Sincere Efforts Research Articles

The rising threat of geminiviruses: molecular insights into the disease mechanism and mitigation strategies.

Geminiviruses are among the most threatening emerging plant viruses, accountable for a huge loss to agriculturalproduction worldwide. These viruses have been responsible for some serious outbreaks during the last fewdecades across different parts of the world. Sincere efforts have been made to regulate the disease incidence by incorporating a multi-dimensional approach, and this process has been facilitated greatly by the advent of moleculartechniques. But, the mixed infection due to the polyphagous nature of vectors results in viral recombinationfollowed by the emergence of novel viral strains which thus renders the existing mitigation strategies ineffective.Hence, a multifaceted insight into the molecular mechanism of the disease is really needed to understand theregulatory points; much has been done in this direction during the last few years. The present review aims toexplore all the latest developments made so far and to organize the information in a comprehensive manner so thatsome novel hypotheses for controlling the disease may be generated. Starting with the background information, diverse genera of geminiviruses are listed along with their pathologicaland economic impacts. A comprehensive and detailed mechanism of infection is elaborated to study theinteractions between vector, host, and virus at different stages in the life cycle of geminiviruses. Finally, an effort isalso made to analyze the progress made at the molecular level for the development of various mitigation strategiesand suggest more effective and better approaches for controlling the disease. The study has provided a thorough understanding of molecular mechanism of geminivirus infection.

A Review Literature of Netra Swasthya Upakrama

Shalakyatantra is one of the important branches of Ayurveda dealing with diseases and treatment of organs situated above the clavicle. As it deals with sense organs it is a highly specialized one. One should always make all sincere efforts to protect the eyes and treat eye diseases as it is one of the important sense organs. Ayurvedic literature gives equal importance to the prevention of disease with a cure. Acharyas have explained various regimens and protocols for a healthy life in Dincharya (daily routine) and Rutucharya (seasonal routine). Some of these regimens can be considered to be designed especially for the well-being of eyes like Anjana, Nasya, etc. These therapeutic procedures are useful if done scientifically and followed the protocol. Sushruta has mentioned 76 eye diseases out of which treatable diseases are treated with systemic as well as local treatment. Kriyakalpa is one of the local treatments. Various therapeutic procedures which are formulated with different drugs and different routes of drug administration according to Dosh, Satmya, and Kal have been explained to avoid the diseased condition. Being a local therapeutic procedure, fast action and penetration of drugs through ocular tissue raises the importance of Kriyakalpa in ocular diseases. Likewise, various regimens explained in Dinacharya and Rutucharya are important to maintain ocular health to avoid ocular diseases.

A Case Report of Pulpitis Leading to Septic Shock, along with a Series of Cases

Among the diseases of oral cavity, dental caries is the most common microbial diseases affecting the individual’s teeth globally along with the periodontal disease. There could be various reasons for the delay of the treatment for dental caries which includes socioeconomic status, lack of awareness about dental diseases and dental treatments. Life style habits also play a prominent role. Delay of dental caries treatment would lead to pulpitis. Here we present a case report of a 62-year-old male patient with chronic irreversible pulpitis in relation to 36. Patient had a history of smoking and chewing paan. After a month patient died due to septic shock. We also present a few case reports of pulpitis progressing to space infections. It has been documented in the literature that, individuals with systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease etc are having highest morbidity and mortality due to dental sepsis. Along with case reports in this article, we are going to make a sincere effort to provide complications of pulpitis. Thus, it would help in educating general public, budding dentists and clinicians in spreading the awareness about pulpitis and its sequeale.

