Simultaneous Vaccination Research Articles

The frequency of missed opportunities for simultaneous vaccination and their impact on vaccination of children in The Gambia

The frequency of missed opportunities for simultaneous vaccination and their impact on vaccination of children in The Gambia

Safety and Immunogenicity of Enterovirus 71 Vaccine (Vero Cell) Administered Simultaneously with Trivalent Split-Virion Influenza Vaccine in Infants Aged 6-7 Months: A Phase 4, Randomized, Controlled Trial.

Objective: To assess the immunogenicity and safety of the enterovirus 71 vaccine (Vero cell) (EV71 vaccine) and trivalent split-virion influenza vaccine (IIV3). Methods: Healthy infants aged 6-7 months were recruited from Zhejiang Province, Henan Province, and Guizhou Province and randomly assigned to the simultaneous vaccination group, EV71 group, and IIV3 group at a ratio of 1:1:1. Then, 3 mL blood samples were collected before vaccination and 28 days after the second dose of vaccine. Cytopathic effect inhibition assay was used to detect EV71 neutralization antibody, and cytopathic effect inhibition assay was used to detect influenza virus antibody. Results: A total of 378 infants were enrolled and received the first dose of vaccine and were included in the safety analysis, and 350 infants were involved in the immunogenicity analysis. The adverse events rates were 31.75%, 28.57%, and 34.13% in the simultaneous vaccination group, EV71 group, and IIV3 group (p > 0.05), respectively. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. After two doses of EV71 vaccine, the seroconversion rates of EV71 neutralizing antibody were 98.26% and 97.37% in the simultaneous vaccination group and the EV71 group, respectively. After two doses of IIV3, the simultaneous vaccination group and the IIV3 group, respectively, had seroconversion rates of 80.00% and 86.78% for H1N1 antibody, 99.13% and 98.35% for H3N2 antibody, and 76.52% and 80.99% for B antibody. There was no statistically significant difference in the seroconversion rates of influenza virus antibodies between groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The coadministration of EV71 vaccine and IIV3 has good safety and immunogenicity in infants aged 6-7 months.

Immune response against lumpy skin disease after simultaneous vaccination of cattle with sheep pox and goat pox and foot and mouth disease vaccines

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) and Lumpy skin disease (LSD) are contagious viral diseases that cause significant economic damage in the livestock industry of countries. Cattle are vaccinated two times a year with FMD and sheep pox and goat pox vaccines (SGP) within 30-day intervals to combat both diseases in Türkiye. However, vaccinations in different periods increase vaccination costs, labor, and distress on animals. Therefore, it was aimed to determine the effects of simultaneous vaccination of FMD and SGP vaccines on the immunity against LSD and FMD in cattle. For this purpose, animals were divided into 4 groups; SGP vaccinated group (Group 1, n = 10), FMD vaccinated group (Group 2, n = 10), FMD and SGP simultaneously vaccinated group (Group 3, n = 10), and the unvaccinated control group (Group 4, n = 6). Blood samples were collected and analyzed to detect the antibody response against the LSD via Capripoxvirus (CaPV) ELISA and FMD by Virus Neutralisation test (VNT) and Liquid Phase Blocking ELISA (LPBE). A live virus challenge study was performed to determine the immune response against LSD. The mean antibody titers were determined protective levels on 28 days post vaccination (DPV) against FMDV serotypes O and A, respectively. The logarithmic difference of skin lesions was calculated log10 titer > 2.5. LSD genome could not be detected in the blood, eyes, and nose swap samples of the challenged animals on the 15th day via PCR. In conclusion, adequate protective immune response was provided against LSD when the SGP and FMD vaccines were used simultaneously in cattle.

Modeling the impact of combined use of COVID Alert SA app and vaccination to curb COVID-19 infections in South Africa.

