Sinensis Extract Research Articles

Apoptotic, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of synthesized AgNPs using green tea against human testicular embryonic cancer stem cells

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are known as carriers of anticancer activities for effectual target treatment of cancer cells. Plant-mediated synthesis for AgNPs synthesis is valuable for biomedical applications due to their more safety and cost-effectiveness. In this work, AgNPs were synthesized successfully using green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract (CSE-AgNPs). The physicochemical properties of CSE-AgNPs were identified by UV–visible spectrophotometry, FT-IR, PXRD, DLS and TEM. The results indicated the successful synthesis of well-dispersed CSE-AgNPs with spherical shape and size (8–68 nm). The cytotoxic effects of CSE-AgNPs on hominid testicular embryonic cancer stem cells (NTERA-2) and normal cells (ACTH2 cell line) were done by the MTT assay and acridine orange/propidium iodide staining. CSE-AgNPs exhibited toxic effects in a dose‐dependent manner as their half inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were 6 μg/mL and 28 μg/mL against the cancerous and normal cells after 24 h, respectively. The investigation of Bcl2, Bax, caspase 3 and 9, p53 and HSPA2 genes' expression indicated CSE-AgNPs as an apoptosis-inducing complex. The findings document the usability of the biosynthesized CSE-AgNPs for triggering cell death in cancerous cells in vitro and provide a strong rationale for conducting in vivo studies.

Antioxidant potential and molecular docking of bioactive compound of Camellia sinensis and Camellia assamica with cytochrome P450

Camellia sinensis and Camellia assamica are well known for their medicinal and therapeutic potential. The purpose of this work is to assess the flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of methanol extracts of C. sinensis (MES) and acetone extract of C. assamica (AEA) experimentally and computationally. Qualitative analysis was done to assess the presence of flavonoids. Further, the antioxidant potential of MES and AEA was done by ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) and superoxide free radical-scavenging activity. The profiling of functional groups was analyzed by FT-IR analysis. The bioactive compounds n-heptadecanol-1 of MES and 2',6'-dihydroxyacetophenone, bis(trimethylsilyl) ether of AEA were procured from our previous study to analyze their antioxidant potential computationally (Auto-dock Vina). Both the extracts showed their potential to neutralize free radicals with variable potency. The study of the molecular interactions revealed that both the extracts MES and AEA interacted to the active site with higher binding energy. This work deduced that n-heptadecanol-1 and 2',6'-dihydroxyacetophenone, bis(trimethylsilyl) ether have good potential to inhibit and scavenge the free radicals.

A novel, bioactive and antibacterial scaffold based on functionalized graphene oxide with lignin, silk fibroin and ZnO nanoparticles

In this study, a novel nanobiocomposite was synthesized using graphene oxide, lignin, silk fibroin and ZnO and used in biological fields. To synthesize this structure, after preparing graphene oxide by the Hummer method, lignin, silk fibroin, and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were added to it, respectively. Also, ZnO NPs with a particle size of about 18 nm to 33 nm was synthesized via Camellia sinensis extract by green methodology. The synthesized structure was examined as anti-biofilm agent and it was observed that the Graphene oxide-lignin/silk fibroin/ZnO nanobiocomposite has a significant ability to prevent the formation of P. aeruginosa biofilm. In addition, due to the importance of the possibility of using this structure in biological environments, its toxicity and blood compatibility were also evaluated. According to the obtained results from MTT assay, the viability percentages of Hu02 cells treated with Graphene oxide-lignin/silk fibroin/ZnO nanobiocomposite after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation were 89.96%, 89.32%, and 91.28%. On the other hand, the hemolysis percentage of the synthesized structure after 24 h and 72 h of extraction was 9.5% and 11.76% respectively. As a result, the synthesized structure has a hemolysis percentage below 12% and its toxicity effect on Hu02 cells is below 9%.

