Sinensis Peel Research Articles

Studies on Anti-diarrhoeal Activity of Citrus sinensis Peel Extract

The methanolic extract of the Citrus sinensis peel was screened for antidiarrhoeal activity using animal models against castor oil induced diarrhoea. The parameters evaluated are small intestine secretion by enteropooling assay, rate of defecation and small intestine transit. The methanolic extract showed significant activity (p<0.05) against castor oil induced diarrhoea and interluminal accumulation of fluid. It also reduced gastrointestinal motility after charcoal meal administration in albino mice. The results indicates that the action of Citrus sinensis peel extract (CSPE) could be through a combination of inhibition of elevated prostaglandin biosynthesis and reduced propulsive movement of the small intestine.

Phellodendron and Citrusextracts benefit cardiovascular health in osteoarthritis patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study

BackgroundThe objective of this clinical study was to assess the potential benefit of a dietary supplement, NP 06-1, on cardiovascular protective properties in overweight and normal weight adults diagnosed with osteoarthritis of the knee.MethodsAn 8-week, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study was conducted with four groups, comparing the effects of NP 06-1 to placebo in overweight and normal weight subjects diagnosed with primary osteoarthritis of the knee. NP 06-1 (a combination of two botanical extracts; Phellodendron amurense bark and Citrus sinensis peel) or matching placebo was given in a dose of two capsules (370 mg each) twice daily. The outcome measures reported are lipid levels, weight, BMI, blood pressure and fasting glucose. Analyses of variance were used to compare changes of physiological measures over the trial period and between groups.ResultsEighty (80) subjects were enrolled and 45 subjects completed the study. No serious adverse events were reported. NP 06-1 administration was associated with a general improvement in lipid levels. Both the overweight and normal weight treatment groups had significant reductions in triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, as well as a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol compared to their respective control groups.Overall there were decreases in blood pressure in both overweight and normal weight treatment groups compared to respective placebo groups. There was also a significant decrease in fasting glucose levels in the overweight treatment group compared to the start of the study and to the overweight placebo group. There was no change in fasting blood sugar for the normal weight groups.Both overweight and normal weight treatment groups lost a significant amount of weight compared to their respective placebo groups. The overweight treatment group lost an average of 5% body weight after 8 weeks, which was associated with a significant loss in BMI over time.ConclusionIn this pilot study NP 06-1 had a beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk factors; namely lipid levels, blood pressure and fasting glucose levels. Administration of NP 06-1 was also associated with weight loss.

Antiperoxidative, antithyroidal, antihyperglycemic and cardioprotective role of Citrus sinensis peel extract in male mice

An extract of Citrus sinensis (CS) peel was evaluated for its efficacy in ameliorating L-thyroxine (L-T(4)) induced tissue lipid peroxidation (LPO), hyperthyroidism and hyperglycemia in mice. In a preliminary investigation, of the three different doses of CS (12.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 50.0 mg/kg) peel extract, 25 mg/kg was found to be the most effective and antiperoxidative, while 50 mg/kg was proved to be hepatotoxic. Therefore in the pilot experiment the effects of 25 mg/kg/day of CS for 10 days were studied in L-T(4) induced hyperthyroid animals. L-T(4) (500 microg/kg/day for 10 days) increased the levels of thyroxine (T(4)) and triiodothyronine (T(3)) with a concomitant increase in serum glucose concentration, alpha-amylase activity, heart/body weight ratio (HW/BW), kidney/body weight ratio (KW/BW) and cardiac as well as hepatic LPO. However, it decreased the concentration of different serum lipids such as total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). Administration of CS extract (25 mg/kg/day) in hyperthyroid animals reversed most of these observations revealing the ameliorating potential of CS extract against various adverse effects of hyperthyroidism. It appears that the test extract primarily acts through its antioxidative/free radical-scavenging, antithyroidal and HDL-C stimulating properties.

Fumigant Toxicity of Citrus Oils Against Cowpea Seed Beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

In the present study, the effects of volatile components of Citrus paradisi, C. aurantium, C. limonium and C. sinensis peel essential oils were investigated on the cowpea adult bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). The oils were extracted from the fruit peels using hydrodistillation. The results indicated that the citrus oils had high fumigant activity against adult beetles. The mortality of 1-2 day-old adults increased with concentration and exposure time from 3 to 24 h. The oil of C. paradisi was more effective than those of C. aurantium and C. limonium (The LC50 values were 125, 145 and 235 microl L(-1) at 24 h exposure, respectively). The oil of C. sinensis proved to be least toxic (LC50 = 269 microl L(-1). The results suggested that citrus peel oils can be used as potential control measure against cowpea beetles.

