Sine Wave Output Research Articles

Design and Analysis of MEMS-Based Capacitive Power Inverter Using Electrostatic Transduction

In this study, a capacitive microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based DC/AC power inverter design for renewable energy applications is proposed, modeled, and analyzed. In the proposed approach, electrostatic actuation is preferred to develop a DC/AC power inverter with varying phase overlap lengths for solar energy systems. The operating voltage required during the analysis is applied to the active part as the tensile stress. Thus, the maximum displacement is achieved with less instability. The developed inverter is based on MEMS to achieve miniaturized performances, producing smooth sine wave output, efficiently obtaining the signal frequency, and low power consumption. The proposed inverter has a thickness of 325 μm, an active settlement area of 45x45x0.585 mm3, and an initial capacitance value of 2.9 pF. In addition, a 50 Hz mechanical resonance frequency was used to be compatible with the frequency of the city network. It can convert voltage values between 0.5V and 24V DC with a MEMS power inverter. Since the inverter is based on a capacitive structure, it provides near-zero power consumption. The frequency and waveform of the converted DC/AC signal match the AC signal of a power grid with an efficiency of 5%.

Design and Implementation of a DC to AC Power Electronics-Based Inverter that Produces Pure Sine Wave Output for Critical Engineering Applications

Power inverters play a crucial role in the field of engineering, particularly in applications where power stability is imperative. In devices such as Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS), the conversion of raw power to DC, subsequent filtering, and inversion to AC are executed through pure sine wave inverters. These inverters exhibit remarkable stability, making them ideal for powering sensitive equipment like data switches and Remote Terminal Units (RTUs). This study delves into the intricate process of converting DC power into a pristine sine wave signal. The heart of this power conversion lies in the utilization of the KA3525A integrated circuit (IC) in conjunction with MOSFETs of the PN55 series, supported by capacitors and resistors for effective power filtration. The KA3525A, a monolithic IC, encompasses all essential control circuits for a pulse width modulating regulator. Within this IC, a voltage reference, error amplifier, pulse width modulator, oscillator, under-voltage lockout, soft start circuit, and output driver collaborate seamlessly. The MOSFETs function as switches, synchronized with the oscillating signal from the KA3525A IC. This coordination, combined with the filter and other signal conditioning units, enables the conversion process. The design achieves the conversion of raw power into a stable pure sine wave signal of 170V AC at the H-bridge terminals, demonstrating the success of the designed approach.

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CONVERTER CIRCUITS APPLIED FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

This research intents to design and laboratory implementation of a power electronic converter, which is useful for home applications, industrial, communications, street light and water pumping using solar cell source. The design is based on a step up boost DC/DC converter followed by a full wave SPWM inverter. The nominal power rating is 1.25kW and can operate from any DC source such as DC battery besides fuel cells. The system which consists of the following stages (PV, converter, inverter, DC link, filter and snubber circuit), is designed primarily with a general module depending on Orcad PSPICE program to produce power output nearly 1.25kVA at 50Hz with a pure sinewave output for both voltage and current. After designing and simulating this system, the intended SPWM inverter are built experimentally to compare its results with the simulated one.

Modular buck-boost transformerless grid-tied inverter for low voltage solar panels

This paper deals with a transformerless AC module for low DC voltage output photovoltaic solar panels. The DC to AC converter was designed to be a single-phase grid-tied inverter, and is based on a buck-boost topology with current mode control to shape the current and to adjust delivered power. The common ground node prevents voltage fluctuations and increases people´s safety. Low power inverters tend to be less efficient than larger ones and are prone to higher harmonic distortion. To overcome these drawbacks, special care was taken in designing the power stage, and harmonic compensation was included in the control stage. The inverter has MPPT capability and operates with unity power factor. Inverter´s operation is analysed, and some simulation results are presented. A 220Wp two-stage single-phase AC module prototype, with 240V and 50Hz sine-wave output, was build and connected to a low voltage photovoltaic solar panel. Experimental results for this plug-and-play converter are here presented.

