Sinabung Eruption Research Articles

Geographic Information System Pencarian Rumah Relokasi Dampak Erupsi Gunung Sinabung dengan Metode Formula Haversine

The eruption of Mount Merapi Sinabung from 2010 to the present, resulted in a large number of residents who had to be evacuated because they could not contain a place, so it had to be relocated in order to neutralize the number of refugees. Where the relocation is carried out in various places both in rural areas and in buildings in the area around Karo district. However, with this relocation, many people, both relatives and families as well as a number of institutions wishing to provide extension assistance, find it difficult because of the lack of information about the location and distance that must be traveled in order to get to the relocation site. Based on these problems, the author will discuss the creation of a Geographic information system for finding relocation sites by applying the Haversine formula method. In order to be able to determine the distance to the relocation site so that later it can help the community in finding a relocation place

Chemical Properties of Soil on Dry Land After The Eruption of Mount Sinabung in Kecamatan Payung, Karo

This study aims to determine the chemical properties of soil on dry land after the eruption of Mount Sinabung in Kecamatan Payung, Kabupaten Karo. The eruption of Mount Sinabung that occurred from 2010 to 2020, released volcanic ash containing Silica, Aluminum, Sulfur, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Iron, Phosphate, and Manganese. Analysis of soil chemical properties was carried out at the Research and Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatra and PT. SOCFINDO. This study used 8 composite soil samples as research material, using survey methods and stratified sampling / grouping by overlaying several maps. Soil pH data analysis using electrometric method, C-organic content with Walkley and Black method, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) with NH4OAc extraction method pH 7, P2O5 ex-HCl, K2O ex-HCl, and Base Saturation (KB) with calculations (number of exchangeable base cations / CEC x 100%). The results of soil analysis showed that after the eruption of Mount Sinabung, dry land in Kecamatan Payung had acidic soil pH, high levels of P2O5 ex-HCl, levels of K2O ex-HCl with low to high criteria, levels of organic C tended to be high, soil CEC tended to be high and KB very low soil. Soil fertility status is included in the criteria of low and medium.

Farmers’ expenditures associated with children’s nutritional status in areas affected by Indonesia’s Sinabung eruption

Introduction: During the time of volcano eruptions, farmers have to harvest their crops before the stipulated harvest time, which leads to quality and quantity loss. Besides, farmers also have to continue their farming activities, including purchasing farming necessities. These unaddressed issues of the agricultural restoration could be one of the key factors to malnutrition. Therefore, this study assessed the associations between farmers’ expenditures and the nutritional status of children in areas affected by Indonesia’s Sinabung eruption. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 444 (158 farmers, 228 farmers cum farm labourers, and 58 farm labourers) households headed by farmers. The questionnaire used for data collection was the Indonesian Family Life Survey questions (IFLS). Results: Non-food expenditures had a huge impact on household livelihoods, which was significantly associated with children’s nutritional status. Among the three groups of farmers, children of farmers and farmers cum farm labourers were prone to malnutrition. This was because these two groups had to limit food expenditures over their farming necessities and cigarettes expenditure, which took more than half of their income. However, the prevalence of malnutrition was highest in children of farmers. Children of farm labourers had better nutritional status compared to children of the other two groups. Conclusion: Children of farmers and farmers cum farm labourers were prone to malnutrition due to limited expenditure on food. This study suggests that policymakers in Indonesia should provide food and nutrition security to children who were impacted by the Sinabung eruption.