Dostoevsky: Art theory and art appreciation theory

The article discusses the author problem in art and focuses on one particular aspect of Dostoevsky’s theory of creative process, namely, his view of reader/audience response, of the author’s high responsibility and their reciprocation necessary for an adequate communication. In his intricately humorous Winter Notes on Summer Impressions [Zimnie zametki o letnikh vpechatleniyakh], Dostoevsky uses comical situations of his own non-encounters with architecture, artefacts and personalities of a very closely related, ‘second home’ culture, which nevertheless remained altogether different to that of Russia, in order to describe the core principles of interaction which drive the understanding and correct appreciation of art. These principles not only stipulate the possibility of artist-recipient interactions within an act of artistic creation and its appreciation, but also enable communication between two dissimilar cultures that is based on productive cooperation rather than antagonism. Dostoevsky stresses the responsibility of both the artist and the recipient of art for accurately transmitting and perceiving meanings, and argues the importance of a sincere effort on behalf of the two in order to ensure adequate communication

EXPLORING DEI IN A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: AGHE INSIGHTS INTO OUR WORK SUPPORTING GERONTOLOGY AND GERIATRIC EDUCATORS

Abstract Gerontologists across the globe make a sincere effort to create a learning, teaching, and research space that promotes the dignity of older persons. Indeed, this impetus imbues our work where all are treated with dignity and respect. The authors (AGHE chair and past chair) reached out to international educators to better understand how AGHE is supporting their efforts and how we may do so in the future. Our starting point was the GSA policy on Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (2021). These policies laid out a groundwork that embraces inclusive membership cultivates practices that build a culturally inclusive workforce, foster research practices, and ensure that people from disproportionately affected and marginalized communities thrive in GSA. This paper offers insight into how our international community is thinking about DEI and incorporating it into teaching, research and engagement work.

A Systematic Review on the Role of Parental Bonding in Adolescent Psychosocial Development

Purpose: A solid foundation for the area on which the research is intended can be built by reviewing the numerous works and literature in the suggested areas. Parent-child relationships and adolescent development are always important topics. Children typically spend more time with their classmates and considerably less time with their parents. However, parents continue to have a big influence on their adolescent's development. There are clear connections between parental attachment and children's cognitive, social, and emotional health. Parental ties and adolescent psychosocial development being the areas of study, the most recent literature review is undertaken because it is crucial. Objective: The research is done to assess role of parental bonding on adolescents’ Development. The research field's gaps are addressed. Design/Methodology/Approach: The literature for this study was compiled using a variety of secondary sources, including journals, book chapters, conference proceedings and other online sites. The entire body of research has been thoroughly examined and condensed. It is also used to identify research goals and gaps in the field. Findings/Results: The results and limitations of every recent research have been thoroughly examined. The cause of the gap has also been thoroughly investigated, and each work's outcomes have been carefully examined. Originality/Value: This paper intends to examine the pertinent literature that already exists and includes secondary data that was acquired from a number of online sources, including research journals, technical book chapters, conference papers, and a few websites. All of the papers chosen were current and from reputable publishers, and they were all pertinent to the planned work. A sincere effort is made to choose a study topic and conduct the research. Paper type: Review paper.

Oil Exploitation, Environmental Issues and Resource Curse in a Post-Colonial Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: The Unending Search for Peace, 1960-2009

