codes in China showed that their average interpretability is only 34.40%, which implies that it is still difficult to fully transform an entire regulatory document into computer-processable formats. It is also argued that the interpretability of building codes should be further improved both from the human side (considering certain constraints when writing building codes) and the machine side (developing more powerful algorithms, tools, etc.).

The Typology of Reciprocal Constructions

Reciprocal constructions involve a complex mapping of semantics onto morphosyntax, requiring multiple propositions to be overlaid onto a single clause and the permutation of semantic roles within the set of participants involved. This complexity challenges the standard processes relating predicates to situations, and thus languages arrive at a great diversity of solutions for how reciprocal situations are encoded within a single clausal structure. Recent typological work has showcased this diversity from different perspectives, but further work is needed to determine how different morphosyntactic and semantic properties interact and what implicational connections and correlations exist with other parts of the linguistic system. Theoretical typologies highlight the importance of reciprocal constructions for our understanding of grammatical structure crosslinguistically.

How concept-based language instruction works in teaching thinking for speaking in an L2

Abstract This paper investigates the question of whether systematically organized instruction in L2 thinking for speaking (TFS) can promote a shift from verb-framed L1 (Spanish) to satellite-framed L2 (English) TFS that encompasses the ability to appropriately express in speech and in gesture Path and Manner of Motion in the new language. A pretest narration-instruction-posttest narration design was used to evaluate whether the TFS patterns of seven L1 Spanish learners of L2 English changed as a result of Concept-Based Language Instruction. Learners’ pretest narrations showed primarily L1 patterns with some intermittent L2 TFS patterns. Following instruction, learners showed a shift to more L2 TFS patterns both linguistically and crucially gesturally, including the use of manner verbs, accumulation of path components within a single clause along with multiple path gestures, and boundary crossing gestures. These findings indicate that explicit Concept-Based Language Instruction is able to produce changes in TFS patterns that have not been possible even with extensive immersion.

Learning to express causal events in Mandarin Chinese: A multimodal perspective.

Previous research has shown language-specific features play a guiding role in how children develop expression of events with speech and gestures. This study adopts a multimodal approach and examines Mandarin Chinese, a language that features context use and verb serializations. Forty children (four-to-seven years old) and ten adults were asked to describe fourteen video stimuli depicting different types of causal events involving location/state changes. Participants' speech was segmented into clauses and co-occurring gestures were analyzed in relation to causation. The results show that the older the children, the greater the use of contextual clauses which contribute meaning to event descriptions. It is not until the age of six that children used adult-like structures - namely, using single gestures representing causing actions and aligning them with verb serializations in single clauses. We discuss the implications of these findings for the guiding role of language specificity in multimodal language development.

Dots, Versification and Grammar

Abstract The Syriac gospel of Matthew is divided into sentences by means of pausal accent dots, both single clause sentences and complex sentences. This article explores the relationship between these pausal accent dots and verse division, comparing the Syriac dotting system with Greek punctuation marks and Hebrew accents. All three traditions divide the text into larger and smaller sections. In the Hebrew Bible the smaller sections are often classified as verses that are further subdivided through cantillation marks, typically called accents. This article explains why the Syriac dots, also called accents, have a fundamentally different function than the Hebrew accents. It also explores the similarities between the Syriac dots and the Greek punctuation marks. The conclusion is that the “verse” is not a concept that can easily be applied to Syriac Bible manuscripts. Instead, the Syriac dots indicate different types of boundary tones, pauses associated with a specific pitch contour.

On the Distribution of Reflexive Anaphors and Logophoric Anaphors in Balinese

The central claim of this paper is that reflexive anaphors and logophoric anaphors in Balinese share the same forms. It is shown that Balinese possesses simple and complex reflexives. Only complex reflexives participate in the logophoric environment. Importantly it is claimed that the logophoric use of the reflexive anaphor occurs in a clausal complement of the verbs of communication and other verbs denoting a general state of consciousness. The logophor can appear in the subject or object position of the embedded clause while the reflexive use of the anaphor is only limited to occurring in a single clause and is restricted to occupying the object position, either the object of a verb or the object of a preposition. The characteristic differences in the distribution between the two are reflected in a syntactic domain having to do with passivization in that logophoric constructions allow it while reflexive constructions completely ban it. In addition, logophoricity may characterize an operation where there is a mismatch in the agreement between the logophor and its targeted antecedent whereas in reflexivity there must be an agreement in the phi-features between the binder and the bindee.