A Novel Technological Breakthrough in Effective Body Recomposition and Weight Management: A Therapeutic Strategy

Obesity and overweight are now defined as an epidemic. An array of evidence substantiates that existing weight loss strategies and programs have not worked. Fat is the lightest of macromolecules, the highest energy reserve of the body, and the last reservoir of survival insurance to be expended. Conventional weight loss concepts and therapies, for the most part, are based on two primary factors; people eat too much and don’t exercise enough. However, with the increase in gym memberships there has also been a significant increase in the purchase of more wholesome foods. The trajectory of obesity therefore should be decreasing; but it’s not. Furthermore, even the culturally ingrained term “weight loss” itself establishes “heaviness” as the primary criteria for evaluating body composition and size, i.e., scale weight, an inaccurate and erroneous measuring criterion owing to additional variables. An additional 10 factors that contribute to a reduction in metabolic rate and an increase in fat storage have been identified. Individually or in combination, these factors are almost totally ignored or omitted from considerations regarding the etiology of obesity. We developed TrimRox, a stimulant‐ and sugar‐free Prodosomed® TRCAP21 nutraceutical technology, utilizing six standardized extracts comprising of D‐ribose nicotinamide complex, Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaf extract, Myrciaria Dubia whole‐berry extract, Ilex guayusa Loes. (Guayusa) leaf extract, Purple Tea Camellia sinensis extract (PurpleForce™), and alpha Glyceryl phosphoryl choline that effectively addresses all the contributing factors. A 21‐day concept validation physician‐supervised pilot study on the TRCAP21 was conducted in 9 subjects to assess changes in various body parts, including chest, upper arms, waist/belly, hips, and thighs, as well as body weight. The results demonstrated that all subjects experienced a significant reduction in size of one or more of these body parts and significant reduction in body weight. A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled study is in progress.

Promotion effect of angelica sinensis extract on angiogenesis of chicken preovulatory follicles in vitro

Preovulatory follicles need a network of blood vessels to growth and maturation in hens (Gallus gallus). Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) (AS), a traditional Chinese herb, displays a novel pro-angiogenic activity. The molecular mechanisms underlying AS promoting preovulatory follicles angiogenesis are poorly understand. Several recent studies investigated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in angiogenesis. In order to explore the promotion effect of AS extract on angiogenesis of chicken preovulatory follicles, we studied the effect of AS extract on follicle microvascular endothelial-like cells of chicken (FMEC) and granulosa cells (GC). The current study indicated that AS extract could promote the proliferation of FMECs and GCs. The assays of wounding healing, transwell invasion and tube formation showed that AS extract could enhance the invasion and migration ability of FMECs in vitro. The results of western blot and RT-PCR showed that AS extract promoted the phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in FMECs by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The AS extract activated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and up-regulated the expressions of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF1-α) and VEGF-A in GCs. In addition, treatment of FMECs and GCs with LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) significantly down-regulated the phosphorylation of VEGFR2, VEGF-A, and HIF1-α. The mRNA expression levels of PI3K, AKT, VEGF-A, VEGFR2, and HIF1-α were consistent with protein expression levels. In conclusion, our research showed that AS extract can promote the follicle angiogenesis in hens in vitro, providing a basis for application of the traditional Chinese herb AS in poultry production.

Green synthesis of kaolin-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron using camellia sinensis extract for effective adsorption of dissolved organic matter: Preparation, adsorption, and Fenton regenerative valorization of “spent” adsorbent

Physical and chemical methods have been used to synthesize zerovalent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) for the treatment of industrial effluents and contaminated water. However, the major limitations of these methods include usage of toxic chemicals such as NaBH4 and high energy consumption. Therefore, alternative green synthesis route for nZVI based on eco-friendly; low-cost; bio-based and nonhazardous methods are required. In this work, nZVI were synthesized from green tea extract (camellia sinensis) and supported on kaolin for natural organic matter (NOM) sequestration from aqueous media by degradation and adsorption. Further, opportunities for Fenton regenerative valorization of spent media were investigated. The research focused on the effect of initial concentration (1 – 25 mg/L), adsorbent dose (0.1–0.9 g), contact time (0 – 180 min) and pH (2 – 9) by batch experiments. The R2 for Langmuir and Freundlich models were comparable (0.975 and 0.977, respectively) meaning the isotherm data could be best described by either of these models. The calculated Qe value (0.1525 mg/g) using the pseudo-second-order model was closer to the experimental values Qe value (0.1382 mg/g). This indicated that the kinetics was delineated better by a pseudo second- order model. While operating at optimal conditions of pH (4.5) and H2O2 dosage (5 mM), no significant reduction in the adsorption capacity of K-nZVI was observed even after four successive adsorption-regeneration cycles. From the results of the study it was established that biosynthesis of nZVI and supporting it on kaolin can serve as a safe, economic and effective natural adsorbent for NOM removal from aqueous media.

