Single Barrier Research Articles

Magnetic field effect on tunneling through triple barrier in AB bilayer graphene

We investigate electron tunneling in AB bilayer graphene through a triple electrostatic barrier of heights Ui(i=2,3,4) subjected to a perpendicular magnetic field. By way of the transfer matrix method and using the continuity conditions at the different interfaces, the transmission probability is determined. Additional resonances appear for two-band tunneling at normal incidence, and their number is proportional to the value of U4 in in the case of U2<U4. However, when U2>U4, anti-Klein tunneling increases with U2. The transmission probability exhibits an interesting oscillatory behavior when U3>U2=U4 and U3<U2=U4. For fixed energy E=0.39γ1, increasing barrier widths increases the number of oscillations and decreases Klein tunneling. The interlayer bias creates a gap for U2<U3<U4 and U3>U2=U4. In the four-band tunneling case, the transmission decreases in T++, T+− and T−− channels in comparison with the single barrier case. It does, however, increase for T−+ when compared to the single barrier case. Transmission is suppressed in the gap region when an interlayer bias is introduced. This is reflected in the total conductance Gtot in the region of zero conductance. Our results are relevant for electron confinement in AB bilayer graphene and for the development of graphene-based transistors.

Numerical study of T-Gate AlGaN/AlInGaN/GaN MOSHEMT with Single and Double Barrier for THz Frequency Applications

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the DC analog and AC microwave performance of a state-of-the-art T-gate double barrier AlGaN/AlInGaN/GaN MOSHEMT (Metal Oxide Semiconductor High Electron Mobility Transistor) implemented on a 4H-SiC substrate. The study involves meticulous numerical simulations and an extensive comparison with a single barrier design, utilizing the TCAD-Silvaco software. The observed disparity in performance can be attributed to the utilization of double barrier technology, which enhances electron confinement and current density by augmenting the polarization-induced charge during high-frequency operations. Remarkably, when compared to the single barrier design, the double barrier MOSHEMT exhibits a notable 15% increase in drain current, a 5% increase in transconductance, and an elevated breakdown voltage (VBR) of 140 V in E-mode operation. Furthermore, the radio frequency analysis of the double barrier device showcases exceptional performance, setting new records with a maximum oscillation frequency (fmax) of 1.148 THz and a gain cutoff frequency (ft) of 891 GHz. These impressive results obtained through deck-simulation affirm the immense potential of the proposed double barrier AlGaN/AlInGaN/GaN MOSHEMT for future applications in high-power and terahertz frequency domains.

Ionic wind and ozone generation in a single magnetic fluid dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuator with different electrode configurations

Plasma actuators are compact wind power generators without mechanical power mechanisms. Plasma actuators have been investigated and developed. In a previous study of the authors, a single dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuator using magnetic fluid (MF), termed “MF-DBD plasma actuator,” was proposed for application to fanless air purification devices that can collect low-resistive particulate matter, such as diesel particulate, by electrostatic force without re-entrainment. The fundamental characteristics of the MF-DBD plasma actuator, such as ionic wind, temperature distribution, and ozone and ion concentrations, were investigated in the previous study. The advantage of an MF-DBD plasma actuator is that the position and shape of the MF electrode can be controlled using a magnetic field. In view of this advantage, in this study, ionic wind and ozone generation in a single MF-DBD plasma actuator with different electrode configurations is investigated for the future development of MF-DBD plasma actuators and their application in fanless air purification. In these experiments, the width of the insulated electrode and the distance between the exposed and insulated electrodes are varied. As a result, in the case of a constant applied voltage, the ionic wind velocity and ozone concentration depend only on the overlap between the magnetic fluid and the insulated electrode, and these values increase as the overlap increases. It is clarified that a large overlap between the MF and insulated electrodes can generate an efficient ionic wind in terms of wind velocity and energy consumption.