The unanticipated continued deep-rooted trend of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona-virus-2 the originator pathogen of the COVID-19 persists posing concurrent anxiety globally. More effort is affixed in the scientific arena via continuous investigations in a prolific effort to understand the transmission dynamics and control measures in eradication of the epidemic. Both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical containment measure protocols have been assimilated in this effort. In this study, we develop a modified SEIR deterministic model that factors in alternative-amalgamation of use of COVID Alert SA app and vaccination against the COVID-19 to the Republic of South Africa's general public in an endeavor to discontinue the chain of spread for the pandemic. We analyze the key properties of the model not limited to positivity, boundedness, and stability. We authenticate the model by fitting it to the Republic of South Africa's cumulative COVID-19 cases reported data utilizing the Maximum Likelihood Estimation algorithm implemented in fitR package. Sensitivity analysis and simulations for the model reveal that simultaneously-gradually increased implementation of the COVID Alert SA app use and vaccination against COVID-19 to the public substantially accelerate reduction in the plateau number of COVID-19 infections across all the observed vaccine efficacy scenarios. More fundamentally, it is discovered that implementing at least 12% app use (mainly for the susceptible population not vaccinated) with simultaneous vaccination of over 12% of the susceptible population majorly not using the app using a vaccine of at least 50% efficacy would be sufficient in eradicating the pandemic over relatively shorter time span.

Routine Immunization Coverage and Immunization Card Retention in Pakistan: Results From a Cross-sectional National Survey.

Immunization is one of the most successful public health interventions available, saving millions of lives from death and disability each year. Therefore, improving immunization coverage is a high priority for the Government of Pakistan and essential to progress toward universal health coverage. This survey reports the national and provincial/regional coverage and determinants of fully, partially, and not-vaccinated children 12-23 months of age, antigen-wise coverage, percentage of home-based vaccination records (HBR) retention, and reasons for nonretention; dropout, timeliness, and prevalence of missed opportunities for simultaneous vaccination (MOSV). The survey was a descriptive cross-sectional national household survey carried out across Pakistan. The survey included 110,790 children 12-23 months old and their caregivers. A World Health Organization (WHO)-Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) Survey questionnaire was adapted to collect information. Data were analyzed using the WHO Vaccination Coverage Quality Indicators (VCQI) software and Stata version 17. Nationally excluding Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and Gilgit Baltistan (GB), the coverage of fully vaccinated children was 76.5%. The likelihood of being fully vaccinated was higher among children of educated parents who belonged to higher wealth quintiles and resided in any province/region other than Balochistan. The main reasons for unimmunization were no faith in immunization, rumors about vaccines, and distance to the facility. About two-thirds (66.2%) of the children had their HBR available, and the main reasons for not having a card were never visiting a health facility and having no awareness about the importance of a card. Dropout was discernible for later doses of vaccines compared with earlier ones. Higher proportions of children received the last doses late by more than two months. Of the 218,002 vaccination visits documented on HBR in the provinces, MOSVs occurred in 17.6% of the visits. The immunization coverage rates provide a direction to strategize the progress to improve the vaccination rates in Pakistan. The country needs to outline the immediate and long-term actions to combat vaccine-preventable diseases, such as escalating integrated immunization campaigns and outreach activities, provision of mobility support, and deploying behavioral interventions as a cross-cutting strategy to improve awareness and reduce misconceptions.

Investigation of the effect of mutual vaccination with pest des petits ruminants and polyvalent foot and mouth disease vaccines on the immune response of sheep.

Pest des petits ruminants (PPRs) and foot and mouth disease (FMD) are two viral infectious diseases affecting sheep dramatically causing great economic losses. Therefore, attention should be directed toward their control, especially through the application of well-designed vaccination schedules with specific potent vaccines. Determination of the possibility of sheep vaccination with PPR and FMD vaccines in a mutual schedule. Different groups of sheep have vaccinated with live attenuated PPR vaccine and inactivated polyvalent FMD vaccine in a mutual manner (one before the other at weekly intervals or simultaneously) followed by monitoring of the induced immunity to both vaccines using serum neutralization test (SNT) and enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). SNT and ELISA revealed that there was no antagonizing effect of any vaccine on the immune response to the mutual vaccination of sheep to the other where the obtained antibody titers in single vaccinated sheep groups were similar to those in the simultaneous vaccinated group. Simultaneous vaccination of sheep with PPR and polyvalent FMD vaccine is of applicable benefit saving time, effort, and stress factors on the animals.