Diversity of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi from andisol soil affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Sembiring M, Sabrina T. 2021. Diversity of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi from andisol soil affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 713-719. Phosphate solubilizing microbes are present in all locations with different population levels. The eruption of Mount Sinabung in 2013 resulted in changes in soil pH and the soil’s microbial population, such as phosphate solubilizing microbes. This research aimed to obtain environmentally-specific phosphate solubilizing microbes derived from andisol soil impacted by the eruption of Mount Sinabung, which excelled in increasing the availability of phosphate. Sampling was conducted in Desa Kutarayat, Naman Teran Sub-district, Karo District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Isolation of phosphate solubilizing microbes was carried out on pikovskaya media, and test of phosphate solubilizing microbes potential was conducted on solid and liquid pikovskaya media. Organic acid content was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and microbial identification was performed using PCR-sequencing. The result showed that 4 isolates of each phosphate-soluble fungi and bacteria were isolated from andisol soil affected by the eruption of Sinabung mountain. It was also observed that phosphate solubilizing microbes’ ability to produce organic acids varied. The obtained fungi could dissolve P in some phosphate source either on solid media or liquid medium. Talaromyces pinophilus (J2) can increase the highest availability of P in andisol soil.

PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT PASCA BENCANA ERUPSI GUNUNG SINABUNG DI RELOKASI SIOSAR KABUPATEN KARO

Mount Sinabung is one of two mountains that have been designated as active in Karo Regency so far. When an eruption occurs, it will cause a lot of damage and loss. In restoring it, the provision of assistance to the community and community empowerment efforts after the eruption of Mount Sinabung were carried out in three ways, namely, creating an atmosphere or climate that allows the potential of the community to develop, strengthening the potential or power of the community (empowering), and protecting and defending the interests of the weak. so as not to get weaker. Efforts to empower the community after the eruption of Mount Sinabung were carried out in three methods, namely, creating an atmosphere or climate that allows the potential of the community to develop, strengthening the capabilities or potentials of the community (empowering), and protecting and defending the interests of the weak so as not to get weaker. This research uses a qualitative type of research with a descriptive case study approach in order to describe cases in the field and share answers to cases encountered. The results of this study found that community empowerment after the eruption of Mount Sinabung in the relocation of Siosar, Karo Regency had increased. This is due to the three stages of community empowerment that exist, the community in the Siosar relocation area has a large level of empowerment in the process of creating an atmosphere or climate that allows the potential of the community to develop and efforts to protect and defend the interests of the weak so as not to be weak, on the contrary in the process of strengthening the capacity of the community. or the potential of the community is still not maximized. In addition, there are factors that limit community empowerment, such as the low level of community understanding and the lack of facilities and infrastructure.

Analysis of Coulomb Stress of Sumatera Earthquake Against Pyroclastic Flow of Mount Sinabung as Data Prone Volcano Disaster

The islands of Sumatra and Sinabung are located southwest of the Sundaland Continent which is a convergence route between the Indian-Australian Plate that infiltrates to the west of the Eurasian/Sundaland Plate. The increase in activity of Mount Sinabung was preceded by large earthquakes to the west and south while the eruption of Mount Sinabung produced pyroclastics. The purpose of this study is to find out the analysis of coulomb stress from the Sumatra Island earthquake to the pyroclastic flow of Sinabung as data on volcanic disasters. This study used the coulomb stress method with coulomb 3.3. The earthquake data analyzed was Mw, depth, and focal mechanism. The results of the analysis in the form of the direction of the spread of stress and the value of increased coulomb stress in Sinabung in 2014-2016. Sinabung's positive stress coulomb value in 2014 was 0.113 bar with a positive coulomb stress spread angle of 90o against sinabung pyroclastic flow. Sinabung's positive stress coulomb value in 2015 was 0.235 bar with a positive coulomb stress spread angle of 90o against sinabung pyroclastic flow. Sinabung's positive stress coulomb value in 2016 was 0.118 bar with a positive coulomb stress spread angle of 90o against sinabung pyroclastic flow. Coulomb stress analysis affects the direction of prioclastic flow by as far as 180o although it is not the same as the results in the field. This is because the peak of Sinabung has landslides in the southeast-south, thus opening a pyroclastic flow road to the southeast-south.