RANCANG BANGUN DAN PROTEKSI INVERTER PURE SINE WAVE SPWM 500 WATT BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLER MENGGUNAKAN FUZZY LOGIC

The application of power electronics is growing in the DC to AC converter system often called (Inverter). The inverter system utilizes a DC voltage source generated by a battery, power supply, or other DC voltage source, which will later be converted to AC voltage by the inverter. The development of microcontrollers as a driver for generating PWM signals on inverters encourages us to continue to develop. One of the developments of the microcontroller is ESP32. This study aims to produce a single-phase inverter with a pure sine wave output using the ESP32 driver as the SPWM signal generator. Besides that, to maximize the performance of the inverter, it is necessary to add a protection system to reduce the risk of damage to the inverter or the load. The use of fuzzy method is used to stabilize the voltage.

Electrical Design of a Portable Pure Sine Wave Inverter Using Ferrite Core Transformer and Double Stage Technique

The size of the iron core transformer in an inverter is large and heavy because it has more conductor turns and works at low frequencies. In contrast, ferrite core transformers are designed to work at high frequencies, so the number of turns of the conductor is less, and the transformer size is relatively small and light. Device portability is a significant challenge in designing high-power inverters. This research uses a ferrite core transformer to design a portable pure sine wave inverter. A two-stage technique is proposed in designing the inverter so that the dc-link voltage and capacitor size can be flexibly selected, and the device size can be compacted. The design consists of two stages. First, a circuit to generate a 400-Volt DC voltage is designed using IC SG3525, a MOSFET power amplifier, and a ferrite core step-up transformer. Second, a pure sine wave generator circuit is constructed using an EGS002 module, MOSFETs, and a filter circuit. Experiments are performed by measuring the output voltage, monitoring power and frequency, and observing the waveform with an oscilloscope. The results reveal that the designed inverter can generate a 220-volt pure sine wave output, a maximum power of 500 Watts, a frequency of 50 Hz, and an efficiency between 91.4% to 98.1%.

Modified unipolar SPWM inverter for solar PV applications using MATLAB/Simulink model interfaced with dSPACE DS1104

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to check the Solar Photovoltaic (PV) inverter working condition with modified unipolar switching pulse. The gate pulse for the inverter switches is generated in MATLAB simulation and interfaced with hardware protype. Simulation results can be compared with hardware results.Design/methodology/approachA considerable amount of research has been done on different Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques. Based on the findings, a modified Unipolar Sinusoidal PWM technique was created with one reference signal and two carrier signals+ (one for the positive half cycle and the other for the negative half cycle) and simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The prototype inverter module receives the simulated switching pulses via dSPACE DS1104 hardware software interfacing board. The hardware implementation has been done, and the hardware results compared with simulation results for various input voltage levels using resistive load.FindingsThis modified switching pulse has dead band and additional hardware setup is not required. 3-phase multi-level inverter output waveform has been achieved with six switches in this method and with low filter values, pure sine wave output can be obtained in simulation. By this method of switching pulse generation and testing, for every modification in switching pulse hardware gate driver is not required. Resulting time consumption and money investment are lower.Originality/valueModified Unipolar SPWM pulse generation technique is novel method for solar PV inverter. The switching pulse has been designed and tested in both MATLAB/Simulation and hardware prototype inverter. Hardware and software results are identical. This method of pulse generation and hardware implementation has not been done anywhere before.