Ultrasound monitoring of the regenerative treatment of Biceps Tendonitis and Tenosynovitis in dogs by stem cells injections

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and bluetongue disease (BT) are two of the most devastating viral diseases affecting domestic and wild ruminants. They cause significant economic losses, and vaccination is the most important method for combating both FMD and BT. Simultaneous vaccinations are crucial for animal welfare as well as labor and cost savings. No reports were found on the simultaneous administration of FMD and BT vaccines to sheep. This study evaluated the effect of the simultaneous administration of an inactivated FMD vaccine and an attenuated BT vaccine on the humoral immune response to both diseases. A total of 75 sixmonth- old Akkaraman-Kıvırcık crossbred sheep that did not have any vaccination history were used as research material. Before the experiment, the animals were tested for the absence of FMD and BT antibodies. The sheep were divided into three experimental groups and vaccinated with an FMD vaccine alone, a BT vaccine alone, and both. Blood samples were taken on days 30 and 60 post-vaccination. The blood samples were evaluated using liquid-phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) and virus neutralization test (VNT) for FMD antibodies, as well as competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) and VNT for BT antibodies. The study revealed that differences between the FMD and BT antibody titers of the group vaccinated simultaneously and the FMD and BT antibody titers obtained from the groups vaccinated separately were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). It was concluded that the antibody response these diseases was not altered when the FMD and BT vaccines were administered together.

2139. Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus prefusion F (RSVPreF3) candidate vaccine co-administered with the seasonal quadrivalent influenza vaccine in older adults

Abstract Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe respiratory disease in older adults (OAs). However, there is no approved vaccine against RSV disease in OAs. Co-administration of vaccines against RSV and influenza could be considered given their overlapping seasonality. Here, we assessed the immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of an RSV prefusion F Older Adult (RSVPreF3 OA) investigational vaccine when co-administered with the seasonal quadrivalent influenza vaccine (FLU-QIV) in OAs. Methods In this Phase 3, open-label, controlled, multi-country study (NCT04841577), OAs aged ≥ 60 years recruited in New Zealand, Panama and South Africa were randomized 1:1 to receive either RSVPreF3 OA and FLU-QIV simultaneously on day 1 (Co-Ad group), or FLU-QIV on day 1 and RSVPreF3 OA on day 31 (Control group). The co-primary objectives were to demonstrate the non-inferiority of i) RSVPreF3 OA in terms of RSV-A neutralizing antibody geometric mean titers (GMT) ratio and ii) FLU-QIV in terms of hemagglutinin inhibition antibody GMT ratio for each Flu strain when co-administered versus when administered alone. Blood samples were collected from all participants pre vaccination and 1 month post vaccination. Non-inferiority was demonstrated if the upper limit (UL) of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the group GMT ratio (Control/Co-Ad) was ≤ 1.5. Secondary descriptive outcomes included reactogenicity and safety. Results 885 participants received at least 1 dose of the study interventions. Of these, 838 were included in the per protocol set at 1 month post vaccination. The demographic characteristics of the participants were similar across groups. The study co-primary objectives were met; for both vaccines, the UL of the 95% CI of the GMT ratio was ≤ 1.5 (Table 1). The observed safety events were balanced between Co-Ad and Control groups (Table 2). The reactogenicity profile of the Co-ad group compared with the Control group was driven by the RSVPreF3 OA investigational vaccine. Conclusion Our results support simultaneous seasonal vaccination with RSVPreF3 OA and FLU-QIV in adults ≥ 60 years, as co-administration elicits a statistically non-inferior immune response to the administration of each vaccine alone, with no safety concerns identified. Disclosures Nathali Montenegro, MD, GSK: Support for the present abstract/study Lorena Noriega-Aguirre, MD, ScD, Astra Zeneca: Advisor/Consultant|Astra Zeneca: Honoraria|Astra Zeneca: Support for attending meetings and/or travel|Boehringer Ingelheim: Honoraria|Boehringer Ingelheim: Support for attending meetings and/or travel|GSK: Advisor/Consultant|GSK: Support for the present abstract/study|Novartis: Honoraria Mohammed Bensellam, PhD, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA: Agency worker on assignment at GSK Nathalie De Schrevel, PhD, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA: Employee|GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA: Ownership Interest Sherine Kuriyakose, MSc, GSK: GSK Employee Axel Lambert, MSc, GSK: GSK Employee Aurélie Olivier, PhD, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA: I’m an employee of GSK Biologicals|GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA: Ownership Interest Veronica Hulstrøm, PhD MD, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA: Employee.