Nature-based solutions to mitigate early marsh-edge erosion in a coastal wetland

Protecting coastal wetlands and preventing the erosion of tidal flats are major challenges in the most coastal regions of China because of strong anthropogenic influence and ongoing sediment reduction from upstream sources. The Jiuduansha Wetland holds both national and international value. However, there has been a decrease in the accretion rate, leading to the occurrence of marsh and bank erosion along the southern bank section of the wetland. In this study, we examined the effects of various nature-based solutions (Nbs) on the marsh-edge erosion belt, including fencing (F) with environmentally friendly bamboo piles; vegetation planting (V) using native species; fencing and vegetation planting (FV); fencing and sediment addition (FS) using dredged soil; and fencing, vegetation planting, and sediment addition (FSV). The results show that the flat elevation in the early erosion belt continuously declined without any treatment, and the mitigation functions of the different approaches were comparable. The F treatments with single wave barriers could not protect the bank and could even aggravate the degree of erosion over one year. Although exogenetic sediments filled the FS experimental plots, the flat elevation level did not notably increase. When the marsh vegetation was established in the experimental plots (V treatment), notable elevation accretion occurred (2.4 cm year−1), and the FV and FSV treatments further enhanced sedimentary accretion (4.5 cm and 6.4 cm year−1, respectively) and vegetation growth (based on density and biomass), showing positive feedback of hydro-sedimentary and biological processes. The synthesized approach to utilize environmentally friendly wave barriers, establish native vegetation and replenish dredged sediment is recommended to be used in the Nbs that aim at preserving the biogeomorphology of coastal salt marshes in the early erosion stage.

Consensus recommendations for improving the cancer clinical trial matching environment.

Enrollment in cancer clinical trials cannot occur without first successfully identifying trials for which patients are a match based on their clinical characteristics. A lack of onsite matching trials has been identified as the single largest barrier preventing patients from participating in clinical trials. The site-agnostic cancer clinical trial matching environment is a mix of public and private tools and infrastructure that are not designed to work together to facilitate trial matching in an efficient manner. To identify policy and infrastructure solutions that could enable more effective and more frequent use of third-party site-agnostic matching, the American Cancer Society Cancer Action Network held a summit to examine challenges and propose consensus recommendations that could address those challenges. At this 2019 summit, stakeholders in this field examined these barriers and challenges and made a number of policy and infrastructure recommendations to improve the ability of this environment to work in a more coordinated and efficient manner.

Why are African immigrants in Montreal reluctant to use mental health services?: a systematic inventory of reasons.

Previous research has shown that non-Caucasian immigrants in Western countries are less likely than native-born people to use mental health services. This study examined the reasons underlying reluctance to use mental health services among African immigrants in Montreal, Canada. The study participants were 280 African immigrants who had experienced symptoms suggesting depression but did not use formal mental health services. They were presented with a questionnaire that contained 65 statements referring to reasons for not using formal mental health services while experiencing those symptoms and were asked to indicate their degree of agreement with each of the statements on a scale of 0-10. Responses were then analyzed using factor analysis. An eight-factor structure of reasons was found: "Minimizing symptoms and perceived self-efficacy" (61% of the sample), "Relying on spiritual care" (56% of the sample), "Cost and waiting time" (45% of the sample), "Influence of significant others" (34% of the sample), "Lack of cultural competence" (32% of the sample), "Fear of stigmatization" (23% of the sample), "Nature of the consultation" (10% of the sample) and "Social models" (8% of the sample). Scores on these factors were related to participants' demographics. Effectively addressing the underutilization of mental health services among African immigrants requires a multifaceted approach rather than one focused on a single barrier. Our findings suggest critical points that could help develop tailored interventions to address the various barriers to care.

SAT418 Nurse-Led Care For Transgender And Gender Diverse Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study Of International Context And Practice