The Chemopreventive Effects of Polyphenols and Coffee, Based upon a DMBA Mouse Model with microRNA and mTOR Gene Expression Biomarkers.

Polyphenols are capable of decreasing cancer risk. We examined the chemopreventive effects of a green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract, polyphenol extract (a mixture of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum), and added resveratrol phytoalexin), Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra) extract, and a coffee (Coffea arabica) extract on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) carcinogen-increased miR-134, miR-132, miR-124-1, miR-9-3, and mTOR gene expressions in the liver, spleen, and kidneys of CBA/Ca mice. The elevation was quenched significantly in the organs, except for miR-132 in the liver of the Chinese bayberry extract-consuming group, and miR-132 in the kidneys of the polyphenol-fed group. In the coffee extract-consuming group, only miR-9-3 and mTOR decreased significantly in the liver; also, miR-134 decreased significantly in the spleen, and, additionally, miR-124-1 decreased significantly in the kidney. Our results are supported by literature data, particularly the DMBA generated ROS-induced inflammatory and proliferative signal transducers, such as TNF, IL1, IL6, and NF-κB; as well as oncogenes, namely RAS and MYC. The examined chemopreventive agents, besides the obvious antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, mainly blocked the mentioned DMBA-activated factors and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) as well, and, at the same time, induced PTEN as well as SIRT tumor suppressor genes.

UJI OPTIMALISASI DAYA HAMBAT EKSTRAK DAUN TEH HIJAU (Camellia Sinensis) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Escherichia coli DAN Staphylococcus aureus

Research on substances as new antibiotics to inhibit or kill bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics needs to be done. One of the simplicia has an antibacterial effect is the leaves of green tea (Camellia sinensis). Antibacterial content the leaves of green tea (Camellia sinensis), namely alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and catechins (polyphenols). Tea one of the favorite products from Indonesia’ estate. The purpose of this study was to determine optimization of the inhibitory power the leaves of green tea’s (Camellia sinensis) extract against the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This research is an experimental laboratory conducted at Bacteriology”s Laboratory, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology Surabaya in November 2020 - April 2021. This study uses the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method, namely Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media which has been planted with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with disks that have been prepared. soaked in the leaves of green tea’s (Camellia sinensis) extract at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% and then incubated for 24 hours in an incubator. The results can be concluded the leaves of green tea’s (Camellia sinensis) extract can be used as an antibacterial. Optimal of results in this research were Escherichia coli at a concentration of 25% with an average diameter of 10,25 mm and Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 100% with an average of 22,5 mm. This is because content the leaves of green tea’s (Camellia sinensis) is catechins and alkaloids as strong antibacterials

Green Synthesis Palladium Nanoparticles Mediated by White Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extract with Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antiproliferative Activities Toward the Human Leukemia (MOLT-4) Cell Line [Retraction

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S149371.].

Selenium-enriched oolong tea (Camellia sinensis) extract exerts anti-inflammatory potential via targeting NF-κB and MAPK pathways in macrophages

Both tea polyphenols and selenium (Se) have been suggested to exert the health benefits via the regulatory capacities of chronic inflammation, which make Se-enriched oolong tea a promising beverage as an anti-inflammatory diet. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Se-enriched oolong tea extract (Se-TE) and underlying mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Se-TE treatments (50 and 150 μg/mL) significantly suppressed the over-production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-stimulated macrophages via downregulating the expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Moreover, Se-TEs also effectively inhibited the productions of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Furthermore, Se-TE could block mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways through the inhibition of the phosphorylation of key proteins (IκB-α, p65, p38, ERK, and JNK) and the translocation of the p65 subunit into the nucleus. Collectively, our results indicated that Se-TE may have the potential to be used as a novel food ingredient for the development of various anti-inflammatory foods and the treatment and prevention of chronic inflammation-related diseases.

Citrus sinensis and Musa acuminata Peel Waste Extract Mediated Synthesis of TiO2/rGO Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue under Visible Light Irradiation.