Investigation of Hybrid Power System for Marine Applications

Today’s Marine industries are undergoing transformation because of rapid growth of advancement in the field of automation. Shipping industries use hybrid propulsion systems to de-carbonize and orient the path towards zero emission. The renewable energy supply (RES) is utilized by reducing the dependence on imported conventional fossil fuels; greenhouse gas emissions produced by the usage of fossil fuels are reduced. Renewable green energy is used to generate power at the distribution level. Energy sources are distributed around the world. The utility's hybrid (wind/solar) power system has proven to be a reliable source of energy. In this article, PV and wind (hybrid) power used for marine applications with the reduction of fuel consumption is proposed. The hybrid buck boost converter used for regulating DC output voltage. A multi-level H bridge inverter between DC-DC converter and load provides the load's ac voltage requirement in hybrid systems. For a given output waveform quality, MLI topology provide lower THD and EMI output, higher efficiency and better output waveform. In order to design a multilevel inverter, a cascaded H-Bridge structure was adopted. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) techniques enable the operation of Cascaded H Bridges to generate an approximate sine wave output from a multilayer inverter. To improve the hybrid system's performance, output of converter is supplied to the thirteen level H bridge inverter. This combination can maintain the appropriate voltage to load ratio. Voltage profile is improved by using H-bridge multilevel inverter. The proposed framework is re-enacted utilizing MATLAB/Simulink.

Design of a Half-Bridge Current-Source Inverter Topology for Avionic Systems

This paper analyses a new half-bridge current–source inverter for avionic systems. In the circuit, two 28 V batteries are used as inputs. These voltage sources are connected to inductors which create a constant current source. Then only two high-frequency switches are used to waveshape the positive and negative half-cycles. The SCR-based half-bridge allows positive and negative current flow properly. The inverter output uses a CL filter to remove PWM components and to obtain 400 Hz sinewave output. Simulation and HIL experiment results are provided with feedback control to prove the concept of the proposed topology. The study shows that the new current–source topology provides promising results while complying with aviation standards.

Design and implementation of a single-phase buck-type inverter via an efficient hybrid control technique

PurposeThis paper aims to present the design and implementation of a new general-purpose single-phase buck-type inverter.Design/methodology/approachThe operation of the proposed inverter is based on the general-purpose buck converter. The proposed buck-type inverter topology is designed with reduced numbers of passive and active elements to minimize design cost and complexity. Also, an efficient hybrid control technique based on the proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) supported by open-loop control signal is offered for the control of the proposed inverter. The proposed hybrid control method improves the performance of the PID controller during the change of inverter operation parameters. A close to single-phase sine wave output voltage with low total harmonic distortion (THD) can be produced by the proposed inverter in a wide range of voltage and frequency lower than the inverter input voltage value.FindingsSimulation and experimental test studies are applied to the proposed inverter. The experimental laboratory setup is built for 0–50 Hz, 0–100 Vp, 0.5 kW. Both the simulation and the experimental test results show that the single-phase inverter can produce close to sine wave output voltage with THD level under 5% in a wide range of frequency for various operating conditions and for different loads.Originality/valueIn this paper, a new topology and a new hybrid control technique that are patented by the corresponding author are implemented for a single-phase buck-type inverter through a scientific project. The operating results of the study reveal the efficient operating capability with a simple topology structure.

Three-phase Active Tracking AC-AC Voltage Regulator based on Buck Converter with an Efficient Hybrid Control Technique

This study proposes a switch-mode three-phase active tracking AC-AC voltage regulator based on the buck converter. The regulator topology incorporates a moderate number of components with less complexity and high efficiency. An efficient hybrid control technique, based on a closed-loop PID controller that is supported with a new designed feedforward controller, is proposed for the regulator control different to the similar studies in the literature. The hybrid control technique augments the response of active tracking of the reference output phase voltages to achieve an improved quality close to sine-wave output phase voltages for either the input AC phase voltages that are ideal pure sine-wave or include various harmonics. The regulator topology has a modular structure for independent control of each output phase. So, the regulator can help to achieve close to sine-wave output phase voltages to supply a balanced/unbalanced wye-connected three-phase load or independent single-phase loads. The presented three-phase regulator and the control technique are tested with simulation and experimental studies. The laboratory set-up of the regulator is designed for 2.2 kW output power, 0-300 Vp input phase voltages (50 Hz), and 0-200 Vp output phase voltages. The results demonstrated that the proposed switch-mode three-phase buck-type active tracking voltage regulator can provide the desired AC phase voltages with less than 5% THD (total harmonic distortion) and low harmonics for different operating conditions.