Abstract Disclosure: D.L. Greenspan: None. B.P. White: None. E.G. Bobrowich: None. P. Carruthers: None. D. Ducar: None. C. Ernstsson: None. S. Barrett: None. A. Dwyer: None. Introduction: Gender minorities, including transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals face health disparities and significant barriers in accessing healthcare. Lack of access to providers knowledgeable in TGD health needs is the single greatest barrier to care. Existing literature on TGD care has almost exclusively focused on physicians and there is scant literature on the role of nurses. We aimed to describe exemplars of nurse-led TGD care internationally to better understand the structure, process, and outcomes of nurse-led TGD care as well as recommended best practices nurse-led TGD care. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study used a convenience sample of nurse-led TGD clinics drawn from international endocrine nursing organizations. Identified clinics completed an online survey based on the Donabedian Model of quality care (structure, process, outcome). ‘Structure’ included a description of health system, guidelines used by the clinic, team composition/organization, and contextual medico-legal issues. Process assessed nursing roles/activities and perceived promoters/barriers to TGD care. Outcomes were assessed by identifying metrics employed by the clinics. Two independent investigators reviewed survey responses and collated descriptive findings in tables, used thematic analysis to identify salient features and themes, and validated the synthesis with respondents.Results: Five established TGD clinics were identified from the United States (n=3), United Kingdom, and Sweden. Clinics were government funded (n=2), based within academic medical centers (n=2), and a free-standing community practice. Respondents included both registered nurses and advance practice nurses (nurse practitioners/nurse prescribers) who provide pediatric (n=2), adult (n=1), and care across the lifespan (n=2). Common ‘structure’ elements included: creating a welcoming environment, interprofessional team, and use of clinical guidelines. The ‘process’ of care was characterized by: commitment to a gender-affirming philosophy and person-centered care, emphasis on collaborative care/team communication, and dedicated time for case management. Few outcomes were measured (primarily client census). All clinics noted the importance of access to care, training clinicians/staff, and structured data collection methods as promoters of high-quality TGD care.Discussion: Findings suggest nurses play an important role in increasing access to gender-affirming and person-centered care. Nursing care emphasizes interprofessional collaboration, health promotion, empowerment, and patient advocacy. We identify promoters and best practices based on expert opinion - yet more work is needed to establish evidence-based practices and nurse-sensitive outcome measures for TGD care. Presentation: Saturday, June 17, 2023

Tunneling conductance regulated by the electrostatic barrier in monolayer black phosphorene

We investigate the tunneling conductance of monolayer black phosphorene through double magnetic barriers modulated by the electrostatic barrier. This magnetic barrier is generated by two ferromagnetic strips deposited on monolayer phosphorene and can form parallel (P) and antiparallel (AP) structures. Applying a voltage to a ferromagnetic strip will create an electrostatic barrier. The transmission of P and AP magnetic structures is calculated using the transfer matrix. Tunneling conductance is given by Landauer–Büttiker theory. Our results show that under double electrostatic barriers modulation, the AP conductance of the system is zero except for sharp peaks, while the P conductance has a certain value, which implies a large tunneling magnetoresistance. However, in the case of single electrostatic barrier modulation, the conductance becomes flat. For the Fermi level in the valence band, the movement of the Fermi level leads to the severe mismatching of transmitted wave vectors in the barrier region, resulting a positive and negative oscillation magnetoresistance. This may be useful for designing memory using a two-dimensional electron gas system.

Influence of neutron transfer channels on fusion dynamics near the Coulomb barrier for 28Si + 116,120,124Sn systems

The phenomenon of enhanced fusion cross-section as compared to the theoretical predictions of 1-D BPM has been extensively studied over the past few decades. However, the unambiguous role of neutron transfer channels on the sub-barrier fusion enhancement is still elusive in most cases. Fusion cross-section measurements ≈ 15% below and above the Coulomb barrier were performed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the experimentally observed sub-barrier fusion enhancement. Coupled-channels calculations using CCFULL were used to decipher the reaction dynamics. CC calculations explained the fusion excitation function for 28Si + 116,120Sn systems after the inclusion of inelastic excitations along with a pair transfer. However, the observed behavior for the 28Si + 124Sn system could not be explained. The fusion barrier distribution has been extracted from the experimental data to unveil the various channels coupled in the concerned rection. A single uncoupled barrier was transformed into a distribution of barriers depicting the presence of different channels coupled in the reaction. The results indicate a significant effect from multi-neutron transfer channels on the fusion dynamics.

Implementation of energy barrier layers for 1550 nm high-power laser diodes

The influence of a thin AlInAs energy barrier on the efficiency of 1550 nm high-power semiconductor lasers efficiency has been experimentally studied. It was shown that the position and number of barriers in an asymmetric laser heterostructure based on a 1.8–1.9 μm thick waveguide has a significant effect on the output optical power. It is shown that in a barrierless structure, the main reason for radiative efficiency decrease is internal quantum yield drop due to the absence of an energy barrier for the type-II heterojunction at the waveguide-p-cladding interface and electron leakage to the p-emitter layer. It is demonstrated that the implementation of single AlInAs energy barrier layer on waveguide-p-cladding heterojunction allows significantly increase laser diode maximum output power. 2 W maximum CW optical power has been achieved from 40 μm aperture laser diode at heatsink temperature 25 °C.