Water pollution caused by various natural and artificial sources such as expansion of industrialization, rapid increment in population size, the threat of climate change, and development in urbanization takes a serious attention. Due to this fact, various protocols and techniques were adopted for the treatment of such polluted water. In the present findings, TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and TiO2/rGO nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized using titanium tetra butoxide in the presence of Citrus sinensis (CS) and Musa acuminata (MA) peel waste extract as a capping, reducing, and stabilizing agent. The synthesized NPs and NCs were characterized using thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern, ultraviolet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The synthesized NPs and NCs were investigated as green alternative photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light irradiation. Thermal analysis results confirmed that the green synthesized TiO2 NPs were found to be too stable above 550°C. XRD analysis result showed that the average crystalline size of CS and MA mediated synthesized TiO2 NPs with various volume ratios was in the range of 7.3–27.3 nm and 13.4–22.4 nm, respectively. The average crystalline size of CS and MA peel extract template synthesized TiO2/rGO NCs was found to be in the range of 7.5–15.3 and 11.2–12.5 nm, respectively. The band gap energy was calculated to be in the range of 3.17–3.29 eV and 3.10–3.38 eV for the CS and MA mediated synthesized TiO2 NPs, respectively. Eg of CS and MA peel extract template formed TiO2/rGO NCs was found to be in the range of 2.85–3.11 eV and 3.07–3.11 eV, respectively. SEM analysis proved that the various synthesized TiO2 NPs and TiO2/rGO NCs were spherical in shape and the absence of any other foreign materials confirmed the purity of the corresponding nanocatalysts. In addition, TEM, HRTEM, and SAED analysis confirmed that the structures of the synthesized nanocatalysts were spherical in shape and the catalysts were too crystalline and the result was found to fit with the XRD result. Among the synthesized various volume ratios of TiO2 nanocatalysts, high percentage of degradation (62% and 58.2%) was achieved using TiO2-2c and TiO2-2 m, respectively. Moreover, 94.28% and 94.25% of MB degradation were achieved in the presence of TiO2/rGO-1.5c and TiO2/rGO-1.5c nanocomposite photocatalysts, respectively.

GC-MS biocomponents characterization and antibacterial potency of ethanolic crude extracts of Camellia sinensis.

Objective:The menace of antibacterial resistance among enteropathogenic bacteria continues to raise therapeutic management concerns within public health system. As a strategy toward alternative control of resistant pathogen proliferation, a folkloric plant (green tea leaves: Camellia sinensis) was collected from Ishaka municipality and characterized for biomolecular components and antibacterial potency.Methods:The bioactive and biomolecular components of the plant’s ethanol extract were characterized using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A preliminary in vitro susceptibility test of the extract against characterized multiple antibiotic-resistant potential diarrheagenic bacterial strains was done.Results:The result revealed an exponential increase in susceptibility with a distinctive unit component of the C. sinensis extract at concentrations of 60 and 80 μg/ml. The extract also possessed antibacterial and antioxidant activities while having phytochemical constituents (flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, saponin, cardiac glycosides, etc.). The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis further affirmed the potential of the extract by revealing 52 bioactive components/compounds as shown in the chromatogram.Conclusion:The C. sinensis has antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials, and the constituents of the plant might be of therapeutic importance in the management of various diseases, especially those related to Escherichia coli and Salmonella.

Medicinal mushrooms Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris

The main component of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris extracts are polysaccharides. These are natural biopolymers that represent a large class of biologically active components. These contribute to their pharmacological activity and effect on health. They contain monosaccharides that include rhamnose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose, mannitol, fructose, and sorbose. The exopolysaccharide fraction has a large number of pharmacological effects, the two most important of which are immunomodulatory and antitumour. Among the contained polysaccharides is also mannoglucan, which shows weak cytotoxic activity against the SPC-I1) cancer cell line. More than ten nucleosides and their related compounds, including adenine, adenosine, inosine, cytidine, cytosine, guanine, uridine, thymidine, uracil, hypoxanthine, and guanosine, have been successively isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis. It contains many amino acids and polypeptides that are thought to affect the cardiovascular system. They also have a sedative and hypnotic effect, with tryptophan being the most effective component among them. Polysaccharides were extracted from four samples: sample 1 (grown on the substrate Oryza sativa indica, strain Ophiocordyceps sinensis), sample 2 (grown on the substrate Oryza sativa japonica, strain Ophiocordyceps sinensis), sample 3 (grown on the substrate Oryza sativa indica, strain Cordyceps militaris), sample 4 (grown on Oryza sativa japonica substrate, strain Cordyceps militaris). Through NMR spectroscopy and subsequent comparison with the literature, the majority of a chemical compound in deproteinized extracts 1 and 4 was found to be a hydrophilic polyglucan referred to as CBHP2).