An experimental investigation of the deep double-<em>o</em> constraint in Japanese causative constructions

The double-o constraint (DoC) (Harada, 1973) was proposed to explain the ungrammaticality of having two or more noun phrases (NPs) marked by the accusative case marker -o in a single Japanese clause. Poser (2002) argued for two types of DoCs: the surface double-o constraint (SDoC) and the deep double-o constraint (DDoC). The DDoC prohibits two accusative arguments in a single argument structure and is not affected by the number of accusative case markers on the surface. The evidence is from Japanese causatives. Our study conducted an experiment to test the DDoC and found that it may not exist.

Textbook Elucidation: An Analysis of Thematic Structure and Progression on the Ministry of Education and Culture Grade X English Textbook Revision Edition

An instructional material becomes one of the most crucial factors in determining the success of learning process. Textbook as one of the kind of instructional materials poses its vital role in assisting teachers in the learning process. Acting as a cohesive device in discourse analysis, thematic structure and progression pattern analysis have been popularly used in analyzing texts’ theme-rheme structure and its deployment pattern. This study centered on analyzing the theme rheme structure and progression patterns on some specific reading texts. A grade X english textbook endorsed by Ministry of Education and Culture has been chosen to be the object of analysis. Out of 17 existing passages within the textbook, author has purposively selected three reading texts with different genre to be the data of the research. To begin the investigation, each of the selected text was broke down into clauses and then analyzed the theme and rheme within each clause. Progression patterns analysis was done by analyzing the deployment pattern of themes and rhemes within the texts. The investigation uncovered unmarked themes on single clause level became the most dominating theme among others. The themes showed up 61 times and occupied 44.53% of all themes occurrences. At the bottom two rarest theme occurrences are marked and interpersonal themes with a percentage of 2.94% and 0.74%. Ultimately, concerning the cohesiveness of the text, all four progression patterns occurred within the text and 166 items of cohesive devices indicating reference & repetition were found well-distributed in all three texts.

Alternating Italian thetic and sentence-focus constructions

AbstractIn this article we study the alternation between the two most prominent Italian thetic and sentence-focus constructions, viz. the Syntactic Inversion Construction (henceforth: SIC), e.g.Arriva il treno(‘The train is arriving’), and the Presentational Cleft (henceforth: PC), e.g.C’è il treno che arriva(‘The train is arriving’). Based on the existing literature on the two constructions and drawing inspiration from a number of cognitive-functional hypotheses pertaining to constraints on the amount of referentially new constituents that can be conveyed in a single clause, we put forward the hypothesis that Italian language users are more likely to prefer the PC over the SIC if the utterance involves a high number of referentially new constituents. To assess this hypothesis, we constructed a pilot experiment consisting of a 100-split forced choice task that was administered by means of an online questionnaire to 66 native speaker participants. The results of the experiment indicate that the preference for the PC indeed increases if the number of referentially new constituents is higher. This is however not the only factor involved in the alternation and the preference of the language users seems not only to be determined by the number of referentially new constituents, but also by their syntactic status.

Same Root, Different Categories: Encoding Direction in Chinese

The complexity of the directional construction in Chinese involves the following factors: (a) it can take a single directional item as the predicate; (b) two directional items can cooccur to serve as the predicate; (c) one or two directional items can be attached to a matrix verb in a single clause; (d) if more than one directional item is involved, their linear order can differ. I propose that the leading factor behind this complexity is that in Chinese a single Root can take different categories when merged in different syntactic positions. Therefore, the same directional item may in fact have the phonological form of a verb, a preposition, a part of a single preposition, or even a spatial aspectual marker in different directional constructions. I then place this account within the context of parametric studies of motion event constructions, showing that two new dimensions can be added: the special property of Roots in a language and the existence of Spatial Aspect in at least some languages.