Protective role of Citrus sinensis, Musa paradisiaca, and Punica granatum peels against diet-induced atherosclerosis and thyroid dysfunctions in rats

Fruit peels are generally considered as waste. This may not hold true for all types of fruit peels. Therefore, an attempt has been made to reveal the protective role of Citrus sinensis, Punica granatum, and Musa paradisiaca peel extracts in diet-induced atherosclerosis and thyroid dysfunction in rats. Wistar albino male rats were fed an atherogenic diet composed of 4% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid, and 0.5% 2-thiouracil (CCT) for 14 days to induce atherosclerosis and were then treated with one of the standardized doses of a peel extract (25 mg/kg of C sinensis, 200 mg/kg of P granatum, or 100 mg/kg of M paradisiaca) for 10 consecutive days. At the end of the experimental period, changes in the levels of different serum lipids, thyroid hormones, insulin, and tissue and serum lipid peroxidation were determined in rats. In addition, histologic evaluation of liver, heart, and kidney were compared between the CCT-fed rats and those that received both the CCT diet as well as the peel extracts. In rats fed the CCT diet alone, there was an increase in tissue lipid peroxidation, serum lipids, and glucose, with a parallel decrease in the levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, insulin, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Abnormal histologic observations such as fatty liver with vacuolated hepatocytes, fatty cyst and nucleus pushed to periphery, and increased cardiomyocyte width and mild damage in renal tissues were seen in these rats. However, simultaneous treatment with C sinensis, P granatum, or M paradisiaca extract ameliorated most of the biochemical and histopathologic alterations induced by the CCT diet, suggesting the protective role of these fruit peels against diet-induced atherosclerosis and thyroid dysfunction.

Isolation and syntheses of polymethoxyflavones and hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones as inhibitors of HL-60 cell lines

Fifteen polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) and hydroxylated PMFs were isolated from sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis) peel extract and synthesized to investigate their biological activity. All obtained compounds were tested in HL-60 cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis induction assays. While some PMFs and hydroxylated PMFs had moderate anti-carcinogenic activities, 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone and 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone showed strong inhibitory activities against the proliferation and induced apoptosis of HL-60 cell lines.

Efficient and scalable method in isolation of polymethoxyflavones from orange peel extract by supercritical fluid chromatography

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) from citrus genus are of particular interest because of their broad spectrum of biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-atherogenic properties. Recently, the exploration into the beneficial health properties of PMFs in citrus fruits has dramatically increased. However, the supply of pure PMFs in the in vivo study is a limiting factor due to the difficulties in large-scale isolation of the interested PMFs. Therefore, the development of an efficient and a scalable separation method of PMFs is necessary and significant. In this paper, we report a newly developed method for efficient and relatively large-scale isolation of four PMFs from sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis) peel by employing supercritical chromatography (SFC): nobiletin, tangeretin, 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone and 5,6,7,4′-tetramethoxyflavone.

Comparative toxicity effect of bush tea leaves (&lt;i&gt;Hyptis suaveolens&lt;/i&gt;) and orange peel (&lt;i&gt;Citrus sinensis&lt;/i&gt;) oil extract on larvae of the yellow fever mosquito &lt;i&gt;Aedes aegypti&lt;/i&gt;

The ethanolic extracts of the orange peel (Citrus sinensis) and bush tea leaves (Hyptis suaveolens) were compared for their toxicity effect on the larvae of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti collected from disused tyres beside College of Natural Sciences building University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Eight graded concentrations, 0.9ppm, 0.8ppm, 0.7ppm, 0.6ppm, 0.5ppm, 0.4ppm, 0.3ppm and 0.2ppm of both plant extracts were tested on the larvae. The mean lethal dose LD10, was 0.15 ppm for C. sinensis, 0.01 for H. suaveolens, while LD50 for C. sinensis was 0.4ppm, H. suaveolens 0.60ppm and LD90 for C. sinensis was 0.9ppm and H. suaveolens was 1.45ppm. LD10 for the control 0.65ppm, LD50 0.9ppm and LD90 2.0 ppm. The extract of C. sinensis peel caused higher mortality rate at concentrations 0.8ppm (95%) and 0.3ppm (90%) of the larvae while the extract of H. suaveolens caused high mortality rate on the larvae at concentrations of 0.9ppm (80%) and 0.3ppm (80%). Significant differences were observed between untreated and treated larvae (exposed to either of the extract) at the various concentrations (P< 0.05).