Boost Converter Based 3-phase AC-AC Active Tracking Voltage Regulator Controlled by a Robust Hybrid Control Method

In this study, a switch-mode three-phase active tracking AC-AC voltage regulator based on the boost converter is proposed with a moderate number of active and passive elements used in the topology. A robust hybrid control, where a novel designed feedforward controller supports the closed-loop PID controller, is proposed for the control of the regulator apart from similar studies in the literature. Active tracking response of the reference output phase voltages is augmented by the proposed hybrid control method. Thus nearly close to sine-wave output phase voltages can be obtained, whether the input AC phase voltages are ideal pure sine or not. Also, the modular structure of the regulator topology enables independent control for each output phase. Thus, the supply of balanced/unbalanced wye-connected three-phase loads or independent single-phase loads with nearly close to ideal sine wave voltages can be achieved by the modularity of the regulator. Both experimental and simulation test studies are performed for the proposed regulator system. A laboratory set-up for the regulator is designed for 0-200 Vp input phase voltages (50 Hz), and 0-300 Vp output phase voltages, and 1.8 kW output power. The achieved results for both simulation and experimental tests verify the proposed switch-mode boost-type regulator’s ability to provide output phase voltages nearly close to sine wave with total harmonic distortion (THD) values under 5%.

FPGA-Based Single-Phase PV Inverter Using Unipolar and Bipolar SPWM Control Techniques

The study presents circuitry modeling and methodology to integrate solar photovoltaic (PV) energy with grid (AC) sources to supplement household appliances during a power cut-off or restricted supply period and alternating charge deep cycle batteries. This paper discusses an FPGA-based Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) generator as a control mechanism for a PV/Battery full-bridge inverter. The inverter's efficacy is expressed as the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) ratio, which must be as low as possible. Various schemes are proposed to reduce THD to generate a more sinusoidal output wave. SPWM is mostly used in industrial inverters. Two SPWM techniques, Bipolar and unipolar, are compared under a variety of Modulation Index (MI) conditions and Carrier Frequency (fc) to analyze the best performance of the full-bridge inverter with less (THD) and smoother output sinewave. The present paper discusses the results of a simulation for a single-phase full-bridge inverter employing bipolar and unipolar SPWM techniques. The output waveform demonstrates that the Unipolar SPWM technique produces less Total harmonic Distortion than the Bipolar method, with THD 45% lower. ISE 14.7 and Matlab 2019 are used to present, simulate SPWM generating code, and implement the design on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), which acts as a controller for the Mosfet gates in the full-bridge inverter to constitute a sine wave without changing any hardware configuration in the circuit design. The system implementation of SPWM Pulse generation has been validated on Xilinx Spartan 6 FPGA (XC6SLX45) board using VHDL code. The final test on the system design for the SPWM generation program, after synthesis and compilation were finalized and verified on a prototype system.

Single-phase Boost-type Active Tracking AC-AC Voltage Regulator with an Improved Hybrid Control Technique

This paper presents a switch-mode single-phase boost-type AC-AC voltage regulator. The topology of the regulator needs only reduced numbers of components. Unlike the similar studies in the literature, a new hybrid control technique with a closed-loop PID controller and a novel developed feedforward controller is applied to the regulator that enhances the active tracking of the reference output voltage to obtain a higher quality of the sine-wave output voltage, when the input AC voltage is an ideal pure sine or including different harmonics levels. The proposed regulator with the proposed control technique is tested both by simulation and experimentally. The experimental set-up for the regulator is designed for 0.75 kW output power, 0-100 Vp input voltage (50 Hz), and 0-200 Vp output voltage. The results have shown that the proposed switch-mode boost type regulator is capable of obtaining the desired AC voltage with harmonics lower than 5% THD (total harmonic distortion) for different input/output parameters and different load conditions.

