Simultaneous TG-DTA Research Articles

Synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of five new trivalent lanthanide complexes of hydrazine and 3,3’-thiodipropanoic acid

Some new hydrazine complexes of trivalent lanthanide 3,3’-thiodipropanoates of empirical formulae [M(N2H5)(tdp)2] and [Pr(N2H5)(tdp)2·H2O], where M = La, Ce, Sm and Nd, H2tdp = 3,3’-thiodipropanoic acid, have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, mass, FTIR, Raman and electronic spectral, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and simultaneous TG–DTA techniques. The presence of bidentate carboxylate anion and coordinated N2H5 in these complexes are confirmed by IR spectra. TGA/DTA results confirmed that all the rare earth metal complexes give the corresponding metal carbonate (heating up to 1000 °C) through a metal oxalate intermediate. SEM images of Pr2O3 residue obtained from its complex show nano-sized clusters, thus the complex may be used as a precursor for nano-Pr2O3 preparation. The synthesized complexes show good antimicrobial activity against six bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Serratia species) and four fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium variance) as assessed by in vitro biological activity.

Mechanistic aspects of in - situ combustion synthesis: Low Temperature gadolinium oxide formation during the high temperature interactions between gadolinium nitrate hexahydrate and glycine through solid state route

Current studies describe the application of simultaneous TG–DTA–EGA(FTIR) techniques in the in-situ synthesis of nano - sized gadolinium oxide through solid state route, using the high temperature interactions between Gadolinium nitrate hexahydrate and Glycine through in-situ combustion. Individual decomposition behavior of gadolinium nitrate hexahydrate, glycine and their interaction, in three different mole ratios, has been studied in inert and oxidative environments and respective reaction mechanisms have been proposed. It has been confirmed through thermal studies that gadolinium nitrate hexahydrate and glycine decompose independently in fuel deficient mixture. Results obtained from TG – DTA – EGA (FTIR), EDS and PXRD match well and suggests the formation of Gd2O3 at 400 0C. These studies confirm the formation of Gd2O3 at low temperature in inert environment using stoichiometric and fuel excess ratio mixtures.

New Guanidinium and Aminoguanidinim Salts of 2-Hydroxypyridine-3-carboxylic acid: Preparation and spectral, structural, thermal, ADMET, biological, and molecular docking studies

The reaction of guanidine carbonate and aminoguanidine bicarbonate with 2-hydroxypyridine-3-carboxylic acid in various mole ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) resulted in the formation of the salts [GunH][C6H4NO3]▪H2O (1), [GunH][C12H9N2O6] ▪H2O (2), [GunH]2[C6H3NO3]▪H2O (3), [AmguH][C6H4NO3]▪H2O (4), [AmguH][C12H9N2O6] (5), and [AmguH]2[C6H3NO3]▪H2O (6) [where GunH+- guanidinium (+1) and AmguH+- aminoguanidinium (+1) salts]. Elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, and TG-DTA studies were used to identify and characterize the synthesized simple salts. All compounds were polycrystalline in nature, except (1), which was obtained as single crystal. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the structure of (1), which crystallizes in a monoclinic system with the P21/n space group, with molecular formula C7H12N4O4. FT-IR spectra of the aminoguanidinium salts reveal NN stretching frequencies in the range of 989–914 cm−1, indicating the presence of aminoguanidinium moiety. The NH2 protons of the guanidinium/aminoguanidinium moiety are assigned to the 7–7.5 δ signals in the 1H NMR signals for the simple salts (1)–(6). The thermal reactivity and stability of the as-prepared salts were investigated in air using simultaneous TG-DTA analysis. Except for compounds (5) and (6), the TG-DTA of all the salts showed dehydration followed by continuous decomposition to produce gaseous products. All the salts underwent endothermic decomposition followed by exothermic combustion in the temperatures range from 120 to 450 °C. Furthermore, the salts have appreciable drug-likeness characters according to Lipinski's regulations, as predicted by the in silico ADMET properties. Molecular docking studies of salts also revealed good binding affinity toward 3MIW, 4WM8, and 5IBV proteins. Among the six salts prepared, the diguanidinium salts showed good anticancer activity against human lung adenocarcinoma and human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines. The disk diffusion method was adopted to investigate the antibacterial activities of compounds (1)–(6) in vitro against two bacterial strains. All the salts displayed potential antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Recent Advances in Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Using First-Row Transition Metal Complexes as Catalyst