Fish diversity and heavy metal accumulation of Pb, Cu and Zn after Mount Sinabung Eruption in Benuken River, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Pebriani MA, Barus TA, Ilyas S. 2021. Fish diversity and heavy metal accumulation of Pb, Cu and Zn after Mount Sinabung Eruption in Benuken River, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 187-194. The Benuken River is a river that has been affected by the volcanic ash eruption of Mount Sinabung, one of the active volcanoes in Indonesia. This study further examines the diversity of fish species and the analysis of their tissues with regard to the heavy metal content of each species in the Benuken River, Berastepu Village, Karo Regency after the eruption of Mount Sinabung using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The fish and water sampling were carried out in March 2019 with two sampling points using the electrofishing technique. Furthermore, four species were documented, including Spotted barb (Puntius binotatus), River loaches (Homaloptera nebulosa), Mahseer (Tor soro), and Striped snakehead (Channa striata). The diversity index of the fish community from two study sites ranged between 0.012<H' <0.023 or was categorized as very low in diversity. Meanwhile, the heavy metals concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in the water of Benuken River were below tolerance level based on the Governmental Regulations No. 82 year 2001. The average heavy metal concentrations in fish tissue were also safe for consumption based on the standard quality by FAO/WHO (2004) with 0.0049 ppm, 0.0056 ppm and 0.3852 ppm of Pb, Cu and Zn, respectively.

COMMUNITY AWARENESS NOT TO ACTIVATE IN THE RED ZONE OF MT. SINABUNG ERUPTION

This study aims to photograph public awareness not to move in the red zone of the eruption of Mount Sinabung. Although the government has relocated victims of the eruption of Mount Sinabung and forbade people to carry out activities in the red zone of Mount Sinabung until now there are still many people who are active in the red zone area. The research is empirical legal research. The location of this research was in Gamber Village, Subdistrict of Simpang Empat, Karo Regency. Data that was collected will be analyzed by technique qualitative analysis. The people of Gamber village carry out activities in the red zone of Mount Sinabung consciously due to several factors. first, economic factor; second, the factor of agricultural land; and third, the belief factor. In addition to the three main factors, the government's inability to persuade its people persuasively not to carry out activities in the red zone also contributes to the violation of red zone policies. Looking at the various factors mentioned above, there are inefficient ways that can encourage people to maintain what is in effect.

Settlement Suitability Analysis Based on the Catastrophic Eruption of Sinabung

Mount Sinabung is an active volcano after being 'dormant' for a long time since the 1600s. Sinabung has begun to show its activities from 2010 to 2020, so that it has a long impact on community activities, damage to settlements, agricultural and threats to the lives of residents around Sinabung. This study aims to determine the conditions of land use in disaster-prone areas in relation to spatial patterns and levels of disaster prone. The research method is carried out through spatial analysis by overlaying the land use map with the spatial planning map to produce a land use suitability map. The spatial pattern suitability map is overlaid with a disaster hazard map to determine the level of security in settlements. The results showed that 5 affected Districts, namely in the Districts of Naman Teran, Payung, Simpang Empat, Tiganderket, Munte, the safe zone was 145.66 hectares, the less safe zone was 0.98 hectares, the unsafe zone was 36.91 hectares and the very insecure zone was 1.25 hectares. It is hoped that the spatial analysis regarding the distribution of safe locations for settlements is expected to become a policy material for the government to formulate arrangements for the use and utilization of space so that the spatial planning policies that are established are in line with efforts to reduce the risk of the eruption of Mount Sinabung disaster.

Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in tissues of keperas (Cyclocheilichthys apogon Val. 1842) in Lake Lau Kawar, North Sumatra

Lake Lau Kawar is one of the exposed areas in North Sumatra by the volcanic ash originating from Mount Sinabung eruption. The lake has been utilized as a tourism site and fish resources for consumption by the local community. Keperas (Cyclocheilichthys apogon Val. 1842) is one of the native fish commonly caught by the community. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of selected heavy metals such as copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) accumulated by C. apogon and the ones present in the lake water. The results showed that Zn present in the highest concentration followed by Cu and Pb as similar to the results from bioconcentration factor (BCF). All heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) exhibited their highest concentrations in the gills, while the muscles possessed the lowest concentrations of all metals. Risk assessment based on the national and internasional standard revealed that the concentration of these metals was relatively low and safe for consumption.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Tanah Hak Milik Masyarakat Pasca Bencana Alam Erupsi Gunung Sinabung