A local ATR-dependent checkpoint pathway is activated by a site-specific replication fork block in human cells.

When replication forks encounter DNA lesions that cause polymerase stalling, a checkpoint pathway is activated. The ATR-dependent intra-S checkpoint pathway mediates detection and processing of sites of replication fork stalling to maintain genomic integrity. Several factors involved in the global checkpoint pathway have been identified, but the response to a single replication fork barrier (RFB) is poorly understood. We utilized the Escherichia coli-based Tus-Ter system in human MCF7 cells and showed that the Tus protein binding to TerB sequences creates an efficient site-specific RFB. The single fork RFB was sufficient to activate a local, but not global, ATR-dependent checkpoint response that leads to phosphorylation and accumulation of DNA damage sensor protein γH2AX, confined locally to within a kilobase of the site of stalling. These data support a model of local management of fork stalling, which allows global replication at sites other than the RFB to continue to progress without delay.

Effect of gas components on the degradation mechanism of o-dichlorobenzene by non-thermal plasma technology with single dielectric barrier discharge

In this paper, the degradation of o-DCB under different gas-phase parameter conditions was investigated using the SDBD-NTP system. The results showed that the increase in initial and oxygen concentrations had opposite effects on the degradation of o-DCB. Among them, the increase of oxygen concentration promoted the degradation of o-DCB. Relative humidity promoted and then inhibited the degradation of o-DCB. The highest degradation efficiency of o-DCB was achieved at RH = 15%, reaching 91% at 29W. In the study of by-products, it was found that O3 and NOx were the main inorganic by-products, and that different oxygen levels and relative humidity conditions had a large effect on the production of O3 and NOx. In all of them, the concentration of O3 decreased with the increase of input power. NOx increased with increasing oxygen concentration, but the increase in relative humidity inhibited the production of NO and N2O and promoted the conversion of NO2. A study of organic by-products revealed this. In the absence of oxygen, a higher number of benzene products appeared. Whereas, with the addition of oxygen, only in the by-products under conditions where no relative humidity was introduced, benzene ring products were predominantly present in the by-products. However, when RH was added, n-hexane was found to be present in the by-products. This may be because the introduction of OH• favors the destruction of the benzene ring. Finally, the possible reaction pathways and reaction mechanisms of o-DCB under different gas-phase parameters are given. It provides a reference for future related scientific research as well as scientific problems in practical applications.

Greatly enhanced tunneling electroresistance in ferroelectric tunnel junctions with a double barrier design

We propose that the double barrier effect is expected to enhance the tunneling electroresistance (TER) in the ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs). To demonstrate the feasibility of this mechanism, we design a model structure of Pt/BaTiO3/LaAlO3/Pt/BaTiO3/LaAlO3/Pt double barrier ferroelectric tunnel junction (DB-FTJ), which can be considered as two identical Pt/BaTiO3/LaAlO3/Pt single barrier ferroelectric tunnel junctions (SB-FTJs) connected in series. Based on density functional calculation, we obtain the giant TER ratio of 2.210 × 108% in the DB-FTJ, which is at least three orders of magnitude larger than that of the SB-FTJs of Pt/BaTiO3/LaAlO3/Pt, together with an ultra-low resistance area product (0.093 KΩμm2) in the high conductance state of the DB-FTJ. Moreover, it is possible to control the direction of polarization of the two single ferroelectric barriers separately and thus four resistance states can be achieved, making DB-FTJs promising as multi-state memory devices.

WR1065 conjugated to thiol-PEG polymers as novel anticancer prodrugs: broad spectrum efficacy, synergism, and drug resistance reversal.