The issues surrounding the conflict in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria can never be over-flogged. It is no doubt that so much have been written in this regard, with each paper proffering a possible solution or adding to the numerous suggestions and recommendations already on ground. In spite of these however, the quest for peace has remained elusive or unending because the government and her counterpart multinational oil companies seem not to have really made a genuine or sincere efforts in addressing the myriad of teething issues that have generated conflict in the region ever since the discovery and exploitation of oil. There is therefore the need for a lasting peace and permanent solutions to all the areas of conflicts. If not the situation of the region shall continue to attract comments from scholars, relevant authorities, public affairs commentators, social analysts and concerned or interested opinions. It is thus on this note that this paper comes in handy as modest but useful contribution of the authors to the litany of extant literatures on the lingering conflicts in the region. It is worthy of note that the post-colonial Niger Delta region has never known peace ever since the oil exploitation began in commercial quantity in 1950. The Hobbesian state has almost become the order of the day. Despite the fact that over 90% of the country’s revenue (GDP) is being generated by oil exploitation from the region, the greater majority of the people are still languishing in squalor, in addition to large scale unemployment as well as lack of basic life infrastructural facilities. These obvious denials in the midst of abundance resources coupled with environmental related issues of degradations have been fundamental causes of conflict between the people and the government on one hand, and between the people and the oil extracting companies on the other hand. In view of this ugly development, it is therefore apparent that the gift of oil is now more like a curse than the earlier perceived blessings to the people of the Niger Delta. This study thus examined all the series of failed efforts made by Nigerian government to broker a lasting peace in the region starting from 1960 when the Niger Delta Development Board (NDDB) was established through the recommendation of Sir Willinik Commision of 1957, down to the “Amnesty Program” granted by late president Umar Musa Yar’Adua’s administration in 2009 which led to a large number of the militants numbering 26,808 surrendering their arms to the government in return for technical training and monthly payment of stipends. In spite of the temporal reprieve, there was a resurgence of new militants groups in 2016 seven years down the line. Thus, there is yet to be a definite solution to the conflict in the region as there are still clamour for resource control and occasional threats of militancy activities. In view of this, this paper in addition to many other suggestions already on ground in this respect, also made a number of some useful recommendations that if adopted can bring about lasting peace in the Niger-Delta region.

Exploring the natural history of polycystic ovary syndrome: still a long road to traverse.

I read with keen interest the systematic review by Kiconco et al. (2022) that makes a sincere effort to throw light on the understanding of the natural history of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The authors found that there was consistent evidence, though from limited studies, that the level of total testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate declined to a greater degree and the risk of gestational diabetes was higher in women with PCOS as compared to those without it. However, the evidence was found to be conflicting or insufficient for the other outcomes which are more likely to have practical long-term implications in the lives of women with PCOS. In the process of the selection of articles for the review, the participants were females of any age group and weight with a diagnosis of PCOS. The fact of extreme heterogeneity among the studies notwithstanding, it is conceptually imprecise to include women with PCOS of all age and weight categories in one common group. The international evidence-based guidelines on the assessment and management of PCOS recommends to assess the BMI in all patients and also the prevention of excess weight gain (Teede et al., 2018). Visceral adiposity is known to result in an increase in insulin resistance as well as aggravation of reproductive and metabolic features in PCOS. Obesity is significantly associated with menstrual irregularity, hyperandrogenemia and hirsutism (Rosenfield and Ehrmann, 2016). PCOS in the adolescent age group presents diagnostic challenges due to a considerable overlap of physiological features of the pubertal transition phase with the diagnostic criteria of adult PCOS (Peña et al., 2020). A meta-analysis of differentially expressed genes across various tissue types in PCOS indicated that the etiology, genetic contributors, and expression profile of genes from similar cell types are different in the obese and the lean phenotypes (Idicula-Thomas et al., 2020). Consequently, it is of paramount importance to understand the natural history of this chronic disease according to its different phenotypes.

Revisiting Lost Afghan in the works of Khaled Hosseini

“For many people in the West, Afghanistan is synonymous with the Soviet War and the Taliban. I wanted to remind people that Afghans had managed to live in a peaceful anonymity for the decades that the history of Afghans in 20th century has been largely pacific and harmonious.’’ Khaled Hosseini: Afghanistan was a different country in the year 1960 than the one that is apparent to us today. It is history how Soviets invaded the Afghanistan and pulled them in war, following Taliban rule and US invasion in 2001.The once peaceful and cherished nation known as ‘graveyard of empires’ is a mirage today. History witness that since 11th century B.C, different empires and forces have tried to gain control over Afghanistan. This paper is a sincere effort to excavate the layers hidden beneath the facade of Afghanistan.