Deconstructing and Reconstructing the Event Integration Model in a More Hierarchical Way

This paper reconstructs the internal and external event integration model with its hierarchy based on the deconstructing review of its research represented by the single clause with the verb complex consisting of the verb and the satellite. This hierarchical event integration model not only demonstrates how the conceptual primitives are internally integrated into the verb or into the satellite respectively, but also exhibits how the mapping and projecting slots are externally fused between the primitives in the verb and the satellite. The working process of the hierarchical event integration model can share lights with the study of lexicalization, constructionalization, and grammaticalization across different languages in the future.

The Single Religion Clause: Non-Established, Free, and Independent Exercise

The Single Religion Clause: Non-Established, Free, and Independent Exercise

Does dialect matter in the expression of motion? Ways of encoding manner and path in Babao and standard Mandarin

The expression of motion events has been examined in standard dialects of typologically distinct languages, but the effect of dialect-based variation remains relatively unexamined. The present study focused on Chinese—a relatively understudied language—asking whether patterns of motion expression differed between its two dialects, Mandarin and Babao. We examined motion descriptions produced by adult native speakers of Mandarin (n = 15; Mage = 20) and Babao (n = 14; Mage = 65), who first watched and then described animated motion events with salient manner and path components (e.g., “crawl across carpet”) in a structured interview format. The results showed differences between the two dialects in patterns of motion expression. Mandarin showed a greater preference for conflated descriptions by synthesizing manner and path components into a single clause typically in a serial verb construction (e.g., “crawl-pass carpet”). Babao speakers, in contrast, showed a greater preference for separated expressions, expressing each component in separate clauses (e.g., “crawl,” “pass carpet”). These patterns were accompanied by greater use other linguistic elements (i.e., deixis) among Babao speakers, thus allowing them to further specify path in their motion descriptions. Overall, our study highlights dialect as an important source of variability in the expression of motion events.

Resultatives and low depictives in English

AbstractWe argue against a purely semantic account of the Unique Path Constraint (Goldberg, Adele. 1991. It can’t go down the chimney up: Paths and the English resultative. InProceedings of the seventeenth annual meeting of theBerkeley Linguistics Society, 368–378.), i.e., the constraint that there can only be one result state in a single clause, and in favor of a syntactic restriction regarding event structure. We propose, following Mateu, Jaume & Víctor Acedo-Matellán. 2012. The manner/result complementarity revisited: A syntactic approach. In M. Cristina Cuervo & Yves Roberge (eds.),The end of argument structure? Syntax and semantics, 209–228. New York: Academic Press, that structurally there can only be one result predicate per clause since the littlevhead selects for one result predicate as its complement. In order to make our claim, we provide novel data that violate the Unique Path Constraint defined as a semantic constraint. Further, we analyze examples that at first blush pose a problem for the present account as they appear to involve two result phrases, e.g.,shot him dead off the horse. We argue, however, that the second result phrase is not syntactically a result, but rather constitutes a case of what Acedo-Matellán, Víctor, Josep Ausensi, Josep Maria Fontana & Cristina Real-Puigdollers. forthcoming. Old Spanish resultatives as low depictives. In Chad L. Howe, Timothy Gupton, Margaret Renwick & Pilar Chamorro (eds.),Open romance linguistics 1. Selected papers from the 49th linguistic symposium on romance languages. Berlin: Language Science Press have called low depictives, which join the syntactic derivation through a low applicative head.

On the Integration of Dative Adjuncts into Event Structures in Yapa Languages

Warlpiri and Warlmanpa (Ngumpin-Yapa languages of Australia) exhibit a complex predicate construction in which a class of preverbs introduces a single argument that is not shared by the argument structure of the inflecting verb, nor is there necessarily any shared event structure. This is problematic for many theories of linking structures of complex predicates, since no arguments or events are shared between the predicative elements of the complex predicate. The same grammatical relation is instantiated by a beneficiary adjunct. In light of new research in event and argument structure, I propose a lexical rule which introduces an applicative argument to account for the beneficiary construction; and that the preverbs take another predicate as one of their arguments to account for the complex predicates. The applicative rule and the preverbs both introduce an argument of the same grammatical relation, leading to interesting interactions, given that two grammatical relations of the same type are not expected to co-occur within a single clause.