Trust in vaccination and its influencing factors among parents of children aged 0-6 years

Objective: To analyze the trust in vaccination and its influencing factors in parents of children aged 0-6 years. Methods: In June 2021, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to collect the basic information of parents of children aged 0-6 years, including their trust in vaccination and their attitudes towards vaccination. The χ2 test was used to compare the difference between different groups, and logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results: A total of 10 916 parents of children aged 0-6 years were investigated in this study, and their trust in vaccine was 67.20%, of which safety (55.80%) was the key factor limiting the trust in vaccination. 37.94% (4 142/10 916) of the parents were willing to vaccinate more than two kinds of vaccines at the same time, and 85.07% (9 286/10 916) of the parents feared that abnormal reactions would occur after vaccination. The parents' age, education level and annual family income were the promoting factors of their trust in vaccination (P<0.05). Obtaining vaccine knowledge through vaccination APP or official account (OR=1.330, 95%CI: 1.188-1.489) and popular science leaflets distributed by vaccination clinics (OR=1.120, 95%CI: 1.020-1.228) were the promoting factors of parents' trust in vaccination. Young children and parents, high family income and education level were the promoting factors for parents to be willing to vaccinate at the same time (P<0.05), and young children and parents, low family income and education level were the inducing factors for fear of abnormal reaction after vaccination (P<0.05). Parents of children in the central region had a high acceptance of simultaneous vaccination for children, while parents of children in the western region had a low degree of concern about abnormal reactions after vaccination (P<0.05). Parents of children who read books and got vaccine knowledge online (OR=1.257, 95%CI: 1.153-1.371), urban residents (OR=1.173, 95%CI: 1.062-1.295) and with jobs (OR=1.109, 95%CI: 1.015-1.212) were more willing to vaccinate at the same time. The choice of imported vaccine was a promoting factor for parents to worry about abnormal reactions after vaccination (P<0.05). Conclusion: There is room for parents of children aged 0-6 years to further improve their trust in vaccination. At this stage, it is necessary to innovate the way of health education and health promotion, and pay attention to the publicity of vaccine safety knowledge, so as to improve parents' trust in vaccination.

Pancytopenia after simultaneous vaccinations: Dilemma of hematogone versus leukemia.

Pancytopenia after simultaneous vaccinations: Dilemma of hematogone versus leukemia.