The precise use of an electrocatalyst for the HER reaction mainly depends on synthesis cost, durability, and over potential. Recently there is promising research for electrocatalyst synthesis using first-row transition metals. Working towards this herein we present synthesis, physio-chemical characterization, and hydrogen evolution activity of amino guanidium metal naphthoate complexes. The obtained electrocatalysts were characterized by element analysis, IR spectra, UV-Visible spectroscopy, TG-DTA, and powder-XRD. The thermal behavior of these compounds has been studied by simultaneous TG-DTA techniques. The isomorphic nature of the metal complexes is evident from powder-XRD data.

Synthesis, Crystal structure and thermal reactivity of [(N2H5)2Mn0.20Ni0.80(C2O4)2](H2O)2: A novel precursor to nickel-manganese oxide

A novel solid solution precursor, [(N 2 H 5 ) 2 Mn 0.20 Ni 0.80 (C 2 O 4 ) 2 ](H 2 O) 2 has been prepared and characterized by hydrazine analysis, CHN analyses, infrared spectrum, thermal degradation studies and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The single-crystal X-ray analysis reveals that the complex is centro-symmetric with distorted octahedral geometry. The metal center is occupied by both Mn 2+ and Ni 2+ ions coordinated by four carboxylate oxygen atoms from two bidentate oxalate 2− anions and two axial hydrazinium ions through nitrogen atoms which clearly define the distorted octahedral structure. Simultaneous TG-DTA of the complex shows three steps decomposition resulting in the formation of the mixed metal oxide (MnNi 6 O 8 ) as an end product. The chemical composition of mixed metal oxide obtained was confirmed from energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) data. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals that the nanocomposite is formed as aggregates. The zeta potential (ζ) value is 30.2 mV, which indicates the high stability of the oxide.

Metamorphic graphite from Szendr\u0151l\xe1d (Szendr\u0151 Mts., NE-Hungary) detected by simultaneous DTA-TG

Graphite, one of the polymorphic forms of carbon, has become a versatile industrial material of nowadays due to its particular attributes. It is used mainly in the automobile industry, metal extractive industry and in the high-tech industry. Moreover, it is also included in the list of critical raw materials for the EU. Our aim was to prove the presence of graphite by thermal analysis beyond X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Thermogravimetry yields comparable results with quantitative XRD. The formation conditions are described by Raman spectrometry and microscopy examinations of drill core samples from Szendrőlád (Szendrő Mts, NE-Hungary; (Szendrőlád Limestone Formation, middle-late Devonian, shelf-basin facies). Polished rock slabs were made for optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS) and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and thermal analysis (DTA-TG) measurements were made on powders. Based on our results, the graphite is epigenetic; its quantity varies between 1.5–3 mass% in the samples. It was developed in 20–50 μm sized flakes, which are often arranged in > 300 μm sized aggregates. Graphite was formed during regional metamorphism from the organic matter-rich shales. The average formation temperature, calculated from the results of Raman spectroscopy, is around 410 °C (± 30 °C). The Raman measurements also indicated the presence of a partially graphitized (disordered graphite) material beside graphite.

Corn starch incorporated with freeze-concentrated Ilex paraguariensis extracts: a potential nutraceutical product

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) traditionally grown in South America. Its extract contains bioactive compounds which are associated with pharmacological activities. Freeze-concentration (cryoconcentration) process allows the removal of water preserving the bioactive compounds in extracts. Furthermore, yerba mate extract incorporation into starches is promising for food and pharmaceutical uses. This process can be evaluated using simultaneous Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA). The aim of this study was to obtain corn starch incorporated with freeze-concentrated yerba mate extract. The evaluation of freeze-concentration was carried by extracts analyses of density, total dry matter and ash. The evaluation of yerba mate extract incorporation into corn starch was performed using simultaneous TG–DTA system. Density results revealed extracts different composition and dry matter indicated that compounds were concentrated at 0.576% ratio after freeze-concentration stage. Nevertheless, incorporated starches showed exothermic peaks in DTA curves at temperatures between 287 and 514 °C, which increased in intensity in agreement with freeze-concentration stages advance. Thus, yerba mate oxygenated compounds were incorporated into starches. Nutraceutical products can be obtained using the incorporation of yerba mate extract into starches; however, further studies are necessary to extend these applications.