Medicinal mushrooms Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris

The main component of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris extracts are polysaccharides. These are natural biopolymers that represent a large class of biologically active components. These contribute to their pharmacological activity and effect on health. They contain monosaccharides that include rhamnose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose, mannitol, fructose, and sorbose. The exopolysaccharide fraction has a large number of pharmacological effects, the two most important of which are immunomodulatory and antitumour. Among the contained polysaccharides is also mannoglucan, which shows weak cytotoxic activity against the SPC-I1) cancer cell line. More than ten nucleosides and their related compounds, including adenine, adenosine, inosine, cytidine, cytosine, guanine, uridine, thymidine, uracil, hypoxanthine, and guanosine, have been successively isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis. It contains many amino acids and polypeptides that are thought to affect the cardiovascular system. They also have a sedative and hypnotic effect, with tryptophan being the most effective component among them. Polysaccharides were extracted from four samples: sample 1 (grown on the substrate Oryza sativa indica, strain Ophiocordyceps sinensis), sample 2 (grown on the substrate Oryza sativa japonica, strain Ophiocordyceps sinensis), sample 3 (grown on the substrate Oryza sativa indica, strain Cordyceps militaris), sample 4 (grown on Oryza sativa japonica substrate, strain Cordyceps militaris). Through NMR spectroscopy and subsequent comparison with the literature, the majority of a chemical compound in deproteinized extracts 1 and 4 was found to be a hydrophilic polyglucan referred to as CBHP2).

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF SELECTED PLANTS AND THEIR ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT IN GERMINATION OF BEAN AND RADISH SEEDS.

BACKGROUND: The study of ethno-botanical is important in different sectors like medical and agriculture so the discovery, exploration and documentation of such plants is necessary. This research assessed the phytochemicals present in the selected plants and studied their allelopathic effect on germination, radicle length, and plumule length of bean and radish seeds. METHODOLOGY: The research was conducted in the Agroecology lab of Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences (IAAS )Paklihawa. Six plants such as Camellia sinensis, Zanthoxylum armatum, Amomum subulatum, Eupatorium glandulosum, Cymbopogan flexuosus, and Rhododendron arboreum were selected and collected from different districts of Nepal. The collected plant parts were dried, powdered, and aqueous extract was used to screen some secondary metabolites. Six treatments @ 10% aqueous concentration of extracts including control were applied in bean and radish seeds in CRD format along with 3 replications to study their allelopathic effect. KEY FINDINGS: Glycoside was detected in all the extracts, and alkaloid was also detected in all the extracts except in the extract of Rhododendron arboreum. Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins were found highest in Eupatorium glandulosum leaves (5.2%), Camellia sinensis (1.4%), Cymbopogan flexuosus (7.03%), and Camellia sinensis (2.12%) respectively. The reading of germination rate for bean and radish seeds was found lowest in Camellia sinensis extract and Eupatorium glandulosum extracts respectively. Average length of radicle and plumule of both bean and radish seeds was found highest in the extract of Rhododendron arboreum and least in an extract of Eupatorium glandulosum. CONCLUSION: In conclusion the selected plants possess many secondary metabolites that inhibited the development of the bean and radish seeds to grow vigorously hence upon further research and trial, these plants could be a wonderful source of herbicides to suppress the growth of unwanted weeds in the field.

Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extract Induces p53-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Inhibits Migration of Breast Cancer Cells.

Green tea (GT) has been shown to play an important role in cancer chemoprevention. However, the related molecular mechanisms need to be further explored, especially regarding the use of GT extract (GTE) from the food matrix. For this study, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epigallocatechin (EGC) were identified in GTE, representing 42 and 40% of the total polyphenols, respectively. MDA-MB-231 (p53-p.R280K mutant) and MCF-7 (wild-type p53) breast tumor cells and MCF-10A non-tumoral cells were exposed to GTE for 24–48 h and cell viability was assessed in the presence of p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α. GTE selectively targeted breast tumor cells without cytotoxic effect on non-tumoral cells and p53 inhibition led to an increase in viable cells, especially in MCF-7, suggesting the involvement of p53 in GTE-induced cytotoxicity. GTE was also effective in reducing MCF-7 and MDA-MD-231 cell migration by 30 and 50%, respectively. An increment in p53 and p21 expression stimulated by GTE was observed in MCF-7, and the opposite phenomenon was found in MDA-MB-231 cells, with a redistribution of mutant-p53 from the nucleus and no differences in p21 levels. All these findings provide insights into the action of GTE and support its anticarcinogenic potential on breast tumor cells.