Thoughts and suggestions on co-administration of seasonal influenza vaccine and COVID-19 vaccine

In the context of the global pandemic of COVID-19, the epidemic intensity, epidemic characteristics and infection risk of influenza have presented new features. COVID-19 and influenza have simultaneously emerged in many regions of the world. COVID-19 and influenza are similar in terms of transmission mode, clinical symptoms and other aspects. There are also similarities in the mechanism of influenza virus and novel coronavirus on cells. At the same time, it is feasible and significant to do a good job in the prevention and control of COVID-19 and influenza. This paper discusses the relevant strategies and measures for the joint prevention and control of influenza and novel coronavirus from the aspects of influenza vaccination to prevent co-infection, simultaneous vaccination of influenza vaccine and novel coronavirus vaccine, etc., and puts forward corresponding thoughts and suggestions, in order to provide scientific support for the formulation of strategies on seasonal influenza vaccine and novel coronavirus vaccination.

Multiplexed LNP-mRNA vaccination against pathogenic coronavirus species.

Although COVID-19 vaccines have been developed, multiple pathogenic coronavirus species exist, urging on development of multispecies coronavirus vaccines. Here we develop prototype lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mRNA vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 Delta, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, and we test how multiplexing LNP-mRNAs can induce effective immune responses in animal models. Triplex and duplex LNP-mRNA vaccinations induce antigen-specific antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV. Single-cell RNA sequencing profiles the global systemic immune repertoires and respective transcriptome signatures of vaccinated animals, revealing a systemic increase in activated B cells and differential gene expression across major adaptive immune cells. Sequential vaccination shows potent antibody responses against all three species, significantly stronger than simultaneous vaccination in mixture. These data demonstrate the feasibility, antibody responses, and single-cell immune profiles of multispecies coronavirus vaccination. The direct comparison between simultaneous and sequential vaccination offers insights into optimization of vaccination schedules to provide broad and potent antibody immunity against three major pathogenic coronavirus species.

Reactogenicity of Simultaneous COVID-19 mRNA Booster and Influenza Vaccination in the US

COVID-19 and seasonal influenza vaccines are essential in preventing respiratory infections and their potentially severe complications. Simultaneous administration of vaccines is efficient and may improve coverage with each vaccine. However, the safety of simultaneous administration of COVID-19 and influenza vaccines has not been well described. To evaluate adverse events and health impacts associated with simultaneously administered COVID-19 mRNA booster and seasonal influenza vaccines in the US population. In this retrospective cohort study, self-reported vaccine data were collected on days 0 to 7 after vaccination from September 22, 2021, through May 1, 2022, through v-safe, a voluntary smartphone-based monitoring system established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Participants were persons who voluntarily registered in v-safe following COVID-19 vaccination. Receipt of simultaneously administered COVID-19 mRNA booster and seasonal influenza vaccines or COVID-19 mRNA booster alone. Local injection site and systemic reactions (eg, fatigue, headache, and myalgia) and health impacts reported by v-safe respondents in the week following COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccination. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were estimated for simultaneous administration compared with booster dose alone, controlling for sex, age, and week of vaccination. Of a total of 981 099 persons aged 12 years or older registered with v-safe, simultaneous administration of COVID-19 mRNA booster and seasonal influenza vaccines was reported by 92 023 (9.4%) v-safe respondents; of these respondents, 54 926 (59.7%) were female, 36 234 (39.4%) were male, and sex was unknown for 863 (0.9%). In the week following vaccination, any systemic reactions were reported by 36 144 (58.9%) of 61 390 respondents who simultaneously received Pfizer-BioNTech booster and influenza vaccines and 21 027 (68.6%) of 30633 respondents who simultaneously received Moderna booster and influenza vaccines. Respondents who simultaneously received influenza and Pfizer-BioNTech booster vaccines (aOR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.06-1.10) or influenza and Moderna booster vaccines (aOR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.08-1.14) were slightly more likely to report any systemic reaction in the week following simultaneous vaccination than respondents who received only a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine booster. In this study, compared with administration of COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccines alone, simultaneous administration of COVID-19 mRNA booster and seasonal influenza vaccines was associated with significant increases in reports of systemic reactions during days 0 to 7 following vaccination. These results may help better characterize the outcomes associated with simultaneously administered COVID-19 booster and influenza vaccines in the US population.