SYNTHESIS, THERMAL REACTIVITY, AND ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES OF AMINOGUANIDINIUM SALTS OF ASPARTIC AND GLUTAMIC ACIDS

Objective: Our main scope and objectives are to prepare aminoguanidinium salts of amino acids and to characterize them using analytical, IR, and thermal studies, to study the mode of thermal decomposition of aminoguanidinium salts, and to characterize the antioxidants behavior of aminoguanidinium salts.
 Methods: Elemental analysis for C, H, and N was performed on a Vario ELIII elemental analyzer. The IR spectra were recorded on a JASCO-4100 spectrophotometer as KBr pellets in the range of 400–4000 cm-1. The simultaneous TG-DTA studies were under taken on a PerkinElmer SII thermal analyzer and the curves obtained in air using platinum cups as holders with ~ 3 mg of the samples at the heating rate of 10°C/min. The antioxidant capacities of different salts were estimated according to the literature procedure.
 Results: Aspartic acid forms bis-aminoguanidinium salt, whereas glutamic acid forms both mono- and bis-aminogunidinium salts. The IR spectral data of the aminogunidinium salts of aforesaid acids show N-N stretching frequencies in the region 1110–1202 cm-1 revealing the presence of aminoguanidinium moiety.
 Conclusion: The antioxidant properties of these salts were studied using ferric reducing antioxidant power and phosphomolybdenum assay. Results showed significant ferric reducing power which indicated the hydrogen-donating ability of the extract.

Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Luminescent Properties of Ni(II) Complex Bearing 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl and Isothiocyanate Ligands for OLED Applications

An octahedral Ni(II) complex viz. diisothiocyanatobis(dmbpy)nickel(II) (3) based on 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′- bipyridine (dmbpy) ligand was prepared by conventional method under mild reaction conditions. Besides analyzing FT-IR spectrum and the determination of percentages of atoms of elements, a thorough investigation of thermal and photophysical properties of the present complex was carried out. Diffuse reflectance spectrum of the complex scanned in the range 200-1100 nm displayed a prominent peak at 455 nm, with exhibiting reflectance percentage of 45. The measured band gap energy of the complex obtained by following Kubelka-Munk (K-M) function was found to be 2.18 eV. The photoluminescence spectra that incorporated excitation and emission spectra exposed the likely possibility of emission of blue light by the complex, for which the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.3009, 0.2942) were calculated. A fairly high thermal stability of the synthesized complex with the incorporation of thiocyanate ligands, practically confirmed by simultaneous TG-DTA measurements, could be explored for application as an emissive layer in the fabrication of OLED devices.

Simple and facile synthesis of pure nanocrystalline spinel cobaltite by thermal decomposition of solid solution precursors

Water assisted cobalt quinolinate complex with general formula [Co(Hqui)2(H2O)2], is used as the solid solution precursors for the synthesis of the spinel cobaltite at low temperature by convenient method (i.e., thermal decomposition). The cobalt precursor was characterized by spectroscopic, thermal and powder X-ray diffraction studies. The crystal and molecular structure of cobalt quinolinate complex is crystallized in monoclinic crystal system with P21/n space group. Generally, the quinolinate anion acts as a tridentate ligand to create polymeric structure, but in this complex, the anion attains bidentate (O, N) mode to generate monomeric structure and it is rare. The parent quinolinic acid (H2qui; λem. = 383 nm) and its complex displays a strong fluorescence emission at 405 nm when excitation at 330 nm. The compound exhibits endo-followed by exothermic decomposition to produce cobalt oxides around 450 °C by simultaneous TG–DTA method. The cobaltite (Co3O4) derived from the cobalt quinolinate solid solution precursor are obtained by heating the complex at 450, 550 and 650 °C in a silica crucible for 3 h in muffle furnace. The high homogeneity of spinel cobaltite nanoparticles were characterized by infrared, UV–Visible, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope coupled with EDX analysis and transmission electron microscope studies. The characterization shows that the spinel cobaltite oxide is highly homogenous and nano crystalline nature (~ 70 nm).