Design of FPGA-Based SHE and SPWM Digital Switching Controllers for 21-Level Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Model.

Multilevel inverters are a type of power electronic circuit that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) for use in high-voltage and high-power applications. Many recent studies on multilevel inverters have used field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) as a switching controller device to overcome the limitations of microcontrollers or DSPs, such as limited sampling rate, low execution speed, and a limited number of IO pins. However, the design techniques of most existing FPGA-based switching controllers require large amounts of memory (RAM) for storage of sampled data points as well as complex controller architectures to generate the output gating pulses. Therefore, in this paper, we propose two types of FPGA-based digital switching controllers, namely selective harmonic elimination (SHE) and sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), for a 21-level multilevel inverter. Both switching controllers were designed with minimal hardware complexity and logic utilisation. The designed SHE switching controller mainly consists of a four-bit finite state machine (FSM) and a 13-bit counter, while the SPWM switching controller employs a simple iterative CORDIC algorithm with a small amount of data storage requirement, a six-bit up-down counter, and a few adders. Initially, both digital switching controllers (SHE and SPWM) were designed using the hardware description language (HDL) in Verilog codes and functionally verified using the developed testbenches. The designed digital switching controllers were then synthesised and downloaded to the Intel FPGA (DE2-115) board for real-time verification purposes. For system-level verification, both switching controllers were tested on five cascaded H-Bridge circuits for a 21-level multilevel inverter model using the HDL co-simulation method in MATLAB Simulink. From the synthesised logic gates, it was found that the designed SHE and SPWM switching controllers require only 186 and 369 logic elements (LEs), respectively, which is less than 1% of the total LEs in an FPGA (Cyclone IV E) chip. The execution speed of the SHE switching controller implemented in the FPGA (Cyclone IV E) chip was found to be a maximum of 99.97% faster when compared with the microcontroller (PIC16F877A). The THD percentage of the 21-level SHE digital switching controller (3.91%) was found to be 37% less than that of the SPWM digital switching controller (6.17%). In conclusion, the proposed simplified design architectures of SHE and SPWM digital switching controllers have been proven to not only require minimal logic resources, achieve high processing speeds, and function correctly when tested on a real-time FPGA board, but also generate the desired 21-level stepped sine-wave output voltage (±360 VPP) at a frequency of 50 Hz with low THD percentages when tested on a 21-level cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter model.

DESAIN SPWM SINGLE PHASE FULL BRIDGE INVERTER PADA SISTEM UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY 500W

Indonesia has sufficient power resources provided by PLN. However, blackouts still occur frequently due to several reasons, such as disruption in transmission and distribution, especially when the weather is raining. This has an impact on customer inconvenience. To overcome this, several houses have used a backup power source in the form of a generator set that will be operated by a blackout. This solution turns out to cause noise that can interfere with user comfort. To increase user convenience, a system (Uninterruptible Power Supply) is proposed. The system there is a voltage sensor to detect a power outage. In addition, there is an SSR switch so that it can to switch main source to the UPS with a fast response time during a blackout. The inverter on UPS system uses the SPWM technique to produce a sine wave output, then the use of an LC filter to reduce ripple on the system. PID-based voltage control is used to maintain the output inverter by the setting value of magnitude amplitude. Based on the results of the test, the UPS can work during a blackout with a maximum power of 500W and the voltage constant at 215V.
 
 Keywords — Blackout, PI Controller , SPWM, UPS.

A Simple, Cheap and Precise Microcontroller Based DDS Function Generator

In electronics design and troubleshooting, the function generator is an important and versatile electronic test equipment. But the prices of finished function generator sold on market is expensive and not everyone can afford it. In order to create an economic and reliable function generator, microcontroller-based DDS function generator designed. AD9833 is DDS based programmable function generator from Analog Devices, which capable to producing sine, triangular and square wave output. To make an easy to use and flexible function generator, AD9833 connected with 4x4 matrix membrane keypad and LCD 1602. The microcontroller-based DDS function generator successfully created. The waveform generated by AD9833 offers not only exceptional accuracy and stability, but also low phase noise, an excellent frequency change and sudden waveform change ability, its useful in a wide variety of testing applications.