Mortality of an apex predator, the eagle owl bubo bubo, in Israel 2007–2021

Anthropogenic structures and installations in wild areas are known to directly and indirectly affect wildlife populations, especially apex predators such as Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo). To understand the situation at the national level we analyzed data collected by the Scientific Data Department of the Israel Nature and Parks Authority and the wildlife hospital at the Safari in Ramat Gan. We analyzed a total of 189 dead Eagle Owls during fifteen years, 2007–2021; 39.7% were electrocuted, 29.2% roadkill, 12.7% flew into fences/barbed wire, 3.8% drowned, and 14.9% died from other causes. The largest mortality of the Eagle Owls was detected in agricultural (34.92 %) and urban areas (31.74%). Also, the pylons identified as lethal should be prioritized and modified with appropriate insulators. Only a sincere effort on the part of the authorities will the continued electrocution of eagle owls and other avian wildlife be truncated.

Social Perspectives of COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: A Review

The natural spread of various harmful organisms into the environment has resulted in a wide range of diseases worldwide, including in Bangladesh. In December 2019, the world was exposed to a new virus-mediated sickness known as coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has mostly afflicted mainland China but has thereafter quickly spread to all the continents. The ongoing pandemic has taken the lives of more than 4.5 million people out of more than 10 million confirmed COVID-19 cases as of August 22, 2021. With an increase in infection and fatality rates, Dhaka, has become the most vulnerable to COVID-19. To deal with the emergency, the government of Bangladesh has imposed different measures including lockdown in various stages. The colossal effort of the government of Bangladesh deserves a standing ovation in order to mitigate the situation timely. Based on the current circumstances, it is undeniable that the situation will not be alleviated despite the government's sincere efforts and enforcement of rules unless the country's citizens are aware and willing to follow the prescribed prevention and control measures. This literature review compiles and summarizes the morphology, mechanism, current status, likely therapies, and preventative strategies for this novel coronavirus strain in Bangladesh.
 Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, April 2022;9(Suppl_1): S28-S39

Automated Machine Learning Approach in Material Discovery of Hole Selective Layers for Perovskite Solar Cells

In the emerging field of perovskite solar cells, rational hole selective layer development is considered a double engine of this progress. To tap into the full potential and accelerate the commercialization path, machine learning (ML) is being tasked for perovskite screening. However, sincere efforts have not led to the design of hole selective layers based on the different organic core groups to yield efficient solar cells. Herein, it is demonstrated how ML can be applied to the advancement of hole transport materials (HTMs). The influence of HTMs with various core groups on the optoelectronic features and photovoltaic performance is evaluated and it is validated using both the random forest model and AutoML framework, General Automated Machine Learning Assistant (GAMA). To this end, the GAMA is utilized to predict the suitability of HTMs and it returns a 0.0542 ± 0.0470 RMSE score for 15 different materials on average. Correlation between experimental and predicted results is established, and GAMA is implemented for HTM suitability prediction. This paves the way for judicious and effective ways of the development of HTMs. In particular, the prediction approach from GAMA is an effective, reliable, and fast methodology and is pioneering in the field of HTM screening.

The Role of Sikh Liberalism in Promoting Communal Harmony in Today’s World

This study examines the role of the principle of Sikh liberalism in promoting communal harmony in today’s world. Communal harmony has been under threat in almost all countries for decades, and bigotry, distrust, and animosity prevail among the followers of diverse faithbased communities. Individuals need to be whole-hearted, liberal in approach, and tolerant toward the followers of other communities to reduce such inconsistencies in our society. The paper explores that the ideology of Sikh liberalism can be a role model for establishing peace in today’s world of communal violence. This work is a sincere effort to deal with several issues, e.g., humanism, tolerance, fraternity, equality, freedom, secularism, religious pluralism, and accessibility to and honor for contrasting opinions, based on the principle of Sikh liberalism, which are the root of Sikh liberalism. The qualitative research evaluates the all-embracing aspects of Sikhism, where the liberal notion of Guru Granth Sahib and the liberal attitudes of the Sikh Gurus, especially Guru Nanak (1469-1539), the founder of Sikhism, have mainly been highlighted. It discovers the role of Sikhism in promoting communal harmony by analyzing the idea of Sikh liberalism. Thus, the study aims to make the states, governments, and the general people aware of their responsibilities and duties towards promoting communal harmony through comprehending the Sikh approaches to liberalism. Philosophy and Progress, Vol#69-70; No#1-2; Jan-Dec 2021 P 189-209