Studies on the removal of acid violet 7 dye from aqueous solutions by green ZnO@Fe3O4 chitosan–alginate nanocomposite synthesized using Camellia sinensis extract

In the present study, ZnO–Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using the leaves of Camellia sinensis and immobilized in crosslinked alginate–chitosan polymer beads and tested for their photocatalytic applications. The prepared nanocomposite was used for the simultaneous adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of acid violet 7 (AV7) dye. The optimization of reaction conditions ensured higher dye removal efficacy up to 94.21 ± 1.02% using the nanocomposite under UV-C irradiation of 365 nm. The kinetics of the adsorption study fitted well with the pseudo-first-order reaction. The Langmuir model fitted better to the adsorption isotherms compared to the Freundlich and Temkin models. The mechanism of degradation was studied by analyzing the treated AV7 solution. The removal efficiency in tap water, groundwater, and lake water was 83.23 ± 0.4%, 69.13 ± 1.6%, and 67.89 ± 0.3%, respectively. The residual toxicity of the degraded AV7 solution was tested on model organisms like freshwater algae, Scenedesmus sp., and plant model, Allium cepa, demonstrating the lower toxicity of the degraded AV7 product. Finally, a cost–benefit analysis of the experiments was also carried out.

Active Double-Layered Films Enriched with AgNPs in Great Water Dock Root and Pu-Erh Extracts.

A novel, eco-friendly, and biocompatible method was applied to form silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in great water dock (Lapathi radix) (KB) and pu-erh (Camellia sinensis) (PE) extracts. The surface plasma resonance peak of green synthesized AgNPs at 451.8 nm for AgNPs+KB and 440.8 nm for AgNPs+PE was observed via spectral analysis of UV absorbance. In this study, double-layered biopolymer films (FUR/CHIT+HGEL) with AgNPs incorporated in KB solution (AgNPs+KB) and AgNPs in PE solution (AgNPs+PE), were successfully prepared using the casting method. The SEM, XRD, zeta potential and size analyses confirmed the presence of AgNP in the films. The addition of AgNPs in plant extracts improved antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and thermal stability, whereas WVTR experienced a decrease. The nanocomposite films’ orange-brown colour may aid in the protection of food products against UV rays. The composite films demonstrated antibacterial activity against food-borne pathogens and may offer potential in food packaging applications.

Processing, chemical signature and food industry applications of Camellia sinensis teas: An overview

The plant Camellia sinensis is the source of different teas (white, green, yellow, oolong, black, and pu-ehr) consumed worldwide, which are classified by the oxidation degree of their bioactive compounds. The sensory (taste, aroma, and body of the drink) and functional properties of teas are affected by the amount of methylxanthines (caffeine and theobromine), amino acids (l-theanine) and reducing sugars in their composition. Additionally, flavan-3-ols, mainly characterized by epicatechins, catechins, and their derivatives, represent on average, 60% of the bioactive compounds in teas. These secondary metabolites from teas are widely recognized for their antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, Camellia sinensis extracts and their isolated compounds have been increasingly used by the food industry. However, bioactive compounds are very susceptible to the oxidation caused by processing and degradation under physiological conditions of gastrointestinal digestion. In this context, new approaches/technologies have been developed for the preservation of these compounds. This review presents the main stages involved in production of Camellia sinensis teas following a description of their main bioactive compounds, biological properties, stability and bioaccessibility. Besides, and updated view of Camellia sinensis teas in the field of food science and technology was provided by focusing on novel findings and innovations published in scientific literature over the last five years.

Modulatory Effect of Camellia Sinensis Extract on the Function of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis in PTZ-Induced Epileptic Seizures in Rat Model

Modulatory Effect of Camellia Sinensis Extract on the Function of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis in PTZ-Induced Epileptic Seizures in Rat Model