Comparison of Inverter Types for Home Appliance Using Push-Pull Amplifier

This paper deals with a comparison of inverter types and develops a system to provide pure sine wave ac voltage. The ac voltage is utilized to drive the compressor ac split. The assembled inverter problem is a square waveform, power losses, torque, efficiency, and a lag behind in terms of performance reliability. The push-pull amplifiers technic is proposed to produce sine wave output from dc input. The output result shows that an experimental pure sin wave obtains a frequency of 50.05 Hz, V max 13.49 Volt, V min -14.49 volt, and duty cycle 50.1%. the assembled inverter has a frequency is 37.87 Hz, V max 11.88 Volt, V min 13.09 volt, and a duty cycle is 50 %. A modified 3-phase inverter attains frequency 50.05 Hz, V max 15.71 Volt, V min -16.11 Volt, and the duty cycle is 50.5 %. The frequency, v max, v min, and duty cycle are bigger than an assembled inverter, then the modified 3-phase inverter has small harmonic distortion. The comparison of inverter types gives information for home appliances.

Research on Ultrasonic Power Supply Based on Cascade Buck Technology

In view of the large voltage harmonics and low power density of the low-power ultrasonic power supply, a low-power ultrasonic power supply based on the cascade buck technology is proposed. The converter of the power supply is composed of two buck units in cascade, and the output of the unit is forward Sinusoidal half-wave DC voltage waveform, and then commutated by the full-bridge inverter every half cycle to output sine wave AC voltage waveform, can significantly reduce the voltage harmonics of the ultrasonic power supply, reduce the inductance of the matching network, and improve the ultrasonic wave Power density. Through the combination of voltage and current phase detection and PI regulator, the tracking resonance frequency is controlled. By analyzing the system structure, working principle and control strategy of the ultrasonic power supply, modeling and simulation are carried out on Matlab / Simulink, and the feasibility and effectiveness of the scheme are verified.

Input/Output EMI Filter Design for Three-Phase Ultra-High Speed Motor Drive GaN Inverter Stage

Pairing wide-bandgap (WBG) inverters with high-speed motors results in compact and effi cient motor drives, but requires special attention on electromagnetic interference (EMI) aspects. This paper focuses on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of high-speed motor drives, supplied by a DC source. In order to protect the nearby equipment from the EMI noise of the WBG inverter, a fi lter that complies with conducted EMI regulations is placed at the inverter DC input-side. However, there is no clear mandate requiring from inverters to comply with conducted EMI regulations at the AC output-side, where only the motor is placed. For this reason, there is no full consensus whether it is necessary to use an output fi lter, and if so, what type of output fi lter would be suitable, i.e., if differential-mode (DM), common-mode (CM) or both DM/CM output fi lter would fi t best. A full sine-wave output fi lter (FSF) is proposed in this paper, that features both DM and CM attenuation, and capacitors connected to the DC link. Besides the several well established benefi ts of a FSF, such as purely sinusoidal motor currents and the protection of the motor against high du/dt originating from the fast switching of the semiconductor devices, a FSF at the inverter output-side, also reduces the CM EMI emissions at the inverter input-side. Namely, since the inverter housing, the motor housing and the interconnecting shielded cable are all grounded, CM emissions generated at the inverter output-side are directly mapped to the inverter input-side, i.e., there is an input-to-output CM noise interrelation. A FSF reduces the output-side CM EMI emissions and thus mitigates the input-to-output CM noise mutual influence. Two types of FSF (c-FSF and d-FSF) are comparatively evaluated, in terms of volume, losses and EMI performance. The theoretical consideration are tested within the context of a high-speed 280 krpm, 1 kW motor drive, with 80 V DC supply. The experimental results validate the good performance of the proposed filter concept.