Editorial Note

The International Research Establishment for Energy and Environment (IREEE) has started its passionate journey towards realizing energy-efficient and ecofriendly technologies for the future. Facilitating a platform for showcasing the research and development activities in these broad domains is vital in materializing this mission, and this was one of the motives behind IJATR as the initial venture of IREEE. Release of the inaugural issue was a challenging task, yet it was accomplished successfully. There have been encouraging responses from the audience, and this time we have received many submissions. We keep our words in completing the review process within 45 days without compromising quality and novelty; our reviewers play their wonderful role in this task. The submissions to IJATR undergo a rigorous and unbiased scrutiny, and at the same, if the work is found worth publishing, the necessary language editing and shaping are done by our editorial office free of cost. IJATR has started receiving global recognition in abstracting and indexing databases, and we hope that it will reach new heights in the near future. While gratefully acknowledging the contributions of the authors, sincere efforts of our reviewers and encouraging feedback from the colleagues, I hereby submit the Issue 2 of Volume 1 of IJATR in front of the august readers and earnestly solicit their views, suggestions and submissions. Dr. M. Abdul Mujeebu Founder and Chief Editor

Inferences of actinobacterial metabolites to combat Corona virus

The entire globe is reeling under the magnitude of the current corona virus pandemic. This menace has proposed severe health and economic threats for all, thereby challenging our human existence itself. Since its outbreak, it has raised the concern and imperative need of developing novel and effective agents to combat viral diseases and now its variants as well. Despite the sincere and concerted efforts of scientists and pharma giants all over the world, there seems to be no ideal recourse found till date. Natural products are rich sources of novel compounds used in the treatment of infectious and non-infectious diseases. There are reports on natural products from microbes, plants and marine organisms that are active against viral targets. Actinobacteria, the largest phylum under the bacterial kingdom, is known for its secondary metabolite production with diverse bioactive potentials. Nearly 65% of antibiotics used in medicine are contributed by Actinobacteria. Compared to antibacterial and antifungal agents, antiviral compounds from Actinobacteria are less studied. In recent years Actinobacteria from under studied/extreme ecosystems are explored for their antiviral properties. Ivermectin and teicoplanin are examples of Actinobacteria-derived antiviral drugs available for commercial use. This review highlights the importance of actinobacteria as future sources of antiviral drug discovery.

Ocean Passages: Navigating Pacific Islander and Asian American Literatures by Erin Suzuki (review)