The lack of anticancer agents that overcome innate/acquired drug resistance is the single biggest barrier to achieving a durable complete response to cancer therapy. To address this issue, a new drug family was developed for intracellular delivery of the bioactive aminothiol WR1065 by conjugating it to discrete thiol-PEG polymers: 4-star-PEG-S-S-WR1065 (4SP65) delivers four WR1065s/molecule and m-PEG6-S-S-WR1065 (1LP65) delivers one. Infrequently, WR1065 has exhibited anticancer effects when delivered via the FDA-approved cytoprotectant amifostine, which provides one WR1065/molecule extracellularly. The relative anticancer effectiveness of 4SP65, 1LP65, and amifostine was evaluated in a panel of 15 human cancer cell lines derived from seven tissues. Additional experiments assessed the capacity of 4SP65 co-treatments to potentiate the anticancer effectiveness and overcome drug resistance to cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic, or gefitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeting oncogenic EGFR mutations. The CyQUANT®-NF proliferation assay was used to assess cell viability after 48-h drug treatments, with the National Cancer Institute COMPARE methodology employed to characterize dose-response metrics. In normal human epithelial cells, 4SP65 or 1LP65 enhanced or inhibited cell growth but was not cytotoxic. In cancer cell lines, 4SP65 and 1LP65 induced dose-dependent cytostasis and cytolysis achieving 99% cell death at drug concentrations of 11.2 ± 1.2 µM and 126 ± 15.8 µM, respectively. Amifostine had limited cytostatic effects in 11/14 cancer cell lines and no cytolytic effects. Binary pairs of 4SP65 plus cisplatin or gefitinib increased the efficacy of each partner drug and surmounted resistance to cytolysis by cisplatin and gefitinib in relevant cancer cell lines. 4SP65 and 1LP65 were significantly more effective against TP53-mutant than TP53-wild-type cell lines, consistent with WR1065-mediated reactivation of mutant p53. Thus, 4SP65 and 1LP65 represent a unique prodrug family for innovative applications as broad-spectrum anticancer agents that target p53 and synergize with a chemotherapeutic and an EGFR-TKI to prevent or overcome drug resistance.

Resonant Tunneling Effects on the Double‐Barrier Electron Blocking Layer of a Nitride Deep‐UV Light‐Emitting Diode

The multi‐quantum‐barrier electron blocking layer (EBL) is reported to significantly improve efficiency by nearly 3 times over a single barrier in deep‐UV AlGaN light‐emitting diodes to deal with electron leakage. The improvement is usually attributed to the enhanced effective barrier height, and this article aims to explore the benefits of the tunneling effect by calculating the tunneling currents of electrons and holes through an Al0.6Ga0.4N/AlyGa1−yN double‐barrier EBL under external bias from opposite directions. The results show that the tunneling current for holes Jh is several orders of magnitude higher than that of the electrons Je as the barriers are with Al mole fraction y greater than 0.75 and thickness larger than 2 nm, which promises effective hole injection by tunneling without much electron leakage. Tunneling mechanism works better in EBL with higher and thicker barriers because the tunneling coefficients of light hole drop much slower than electrons due to its small effective mass. A proper distance between the barriers is needed to avoid electron leakage while holes tunnel through the EBL. Built‐in electric fields tilt the band to enlarge the peak‐to‐valley ratio. This work indicates that the tunneling effect substantially facilitates a multibarrier EBL to enhance carrier‐injection efficiency.

Class A Prediction Symposium on Debris Flow Impact Forces on Single and Dual Barriers

Over recent years, significant advances have been made in the modelling of the impact dynamics between debris flows and single and dual rigid and flexible barriers. Numerical tools and analytical formulations have been proposed to predict the impact force, runup height, barrier deformation, and overflow and landing dynamics. However, there remains a dearth of well-recognised tools that can be used in routine engineering design practice because their reliability is unclear. On 8 and 9 May 2022, a virtual Class A Prediction Symposium on Debris Flow Impact Forces on Single and Dual Barriers was held to evaluate the reliability of existing design tools and identify areas for improvement to advance the current state of barrier design. The symposium was organised by The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Geotechnical Engineering Office of the Civil Engineering and Development Department of the HKSAR Government. This paper summarises the existing research on flow-barrier interaction, and details of the symposium, including the prediction cases and results, roundtable discussion, and future research directions.