PANDEMİ AŞILARI VE İLAÇLARINDA PATENT KORUMASININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

COVID-19 salgını, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından 11 Mart 2020 tarihinde dünya çapında bir salgın (küresel pandemi) olarak duyuruldu. DSÖ, bu duyuru ile ülkeleri, salgının küresel ekonomide ve sağlıkta benzeri görülmemiş bir krizi temsil ettiği konusunda uyardı. Her ne kadar ülkeler çeşitli seviyelerde almış oldukları sokağa çıkma yasakları, dönüşümlü ya da evden çalışma, sınırların kapatılması ya da yabancılara karantina uygulanması gibi kısıtlama ve tedbirlerle salgını önlemeye çalışsalar da bu tedbirlerin çok da işe yaradığı söylenemez. Zira alınan tedbirler salgını sona erdirmeyip sadece süreci yavaşlatmaktadır. Salgının bir süre daha devam etmesi halinde ise sonucu en başta fiziksel ve psikolojik olarak insan sağlığını etkileyecek; bununla da sınırlı kalmayıp ekonomi, sanayi, eğitim ve turizm gibi alanlarda telafisi yıllarca mümkün olmayacak zararlara sebebiyet verecektir. 2020 yılı başlarında kısa bir süre içerisinde dünyayı etkisi altına almasına rağmen etkisini uzun süredir devam ettiren COVID-19 salgınını önleyebilmek için şu an elimizde bulunan en etkili ilaç COVID-19 aşılarıdır. Aralık 2020 sonu itibarıyla aşıya erişebilen ülkelerde öncelikli gruplardan başlanmak üzere aşılama başlamıştır. 18 Temmuz 2021 tarihi itibariyle dünya genelinde 3.66 milyar doz aşı yapıldığı görülmektedir. Bazı ülkeler iki doz aşı hedefine ulaşmaya çalışırken ülkemizde de olduğu gibi bazı bölgelerde üçüncü doz aşılamaya geçmişlerdir. Yemen, Mali gibi ülkelerde bu oran oldukça düşükken Haiti gibi bazı gelişmemiş ülkelerde ise henüz tek doz dahi aşı uygulanmamıştır. Koronavirüsün hızlı mutasyon geçiren yapısı göz önünde bulundurulduğunda dünya genelinde eş zamanda aşılama uygulanmadan salgının bitmeyeceği ve sektörler üzerindeki olumsuz etkisini daha yıllarca sürdüreceği ortadadır. Bu nedenle Dünya Ticaret Örgütü ve bazı dünya liderlerinin açıklamalarıyla birlikte COVID-19 aşıları ve tedavileri için ilaç şirketlerinin patent yükümlülüklerinden feragat etmesinin mümkün olup olmayacağı hususunda tartışmalar gündeme gelmiştir. Zira, içinde bulunduğumuz bu olağanüstü dönemde TRIPS Anlaşması kapsamında patent hakkının ilaç şirketlerine sağlamış olduğu yasal koruma ile insanların temel haklarından olan ilaçlara erişim hakkı arasında bir denge kurulması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, COVID-19 aşı ve ilaçlarından patent korumasının kaldırıp kaldırılamayacağı hususu benzer örnekler dikkate alınarak analiz edilecektir.

Analyzing the Systems Biology Effects of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines to Assess Their Safety and Putative Side Effects.