Reviewed by: Ocean Passages: Navigating Pacific Islander and Asian American Literatures by Erin Suzuki Hi'ilei Julia Hobart (bio) Ocean Passages: Navigating Pacific Islander and Asian American Literatures by Erin Suzuki Temple University Press, 2021 AT ITS HEART, Erin Suzuki's Ocean Passages: Navigating Pacific Islander and Asian American Literatures asks us to read the Pacific through an ethics of relationality by bringing Asian, Asian American, and Pacific Islander works into conversation. Suzuki marshals this broad corpus of literature in order to offer a necessary and overdue centering of the Pacific in the transpacific. She productively urges scholars away from a world of transpacific imaginaries toward, instead, a vast universe of Pacific knowledges. Across the course of the book, Suzuki wends her way through the promises and limits of the transpacific as a project, an idea, and a conceptual framework. This exploration unfolds temporally and thematically across the chapters, beginning with Cold War militarism and its attendant colonial violences. Next, she turns to experiences of fugitivity in the wake of war and the ongoing, multiple dispossessions wrought by nuclearization. Capitalism is an animating concern across the book as a whole but receives especially close treatment in a chapter on labor and migration movements through the Pacific, followed by a chapter on gesture and embodiments of local identity in Hawai'i. The book, at last, concludes with a provocative meditation on virtual space and Oceanic concepts of time. The metaphors of passage, then, that Suzuki weaves throughout her book, linger with the fraught and often tender intimacies produced as people, objects, and stories move through, in addition to traveling across, the Pacific. Suzuki makes a compelling case for Asian American studies to take seriously the political and institutional concerns of Pacific Island(er) studies. Suzuki's interest in seeking out what Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders have in common, as peoples who come from histories of ocean passage, refuses to equivocate commonality with sameness. She particularly draws attention to how our understandings and politics might shift when we tarry-in-places of encounter. Asian American literature's purchase on oceanic crossings, often used to plumb the conceptual depths of diaspora and belonging, capitalism and empire, is expanded and enriched by careful and tender dialogue with works from Hawai'i, Aolepān Aorōkin Ṃajeḷ [End Page 160] (Republic of the Marshall Islands), Samoa, Guåhan (Guam), Aotearoa, and others—not to conflate them as at all equivalent, but at the very least, entangled. And why should they be treated as anything less? We are in relation—frequently—when we travel along, or get in the way, of empire's pathways. To this day, scholarly efforts to account for the Pacific in the transpacific tend to be overdetermined by Hawai'i-centric paradigms. In part, this is because of the relative institutional heft of University of Hawai'i as an intellectual hub of Oceania. This context also birthed the analytic of Asian settler colonialism, which is useful for interrogating the capacity of the American state to disrupt coalition building between Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. Suzuki's focus, too, skews toward Hawai'i, though she makes a sincere effort to extend readings beyond that frame. While a potential limitation of the work, I name this not necessarily as a critique—I am myself a Hawai'i-focused scholar—but as a way of expressing how much more there is to understand and say about relationality across and through the Pacific. As she rightly shows, Hawai'i is not the only place in and from which we can envision relations, and settler colonialism is not the only form of colonialism operating within Oceania. Ocean Passages is a timely book that will be of interest to scholars and students of Indigeneity, race, and diaspora across the fields of ethnic, Native, Asian American, and Pacific studies. It is, in particular, essential reading for Asian Americanists. In addition to Suzuki's superb literary analyses, her book asks pointed questions about a field's relationship—or perhaps its obligations—to Oceanic peoples and places. This reckoning has been a long time coming (calls for the disaggregation of the AAPI acronym are now decades old and still unresolved...

Is Narayan’s Bharati a Crocus of an Ideal Indian Woman?

India is a land with deep-rooted value system. Exhibiting the trends associated with being a ‘true Indian’, R.K. Narayan, who is celebrated as a pure and simple writer, affirms the values of life and reposes faith in moral order in his novels. At the time when he started writing, Indian society underwent a sea change. Social reformers and intellectuals were busy in redefining the image of an Indian woman. Narayan also felt the pressure of the prevalent ideology and put forward the idea of what it is to be an ideal Indian woman and created a female character named Bharati in his novel Waiting for the Mahatma (1955). The novel is seen as a ‘liberation fable’ with Bharati as the central character who is viewed as a crocus of an ideal Indian woman. Her view of life is considered viable and authentic. Critics opine that Bharati, who is bold, self-dependent, and strong is an example of Narayan’s true vision of women’s empowerment. Although when her character is studied closely, it becomes apparent that Bharati internalizes myths and accepts roles that afford her no real choices and no real values. She perfectly resembles traditional women who possess neither agency nor any will of their own and spend their energy in the service of patriarchy. Even though Bharati radiates through the novel and finds a space, her attributes as a volitional force reserved for Sriram suggest that she is the subject of the novel who lacks artistic expression and self-assertion. Narayan, despite his awareness about the predicament of an Indian woman and his sincere effort to be judicious towards woman, fails to transcend the forces of history that allows him to look at women with stereotypical vision.