Indonesia is located in a natural disaster prone location where various types of natural disasters, including earthquakes and tsunamis, volcanoes, floods, landslides, droughts, forest and land fires, and other natural disasters still occur very frequently. Post natural disaster events also have a systemic impact on land issues, especially for areas that are most severely affected by natural disasters, where one of the impacts is the loss of land boundaries caused by changes in land surface due to natural disasters, mainly caused by the earthquake and tsunami. The problems raised in this study, namely how the rule of law against community land rights after the Mt. Sinabung eruption natural disaster, the position and status of community property rights after the Mt. Sinabung eruption natural disasters and legal protection of community land ownership after the eruption. Mount Sinabung. To find answers to these problems, this research uses descriptive analytical normative legal research, where this normative legal research uses secondary data as primary data and also uses primary data as complementary data using data collection techniques carried out by means of literature study, as well as Qualitative data analysis. The rule of law for community property rights after the natural disaster of the Mt. Sinabung eruption is broadly regulated in Article 27 of Law Number 5 of 1960 Concerning Basic Agrarian Regulations which states that one of the causes of the abolition of ownership rights is because the land was destroyed, however, this provision does not automatically mean that the community's community-owned land can be abolished. There are a number of activities that must be carried out until the community's community-owned land is removed. The position and status of community property rights after the natural disaster of the Mt. Sinabung eruption, which basically remains the property of victims of natural disasters and victims of disasters do not lose their property rights before the disaster belongs to disaster victims. The state cannot directly control the ex-disaster land even though the land owner has died. Land ownership should still be returned to the community, especially for areas that are still inhabited by indigenous peoples. Legal protection of community land rights after the occurrence of natural disaster of the Mt. Sinabung eruption is through legal protection of individual ownership holders and protection through land consolidation and relocation activities

Analisis Risiko Kesehatan paparan Timbal pada Air Minum Masyarakat di Wilayah Eks Erupsi Sinabung Kecamatan Simpang Empat Karo

<div><em>The</em><em> eruption of Mount Sinabung can cause pollution to the environment, especially raw water sources for drinking water and can cause health problems. The volcanic ash resulting from the eruption contains various kinds of minerals and heavy metals so that when the eruption occurs, volcanic ash can pollute the surrounding environment, including air, soil and water. Simpang Empat District is one of the districts affected by the eruption in Karo Regency. This study aims to determine the health risks due to exposure to lead in drinking water, the concentration of lead in drinking water and to analyze the characteristics of health risks due to exposure to lead in public drinking water. The research method used was descriptive survey research using a cross sectional approach. The research was conducted in Lingga Julu Village and was carried out from February to August 2020. Lingga Julu Village is one of the villages in Karo Regency which was affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung and has a water source from a borehole which is managed by the local village government. The number of samples in this study were 47 respondents with a random sampling technique. The results showed that the lead concentration value was 0.0012 mg / l which was still below the environmental quality standard. The mean intake for real-time duration exposure was 0.00005 mg / kg / day with an RQ≤1 value of 0.013. Descriptively, intake of non-carcinogenic lead is not a risk to health. The estimated intake value for exposure to the next 50 years is 0.0024 with an RQ≤1 value of 0.6. Descriptively, intake of non-carcinogenic effect lead does not have a health risk for the people of Lingga Julu Village for the next 50 years.</em></div><p> <em>Keywords : Health risk analysis, lead, eruption, plumbum, intake</em></p>