COVID-19 vaccines have been instrumental tools in reducing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infections around the world by preventing 80% to 90% of hospitalizations and deaths from reinfection, in addition to preventing 40% to 65% of symptomatic illnesses. However, the simultaneous large-scale vaccination of the global population will indubitably unveil heterogeneity in immune responses as well as in the propensity to developing post-vaccine adverse events, especially in vulnerable individuals. Herein, we applied a systems biology workflow, integrating vaccine transcriptional signatures with chemogenomics, to study the pharmacological effects of mRNA vaccines. First, we derived transcriptional signatures and predicted their biological effects using pathway enrichment and network approaches. Second, we queried the Connectivity Map (CMap) to prioritize adverse events hypotheses. Finally, we accepted higher-confidence hypotheses that have been predicted by independent approaches. Our results reveal that the mRNA-based BNT162b2 vaccine affects immune response pathways related to interferon and cytokine signaling, which should lead to vaccine success, but may also result in some adverse events. Our results emphasize the effects of BNT162b2 on calcium homeostasis, which could be contributing to some frequently encountered adverse events related to mRNA vaccines. Notably, cardiac side effects were signaled in the CMap query results. In summary, our approach has identified mechanisms underlying both the expected protective effects of vaccination as well as possible post-vaccine adverse effects. Our study illustrates the power of systems biology approaches in improving our understanding of the comprehensive biological response to vaccination against COVID-19.

Immunogenicity and Safety of an Inactivated Enterovirus 71 Vaccine Administered Simultaneously with Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine, Group A Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine, Measles-Rubella Combined Vaccine and Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine: A Multi-Center, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial in China.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the immunogenicity and safety of the enterovirus 71 vaccine (EV71 vaccine) administered alone or simultaneously. Methods: A multi-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial was performed involving 1080 healthy infants aged 6 months or 8 months from Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Hunan provinces. These infants were divided into four simultaneous administration groups and EV71 vaccine separate administration group. Blood samples were collected from the infants before the first vaccination and after the completion of the vaccination. This trial was registered in the Clinical Trials Registry (NCT03519568). Results: A total of 895 were included in the per-protocol analysis. The seroconversion rates of antibodies against EV71 in four simultaneous administration groups (98.44% (189/192), 94.57% (122/129), 99.47% (187/188) and 98.45% (190/193)) were non-inferior to EV71 vaccine separate administration group (97.93% [189/193]) respectively. Fever was the most common adverse event, the pairwise comparison tests showed no difference in the incidence rate of solicited, systemic or local adverse events. Three serious adverse events related to the vaccination were reported. Conclusions: The evidence of immunogenicity and safety supports that the EV71 vaccine administered simultaneously with vaccines need to be administered during the same period of time recommended in China.

Antibody response of sheep to simultaneous vaccination of foot-and-mouth disease, peste des petits ruminants, sheep pox and goat pox, and bluetongue vaccines.

There are many infectious animal diseases in T urkey and generally, vaccination is the primarly control strategy to combat them. However, it is difficult to apply all vaccines in a definite period in the field due to limitations of the labor and finance. Rapid vaccination and effective use of labor can be possible with the help of simultaneous vaccine administrations. The study aims to show the effects of simultaneous foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), peste des petits ruminants (PPR), sheep pox and goat pox (SGP), and bluetongue (BT) vaccine administration on the antibody response of sheep. For this aim, 30 sheep were divided into one experiment and 5 control groups. Blood samples were collected in each group at 0, 30 and 60 days post-vaccination (DPV). Immune response was measured with virus neutralization test (VNT) and, liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) for FMDV; VNT for BTV and PPR. A live virus challenge study was performed to determine the immune response of SGP vaccine. As a result, antibody titers for each vaccine agent decreased on 60 DPV with the simultaneous vaccination except FMD. The difference between means of antibody titer decrease with single and simultaneous vaccinations is significant especially for BTV and PPR vaccines at 60DPV (p<0.05). Briefly, this decreasing immune response of three live vaccines can be explained with the development of the interference, administration of these vaccines from the same injection site, the effect of cytokines, especially IL-10 effect of SGP vaccine. It was concluded that four vaccines can not be used simultaneously in sheep.

IL-10 Receptor Blockade Delivered Simultaneously with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Sustains Long-Term Protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice.

Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunization still remains the best vaccination strategy available to control the development of active tuberculosis. Protection afforded by BCG vaccination gradually wanes over time and although booster strategies have promise, they remain under development. An alternative approach is to improve BCG efficacy through host-directed therapy. Building upon prior knowledge that blockade of IL-10R1 during early Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection improves and extends control of M. tuberculosis infection in mice, we employed a combined anti-IL-10R1/BCG vaccine strategy. An s.c. single vaccination of BCG/anti-IL10-R1 increased the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ central memory T cells and reduced Th1 and Th17 cytokine levels in the lung for up to 7 wk postvaccination. Subsequent M. tuberculosis challenge in mice showed both an early (4 wk) and sustained long-term (47 wk) control of infection, which was associated with increased survival. In contrast, protection of BCG/saline-vaccinated mice waned 8 wk after M. tuberculosis infection. Our findings demonstrate that a single and simultaneous vaccination with BCG/anti-IL10-R1 sustains long-term protection, identifying a promising approach to enhance and extend the current BCG-mediated protection against TB.

Вірусні гепатити у жінок репродуктивного віку

Щорічно в Україні ризику вертикального інфікування гепатитом В і С піддаються близько 17 тис. новонароджених. Виявлення інфікованих жінок на етапі планування сім’ї є найкращим способом профілактики інфекції у новонароджених, у зв’язку з чим воно повинне виконуватися строго відповідно до встановлених норм. У разі виявлення гепатиту подальша тактика залежить від варіанту вірусу: при гепатиті С переважно лікування, що передує вагітності. При гепатиті В — вагітність з подальшою симультанною вакцинацією новонародженого. Противірусна терапія можлива при високому вірусному навантаженні з метою профілактики внутрішньоутробного інфікування. Схожої тактики слід дотримуватися і при екстракорпоральному заплідненні. Текст лекції ілюстрований клінічними прикладами. Лекція призначена для лікарів-інфекціоністів та акушерів-гінекологів.

A Combination of Deworming and Prime-Boost Vaccination Regimen Restores Efficacy of Vaccination Against Influenza in Helminth-Infected Mice.

Helminths still infect a quarter of the human population. They manage to establish chronic infections by downmodulating the immune system of their hosts. Consequently, the immune response of helminth-infected individuals to vaccinations may be impaired as well. Here we study the impact of helminth-induced immunomodulation on vaccination efficacy in the mouse system. We have previously shown that an underlying Litomosoides sigmodontis infection reduced the antibody (Ab) response to anti-influenza vaccination in the context of a systemic expansion of type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1). Most important, vaccine-induced protection from a challenge infection with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus (2009 pH1N1) was impaired in vaccinated, L. sigmodontis-infected mice. Here, we aim at the restoration of vaccination efficacy by drug-induced deworming. Treatment of mice with Flubendazole (FBZ) resulted in elimination of viable L. sigmodontis parasites in the thoracic cavity after two weeks. Simultaneous FBZ-treatment and vaccination did not restore Ab responses or protection in L. sigmodontis-infected mice. Likewise, FBZ-treatment two weeks prior to vaccination did not significantly elevate the influenza-specific Ig response and did not protect mice from a challenge infection with 2009 pH1N1. Analysis of the regulatory T cell compartment revealed that L. sigmodontis-infected and FBZ-treated mice still displayed expanded Tr1 cell populations that may contribute to the sustained suppression of vaccination responses in successfully dewormed mice. To outcompete this sustained immunomodulation in formerly helminth-infected mice, we finally combined the drug-induced deworming with an improved vaccination regimen. Two injections with the non-adjuvanted anti-influenza vaccine Begripal conferred 60% protection while MF59-adjuvanted Fluad conferred 100% protection from a 2009 pH1N1 infection in FBZ-treated, formerly L. sigmodontis-infected mice. Of note, applying this improved prime-boost regimen did not restore protection in untreated L. sigmodontis-infected mice. In summary our findings highlight the risk of failed vaccinations due to helminth infection.