Hydroxylated Polymethoxyflavones and Methylated Flavonoids in Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peel

Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) from citrus genus have been of particular interest because of their broad spectrum of biological activities, including antiinflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antiatherogenic properties. There have been increasing interests in the exploration of health beneficial properties of PMFs in citrus fruits. Therefore, the isolation and characterization of PMFs from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel will lead to new applications of the byproducts from orange juice processes and other orange consumption in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products. In our study, eight hydroxylated PMFs, six PMFs, one polymethoxyflavanone, one hydroxylated polymethoxyflavanone, and two hydroxylated polymethoxychalcones were isolated from sweet orange peel and their structures were elucidated by various MS, UV, and different NMR techniques. Some of the hydroxylated PMFs and chalcones are newly isolated from sweet orange peel.

Comparison of supercritical fluid chromatography and liquid chromatography for the separation of urinary metabolites of nobiletin with chiral and non-chiral stationary phases

Nobiletin (NOB), a polymethoxylated flavone found in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel, is currently recognized as a promising anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. It is believed that, by undergoing metabolic biotransformation in vivo, nobiletin is demethylated by hepatic P450 enzymes, yielding multiple hydroxylated metabolites. However, it has not been possible to date to separate the two demethylated nobiletin metabolites, 3'-demethyl-NOB and 4'-demethyl-NOB (regio-isomers) on reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). Additionally, both display similar mass spectrometric fragmentation, resulting in difficulties to identify the dominant metabolite. A successful separation method was developed by utilizing supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with chiral stationary phase. The separation was also attempted with normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) in both chiral and non-chiral modes. Chromatographic separation for the two nobiletin metabolites was superior by SFC than by LC, especially using chiral stationary phase. By comparing the SFC profile of the synthesized standards, the major nobiletin metabolite in mouse urine was identified as 4'-demethyl-NOB, with the concentration of 28.9 microg/mL.

Orange peel essential oil as component of a metal sensor for lead (II) ion determination in aqueous solutions

Orange ( Citrus sinensis ) peel, a waste material was used as source of essential oil that served as component of a sensor that detects the presence of lead (II) ions in aqueous solutions. The prepared sensor was investigated in evaluating its potential as a substitute for commercially available working electrodes. The electrochemical property of the prepared sensor was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Optimization of different parameters was done for possible application of the sensor as a rapid method for lead analysis of aqueous environmental samples. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management Vol 9(2) 2005: 23-27

Nobiletin: efficient and large quantity isolation from orange peel extract

It is known that nobiletin possesses anticancer, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. Recently, the demand for nobiletin in large quantities and high purity has increased. However, conventional normal-phase silica gel chromatography and C(18)-reverse-phase separation methods cannot satisfy the requirement of pure and gram scale nobiletin in a timely manner. In exploring the composition and the biological activities of polymethoxyflavones from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel, we developed an efficient isolation method for nobiletin. By employing this methodology, pure nobiletin, in gram quantities, was obtained in only one purification cycle. The orange peel extract was loaded onto a silica gel flash column and eluted by a mixed solvent system of ethyl acetate and hexanes, and the fractions collected. Upon combination of the eluted fractions, mainly containing nobiletin and 5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone, and concentration under reduced pressure, the resultant residue was loaded onto a Regis chiral column. Gram amounts of nobiletin and 5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone were then eluted with ethanol and hexanes, respectively.

Radical scavenging activity of various extracts and fractions of sweet orange peel ( Citrus sinensis)

Seven different extracts, fractions and residues of Navel sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis) peel were evaluated for their radical scavenging activity by the DPPH and luminol induced chemiluminescence methods. Also, the Folin–Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenolic content. High phenolic content and radical scavenging activities were found for the ethyl acetate fraction. Comparison was made with reference compounds, Trolox, ascorbic acid, quercetin, which are already known for their good antioxidant activity. The radical scavenging activity of the ethyl acetate fraction approached the activity of the standards. Total phenolic content showed a small relation with radical scavenging activity. The radical scavenging activity examined with the DPPH method correlated well to values obtained by chemiluminescence. The antioxidant activity found in the fractions of Citrus sinensis, should be attributed to the presence of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. Among the various classes of flavonoids: flavanone glycosides, flavones and flavonols seem to prevail as indicated by two dimensional thin layer chromatography and color reactions. This information shows that ethyl acetate fraction of navel sweet orange peel can be used as antioxidant in food and medicinal preparations.