PERKEMBANGAN PSIKOSOSIAL ANAK DAN REMAJA PASCA ERUPSI SINABUNG DI KABUPATEN KARO

The eruption of Mount Sinabung is a natural disaster that occurred in Batukarang Village, Payung District, Karo Regency. In addition to physical conditions, this disaster affected the psychosocial condition of the community, especially children and adolescents. As a result of disasters, children and adolescents experience anxiety, stress, fear, PTSD, depression, etc. These symptoms can affect the development of adolescents themselves. This study aims to determine the psychosocial development of children and adolescents after the Sinabung eruption. Descriptive research design with a sample of 94 school-age children and 94 adolescents. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. The results showed that the psychosocial development of school-age children was in good category as many as 6 children (6.4%), and sufficient psychosocial development was 88 children (93.6%). While the psychosocial development of adolescents 81.9% experienced sufficient psychosocial development, 18.1% adolescents experienced good psychosocial development. The results of this study can assist mental nurses in providing psychological and social support after a disaster with a mental nursing approach so that the psychosocial development of disaster victims, especially adolescents, goes well and can improve the mental health of disaster victims.

Diversity of non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their potential in andisols affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Sembiribg M, Sabrina T. 2021. Diversity of non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their potential in andisols affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3539-3544. Nitrogen is the main macro-nutrient that is very important for plant growth. Nitrogen is absorbed by plants in the form of NO3-or NH4+ ions from the soil. The andisols affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung alter the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the soil. As a result, the population of beneficial microbes in the soil decreased, so soil fertility also decreased. The aim of this research is to determine the diversity of nitrogen-fixing microbes in andisol soil affected by the Mt. Sinabung eruption. The soil samples used in this research were collected from andisols affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung. The isolation of non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria was carried out using a nitrogen-free Jensen medium. The results showed that five non symbiotic N-fixing bacteria can increase the N content in andisols affected by Mount Sinabung eruption. Enterobacter cloacae can increase soil N by 111.76% as compared to without microbial application.

Potato Cultivation Technology for Increasing Famers Income in Area Exposed to the Eruption of Mount Sinabung, Karo District

The negative impact of land exposed to the eruption of Mount Sinabung can be improved through the provision of soil amendments and improvement of soil fertility so that the physical and chemical properties of the land are suitable for potato plants. This study aims to compare the potato cultivation technology package recommended by the North Sumatra AIAT with the farmer technology package on land exposed to the eruption of Mount Sinabung. The experiment was conducted in one of the potato production centers that experienced the impact of the eruption in Kutarayat Village, Naman Teran District, Karo Regency, located 3 km from the eruption center from January - December 2019. The treatment of the cultivation technology package studied were: 1). Recommended technology package: Soil processed twice, dolomite 2 tons/ha, manure sown in arrays 20 tons/ha, sawdust 5 tons/ha, NPK 500 kg/ha, urea 100 kg/ha, KCl 100 kg/ha; 2). Farmer's technology package: soil is processed once, manure in holes 10 tons/ha, NPK 250 kg/ha, urea 100 kg/ha, KCl 100 kg/ha. The results of the study showed that: (1) the growth of potato plants that received the recommendation package cultivation technology treatment was better than the farmers' technology package. (2) potato tuber production with the application of recommended technology resulted in the highest tuber production of 39.81 t/ha, while the farmer's cultivation technology package was 23.79 t/ha. (3) Likewise, the weight of large tubers (> 200 g/tuber ) was significantly higher and more abundant than the farmers' technology package. Potato planting with the recommendation package input resulted in the highest tuber production of 39.81 t/ha. Economically profitable with a B/C ratio of 2.69.
 Key words: Potato, eruption, mount Sinabung, technology package

Policy Discretion for Post-Disaster Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Gunung Sinabung Eruption in Karo Regency in the Settlement Relocation Program

This research aims to reveal the Policy Discretion for Post-Disaster Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Gunung Sinabung Eruption in Karo Regency in the Settlement Relocation Program. This study used qualtitative research. Disaster emergency factors (Emergency Response Status) and Humanitarian factors because the refugees have been living in temporary shelters (shelters) for ± 1.8 years in inadequate and inhumane living conditions are the driving forces for discretionary Rehabilitation and Reconstruction policies in the Settlement Relocation Program for disaster victims the eruption of Mount Sinabung, Karo Regency; Discretion of Post-Disaster Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Mount Sinabung's Eruption in Relocation of Refugee Settlements is caused by a legal vacuum, because post-disaster development cannot be carried out in the Emergency Response phase where since September 2013 until now the Disaster Status of the Mount Sinabung Eruption is still in the Emergency Response phase.