A clinicopathological study on interface dermatitis

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Diagnosis of skin disorders that exhibit interface dermatitis is challenging in few scenarios. Despite sincere efforts, clinical examination per se can help us reach a handsome of differential diagnosis but not a gunshot specific diagnosis. Dermatopathology acts as a saviour to clinicians in such cases. Though histopathology is the gold standard, still one cannot make a “specific” diagnosis by histopathology alone because many have overlapping features. Therefore, the present study aims at the importance of clinicopathological correlation. The objectives were to study the clinical and histopathological features of various dermatoses, which exhibit interface dermatitis histopathologically and estimate clinicopathological concordance.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This was a cross-sectional study done on 50 patients attending outpatient department (OPD), with the lesions suggestive of dermatoses known to exhibit interface dermatitis histologically. Strobe guidelines were followed. After a thorough clinical examination, punch biopsies were done and observed microscopically to detect interface dermatitis, if present. Secondary pathological features were studied to assess clinicopathological concordance. Microsoft excel and statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) 21.0 were used for data analysis.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> 76.74% cases were cases of lichen planus and its variants. The most common clinical presentation was papules. Among microscopic features, predominant finding was basal cell vacuolar change in epidermis (97.70% cases). Clinicopathological concordance was seen in 43 cases (83%). 7 cases were diagnosed solely based on histological correlation.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> A myriad of dermatoses exhibit interface dermatitis as a primary pathological feature. Only an apt correlation of clinical features with secondary pathological features can lead to a specific diagnosis from a bunch of differential diagnoses.</p>

Effect of Human Capital Investment on Economic Growth: Nigeria Perspective

The study was conceptualised to ascertain the effect of human capital investment on economic growth in Nigeria. The ex-post facto research design was adopted because data relating both explained and predictor variables already exist in literature. T he data for the study were extracted from CBN statistical bulletin and analysed using and descriptive statistic and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) as well as cointegration regression analysis. The result revealed that only capital expenditure on education has a positive and significant association with RGDP. Capital expenditure on health and universal education has a positive but insignificant association with RGDP, recurrent expenditure on education and health have a negative and insignificant association with RGDP. We concluded that human capital investment on economic growth in Nigeria is not significant. The study recommended that Government and policymakers should show concerted and sincere effort in building and developing human capacity through adequate educational funding across all levels.

Restructuring: A Catholicon for the Stability of Nigerian Federalism

Nigeria has, over the last three decades, observed threats to its corporate existence as a federation due to the dissatisfaction of the various ethnic nationalities. This dissatisfaction has necessitated the growth of ethnic and micro-nationalistic groups requesting that the country be restructured. Hence the clamour for “restructuring” is high more than ever in the country, with the different ethnic groups advocating for one form of restructuring of the other; while others are threatening to secede from the union. Successive governments have made efforts to pacify the different ethnic nationalities to keep fate with the Nigerian federation with little success, as the agitations for restructuring and threats to disintegrate remain all times high. Consequently, there is strong political rivalry, among the different ethnic groups, which has substantially created political instability in the nation. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that genuine and sincere restructuring of the Nigerian State will to a large extent dowse the threats to Nigerian federalism. The study adopted the Cooperative Federalism strand of the Modern Approach of Federalism, which is anchored on cooperation and interdependence among component units of governments, to explain the necessity for restructuring the Nigerian State. The study used mainly secondary data related to federalism, restructuring and political stability. The study revealed that there has not been a sincere effort at restructuring the Nigerian State since the collapse of the First Republic through a coup d’état, which to a large extent made the country operate as a unitary state and this has fueled ethnic rivalry as well as underdevelopment in the country. The paper concluded that for Nigerian federalism to be substantially free from stress and strains there must be a concerted effort at sincerely restructuring the polity. The study recommended among other things, that government should expedite action to restructure the Nigerian State, engage the dissatisfied and agitating groups clamouring for self-determination, grant greater autonomy to the sub-units, and allow the states to explore and exploit mineral resources in their domain for maximum productivity and development.