Analysis of antioxidant compounds in sweet orange peel by HPLC–diode array detection–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

HPLC-diode array detection-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to determine qualitatively and quantitatively the flavonoid content of several fractions and residues of extracts of Greek navel sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) from the region of southern Greece (Leonidi-Tripoli). The main groups of flavonoids found according to HPLC retention times, spectral data and literature references were polymethoxylated flavones, C-glycosylated flavones, O-glycosylated flavones, O-glycosylated flavanones, flavonols and phenolic acids and their derivatives. The ethyl acetate fraction which has been shown in previous work to possess the best radical scavenging activity among the others was found to contain C-glycosylated flavones, polymethoxylated flavones, O-glycosylated flavones, O-glycosylated flavanones, two phenolic acid derivatives and two unknown compounds, all in low concentrations. The group of C-glycosylated flavones was reported for the first time in the peel of Navel sweet orange. The C-glycosylated flavones found according to their spectral characteristics and literature were 6-C-beta-glucosyldiosmin, 6,8-di-C-glucopyranosylapigenin, 6,8-di-C-beta-glucosyldiosmin and two unknown. The results suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of navel Citrus sinensis peel consists of significant antioxidant compounds and can be used as a food additive of natural origin or a pharmaceutical supplement using as a source of peel the byproducts of the orange juice industry.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ORANGE PEEL AND FRUIT TREATED PRE–HARVEST WITH GIBBERELLIC ACID

Mechanical property data of citrus peel and fruit are limited. Gibberellic acid (GA3), a plant growth regulator,is applied to citrus fruit, in part, because it is believed to improve fruit integrity, yet studies characterizing effects ofGA3treatment on mechanical properties of citrus peel and fruit are lacking. The effect of GA3 treatment on the mechanicalproperties of Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis) peel and fruit was tested. Trees were treated with GA3 before, at, or after peelcolor break in the fall of 1998, or nontreated, and their fruit was harvested on 23 April (midseason) and 13 May(lateseason) 1999. Peel samples were subjected to shear and tensile tests, and whole fruits were subjected to compressionand cutting tests. The magnitude of peel and wholefruit mechanical properties decreased between harvests, but moretreatment effects were observed on the second harvest than on the first.<br><br>Treatments affected more mechanical properties of the peel than the whole fruit. Mechanical properties of the peel werepoorly correlated with thickness, probably because the mechanical properties of the tissues composing the peel are notequivalent. The earliest GA3 application date was the most effective. On the second harvest, the peel of fruit treated beforecolor break had 10% greater rupture force (in shear) and 15% greater tensile strength than the peel of nontreated fruit, whilethe properties of treated and nontreated whole fruits were similar. On the later harvest, the peel of fruit treated with GA3before color break had 10% greater rupture force than the peel of nontreated fruit, while the peel of fruit treated at colorbreak had 15% greater shear strength than nontreated fruit. The peel of treated fruit generally had tensile properties thatwere 10% to 20% greater than the peel of control fruit, especially on the second harvest. Fruit treated before color break alsohad greater apparent modulus of elasticity and higher cutting force than other fruit.

Some aspects of the biology and control using botanicals of the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), on some pulses

The life cycle of Corcyra cephalonica was studied under ambient laboratory conditions (temperature range 27.5–30°C and 60–73% r.h.) on groundnut, bambara groundnut and cowpea. The mean developmental period ranged from 33.2±0.2 to 45.3±1.8 days on whole, broken and powdered forms of the food media. Egg hatchability was found to be 83%, while adult longevity ranged from 1.5±0.5 to 11.9±1.3 days for males and 1.5±0.5 to 16.5±1.2 days for females. Sex ratio (♂:♀) of emerged adults ranged from 1:1 to 1:2.1. Mean fecundities ranged from 128±5 to 157±8 on the food media. In experiments to assess the insecticidal potential of three plant materials against C. cephalonica, Eichhornia crassipes powder showed a higher efficacy than both Citrus sinensis peel powder and the leaf powder of Chromolaena odorata at dosages of 0.5–2.0 g per 40 g of legume seed. At the higher dosage of 2.5 g, C. sinensis was more effective and reduced the population of C. cephalonica by half when compared to the population in control jars over a period of 1.5 months.

Some aspects of the biology and control of the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on bambara groundnut and cowpea

—Some aspects of the biology of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) on three varieties of bambara groundnut, Voandzeia subterranea (L.) Thou and a local brown cowpea variety, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp were studied under ambient laboratory conditions. Egg hatchability of C. maculatus was above 90% on all the legume varieties. The mean developmental period of C. maculatus ranged from 23.7 days on cowpea to 28.5 days on the Piele kargu variety of groundnut. The percent emergence of C. maculatus ranged from 61.1% on var. Piele kargu to 89.5% on var. Piele balgu. There was a significant difference (P 0.05) in damage among the three groundnut varieties. In experiments to assess the insecticidal potential of three plant materials against C. maculatus, Azadirachta indica (neem) seed powder showed a higher efficacy than both Citrus sinensis peel powder and the powder of Chromolaena odorata leaves. At 1.0 g per 40 g of legume seed, it was twice as effective as Ci. sinensis and Ch. odorata over a period of 40 days.