Analyzing Complex Predicates in Karo Language using Syntactic Parsing

This study characterized the complex predicate and multiple events where the multi-verb single clause realises a single event in syntax and examined the complex sentences containing multiple verbal predicates. This study used the descriptive qualitative method. The data sources used were sentences containing karo sentence clauses and was classified based on the elements of complex Predicates in a tree diagram and the RRG account of nexus-juncture relations theory by Nolan, 2005 & Van Valin, 2005. The findings showed that event, argument, and semantic could be realized in syntactic meaning to reveal complex predicates. The tightest syntactic linkages embodied the closer semantic relations and it was signaled by word order. Most of the complex predicates in Karo language have an embedded object. The core in the nucleus could be appeared not only as one core but two or more complex predicates and it followed by an argument with the form V+V+N and in the form of V+V+N. One argument (Participant/Actor) that involved one core. It assumed that there might be one participant in two events, and there may be two participants in one event. All of Karo language sentences have at least one NP + one VP and they consisted of more than one complex predicates.

Efficiency in shaping grammars

Abstract Hawkins (1994, 1999, 2004, 2014a) proposes a performance-grammar correspondence hypothesis, claiming that grammars can be shaped by processing systems with reference to the degree of preference in communication. Given that Hawkins’s proposal mainly highlights the role of efficiency in language comprehension, this paper demonstrates that parsing principles can also be employed to account for language production. Based on an analysis of the production mechanism behind multiple occurrences of the Chinese reflexive ziji ‘self’ in a single clause, it shows that the notion of intersubjectivity can sometimes play a significant role in sentence planning, in the sense that the Chinese reflexive assists speakers to produce an utterance in line with the principle of efficiency, which will in turn help hearers compute the intended meaning by identifying potential referents.

REALIZATIONS OF PROJECTION IN NEWS STORY AND EDITORIAL TEXTS

ABSTRACTThis research deals with projection that is used in news story and editorial texts. Projection is well defined as representation of a linguistic experience in another linguistic experience. Projection is equivalent to direct and indirect or reported speech in traditional or formal grammar. As projection is an element of the logical function, it is realized as a clause complex, where there are at least two clauses. With reference to some theories, projection is also potentially realized in the form of single clause and phrase. The aim of this research is to describe similarities and differences with reference to the realizations of projection used in the news story and editorial texts. This research is conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. The data of this research are clause complexes containing projection in news story and editorial texts of Indonesian newspapers. The sources of data are taken from news story and editorial texts of four newspaper publications, namely the daily Kompas, Republika, Waspada and Sinar Indonesia Baru (SIB). The four daily newspapers are assumed to represent national and provincial or local newspapers. Each of the newspapers is represented by seven headlines for news story texts and seven leading articles for editorial texts. The data are analyzed by using interactive model in which the clause complexes are analyzed with reference to systemic functional linguistic (SFL) theory about projection. The findings indicate that there are similarities and diffrences with reference to the realizations of projetion in the news story and editorial texts of Indonesian newspapers. Keywords: Projection, News Story, Editorial, Newspaper, Systemic Functional Linguistic

A Morphosyntactic Analysis of Some Asante Weed Names

This paper investigates the morphosyntactic features of some indigenous weed names identified among the Asante people of Ghana. Asante is a dialect of Akan and belongs to the Kwa (Congo-Niger) language family spoken mainly in Southern Ghana. This paper discusses some forty-four (44) weed names in Asante. All the data used were collected from primary sources. The data were collected from twenty (20) native speakers of Asante through unstructured interviews. The study has revealed various morphological processes in the language that include affixation, reduplication, and compounding in terms of morphological structure. The weed names were morphologically structured as single words, di-morphemic, phrases and clauses reduced to weed names. Syntactically, these sentential names can be simple, compound, and complex sentences which can function as declarative and imperative sentences.