Systematic study of the isotopic dependence of heavy-ion fusion cross sections at below- and above-barrier energies

The present work provides a systematic study on the role of nuclear surface tension in the isotopic dependence of the fusion cross sections at below- and above-barrier energies over wide range of neutron content (0.5 < N/Z < 1.7). To realize our goal, we select three different versions of proximity-based potential, involving proximity potential 1977, 1988, and 2010, in order to calculate the nucleus-nucleus potential and ultimately the fusion barrier parameters. It is shown that the barrier positions, heights, and curvatures follow a (second-order) non-linear isotopic behavior with addition of neutrons which are dependent on the effect of variation in the nuclear surface tension. Our findings reveal that the sensitivity of isotopic dependence of the fusion barrier characteristics to the effect of surface energy coefficients γ increases by increasing the asymmetry of the colliding pair. In addition, we demonstrate the sensitivity toward the coefficient γ is seen more clearly from the more neutron-rich nuclei compared to the neutron-deficient ones. We discuss the isotopic dependence of the fusion cross sections at below- and above-barrier energies within the framework of the Wong model for a single potential barrier. For above-barrier energies, it is shown that the fusion cross sections follow an increasing (second-order) non-linear trend due to the addition of neutrons. While a decreasing (second-order) non-linear trend exists for the variation in the fusion cross sections at below-barrier energies. Simultaneous comparison the results obtained by the 3 versions of proximity potential for the isotopic dependence of fusion cross sections in the mentioned energy regions reveal the importance of the quantum tunneling and also nuclear structure effects.

Transfer matrix in 1D Dirac-like problems

The transfer matrix method is considered to obtain the fundamental properties of 1D Dirac-like problems. The case of 1D problems in monolayer graphene is addressed. The main characteristics of the transfer matrix are analyzed, contrasting them with the ones corresponding to 1D Schrödinger-like problems. Analytic expressions for the transmission coefficient and bound states are obtained. The continuity between bound states and states of perfect transmission is demonstrated in general, and in particular showed for the case of single electrostatic barriers. These findings in principle can be extended to 2D materials with Hamiltonian similar to monolayer graphene such as silicene and transition metal dichalcogenides.

Long-term effects of soft rock amendment on changes of soil aggregate cementing agents of sandy soil by SEM-EDS

Soil aggregates are a crucial constituent of soil and have a significant function in regulating water, nutrients, air, and heat within the soil. The development of soil aggregates is influenced by various factors, including the soil’s parent material and human activities. Understanding the formation and the mechanism of stabilization of soil aggregates is of great significance in the study of soil development, in regulating and managing organic carbon pools in soils, and in promoting soil fertility. In this study, aeolian sandy soil with a low degree of soil development and compound soil formed by combining soft rock and aeolian sandy soil were selected as the research objects. We selected three time points from 0 to 9 years after amendment by soft rock in order to investigate the changes of soil aggregate cementing agents. The shape of soil aggregates in both types of soils was analyzed by environmental scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), which were also used to assess the appearance of soil aggregates and quantify the composition of mineral elements on a cross section of the aggregate. The results show that when the soft rock and the aeolian sandy soil are compounded and mixed, the clay minerals in the soft rock change the microstructure of the original aeolian sandy soil from a single granular barrier to one characterized by a cumulative porous structure, indicating that clay minerals promote soil development and form aggregates with good structural properties. The cementing agents in the compounded soil aggregates are mainly clay minerals, aluminum, iron, and calcium. In comparison to aeolian sandy soils, the presence of iron and calcium in compounded soils is notably elevated. The iron oxides present in compounded soils serve a similar function to “bolts” in the formation of soil aggregates. These findings establish a theoretical foundation for investigating the process of soil aggregate formation and the mechanisms by which cementing agents contribute to their stabilization.

Atomistic determination of Peierls barriers of dislocation glide in nickel

The Peierls barrier measures the lattice resistance to dislocation glide in crystalline solids. We use the nudged elastic band (NEB) method to calculate the Peierls barriers for screw and edge dislocation glide in a face-centered cubic (FCC) metal of Ni. The minimum energy paths (MEPs) across single or sequential Peierls barriers are determined under shear loading. The NEB results show the decreasing Peierls barrier with increasing shear stress, giving the Peierls stress at which the Peierls barrier vanishes. The effects of boundary condition and system size on Peierls barriers are studied by comparing strain- and stress-controlled NEB results. Furthermore, the free-end NEB methods are applied to determine MEPs with improved computational efficiency. The NEB results are also used to evaluate the energetic driving force of dislocation glide, which is consistent with that determined from the Peach-Koehler force. The accuracy of the present NEB results based on an empirical interatomic potential is assessed by comparison with a machine-learning potential. This work demonstrates the robust and efficient quantification of Peierls barriers to dislocation glide in an FCC metal, and it lays a solid foundation for the atomistic determination of Peierls barriers in compositionally complex alloys with the FCC structure in future studies.