Community Participation In Housing Development Relocation Of The Eruption Of Mount Sinabung, Karo District

The aims of this research are: 1). explain the phases of relocation in the eruption of Mount Sinabung and 2). Explaining community participation in decision making and planning, in implementing activities, in monitoring and in utilizing the results of the construction of the Mount Sinabung eruption relocation house. The type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative research. This research was conducted in Karo Regency. Data collection techniques used are field research and library research. The results of this study indicate that: 1). The implementation of rehabilitation and reconstruction after the eruption of Mount Sinabung was carried out in 3 phases: phase 1 is relocation to Siosar, phase 2 is independent relocation and phase 3 is returning to Siosar. 2). The participation of the community affected by the eruption of Mount Sinabung is defined as community involvement in the development of themselves, their lives, and their environment not fully getting wider opportunities and authority, this is because in general the housing development program for the relocation of Mount Sinabung eruption is a government program carried out which is still top down so that all phases of implementation must follow the mechanism set by the government.

Simulation Of The Volcanic Ash Dispersion During The June 2019 Sinabung Eruption

The eruption of Sinabung on June 9, 2019, was categorized as a red code in the warning report for flights. Volcanic ash from volcanic eruptions is a serious threat in the world of aviation with the most dangerous ash particles are 6-10 μm and 37 μm in diameter. To enrich our understanding and modeling performances of the volcanic ash dispersion for the Sinabung eruption case, it is necessary to simulate the dispersion of volcanic ash in those particular sizes to see its distribution which can impact flight routes. The method used was the analysis of the direction and dispersion of the particular volcanic ash using Weather Research Forecast-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) and compared it with the volcanic ash warning information on flight routes issued by Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAAC)-Darwin. In general, WRF-Chem can simulate the distribution of volcanic ash from the eruption of Sinabung at the two-particle sizes at different heights, and found the difference in the distribution direction of the two groups of the particle sizes. Comparison results with warning information from VAAC-Darwin and previous study, WRF-Chem simulation shows a good concordance in the dispersion direction.

Isolation of potassium solubilizing bacteria in Andisol soil affected by the eruption of Sinabung

The Sinabung eruption emits smoke and volcanic ash which will decompose into the main soil material and turn into effect the structure of Andisol that will be formed. This study aims to find isolates of potassium solubilizing bacteria in several thicknesses of volcanic ash. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Soil Biology, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara. Potassium solubilizing bacteria was isolated using medium Aleksandrov. The results showed that 7 isolates were found in different thickness, in the soil sample there was 1 isolate (K1), at a thickness of 1 - <2 cm 2 isolates (K2, K3) were found, at a thickness of 2-5 cm there were 2 isolates (K4, K5), and at >5cm there were 2 isolates (K6, K7).

The effect of volcanic ash from the eruption of mount Sinabung on the survival and tissue structure of Mahseer fish (Tor tambroides)

Volcanic ash of Mount Sinabung enters the Lau Borus River. One of the biota in the river that is affected by volcanic ash is the Mahseer fish. This study aims to determine the LC50 from the exposure of Mount Sinabung volcanic ash to Mahseer fish, water quality, and tissue histology of Mahseer fish. The concentrations of volcanic ash for toxicity tests were 0 mg/L, 66,000 mg/L, 87,000 mg/L, 115,000 mg/L, and 152,000 mg/L. The results of the probit analysis showed that the LC50 values at the exposure time at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours were 135,249 mg/L, 106,741 mg/L, 72,210 mg/L, and 68,798 mg/L, respectively. The higher concentration of volcanic ash given will accelerate the time of death of Mahseer fish, followed by damage to the skin, gill and intestinal tissue. There is muscle necrosis and the epidermis is thinning in the skin. In the gills there is hyperplasia, hypertrophy, fusion, and necrosis of cells. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of goblet cells, and necrosis of the intestinal villi in the intestine.