Clean and dry route of synthesis of C60/polyvinylpyrrolidone composite using supercritical carbon dioxide

In the present investigation, we have studied polymerization of (a) vinylpyrrolidone (VP) and (b) VP with C60 molecule applying various supercritical conditions with 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as a catalyst. Products hence obtained are polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and fullerene-polyvinylpyrrolidone (C60/PVP) polymers. With polymerization reaction, the yield of corresponding C60–PVP polymers was significantly affected under applied concentrations of AIBN (304.5–1218.0 × 10−3 mol/dL) supercritical pressure (1200–1800 psi), temperature (C60 90 ± 1°) and time (3–6 h). The concentration of VP ranged 7.04–12.59 × 10−3 mol/dL. The samples of the synthesized C60/PVP polymer with lowest (24.8%) and highest (45.0%) yields were characterized using UV–Vis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, laser-induced breakdown spectra, scanning electron microscopy and simultaneous TG–DTA–DSC. The morphology of the C60/PVP polymers was confirmed by scanning electron micrographs which indicates the existence of separated C60 phases with heterogeneous morphology in corresponding C60/PVP polymers in all the cases. Simultaneous TG–DTA–DSC revealed enhanced thermal stability of C60/PVP.

A hybrid perchlorate with a low band gap: Crystal structure, physicochemical characterization and Hirshfeld surfaces study

The anhydrous hybrid material (C6H10N2) (ClO4)2 has been synthesized by the slow evaporation method. X-ray diffraction on a single crystal shows that this compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system with the centrosymmetric space group P21/c. The 2D supramolecular network is stabilized by NH⋯O interactions whereas the van der Waals contacts play a key role in the consolidation of the 3D packing as verified by Hirshfeld surface analysis in combination with 2D fingerprint plots. The 13C CP-MAS NMR spectrum is in agreement with the X-ray structure. DFT calculations allowed the attribution of the NMR peaks. FT-IR spectrum confirms the presence of various functional groups in the synthesized material. The thermal stability, phase transition and degradation, of this material has been studied using simultaneous TG-DTA. The gap between the frontier molecular orbitals is about 1.53 eV suggesting that the studied compound is a semiconducting material.

Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Thermal and X-Ray Structure of Aminoguanidinium and Hydrazinium Uranyl Trichloroacetates

New aminoguanidinium and hydrazinium uranyl complexes of trichloroacetate with formulae H2(HAgun)2[UO2(Cl3COO)5](NO3 ) (1) and (N2H5)[UO2(Cl3COO)3] (2) where HAgun is aminoguanidinium cation have been prepared in aqueous media and charaterized by analytical, spectral, thermal and X-ray crystallographic studies. The electronic spectra of the complexes confirm the presence of uranyl cation in the molecules. The infrared spectra of the complexes show the N-N stretching frequency of aminoguanidinium in the range of 1100 cm-1 and for hydrazinium in the range of 970 cm-1 conforming their ionic nature. The simultaneous TG-DTA of both the complexes show two step degradation to yield U3O8 as the final residue which was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction. The structural morphology of U3O8 has been studied by SEM technique. The crystal structure of compound1 reveals seven coordination around uranium with pentagonal bipyramidal geometry. Aminoguanidinium cations and nitrate anion are present outside the coordination sphere as charge compensating species. However, for hydrazine complex hexagonal bipyramidal geometry has been assigned on the basis of analytical and spectral studies.

Kinetic study of the energetic reuse from torrefied sewage sludge and urban pruning blends

Disposal of solid waste demands a high cost and causes significant environmental impacts. However, this waste can be converted into fuels by thermochemical processes due to the high content of the volatile materials and can be reused to produce energy. This study evaluated the production of renewable energy from solid waste such sewage sludge, urban pruning, and a blend composed of 50% urban pruning and 50% sewage sludge, after subjecting the samples to a torrefaction at 260 °C. The experiments were carried out using approximately 7 mg of each sample, under nitrogen atmosphere, at different heating rates (5, 10 and 20 °C min−1), and the temperature ranged from room temperature to 700 °C in simultaneous TG–DTA. For the determination of kinetic parameters, a local linear integral isoconversional method analogous to the Wanjun–Donghua method was used. From approximate and ultimate analysis, the higher heating values of the samples were determined. The results indicated that the blend presented a reduction in the moisture content (5.93–3.68%), 50% in volume and 31.8% in mass. Moreover, the sample became more hydrophobic because it incorporated 33.8% less humidity after torrefaction. The higher heating value increased from 20.36 to 32.15 MJ kg−1. The kinetic study showed that the average activation energy of the blend (138 kJ mol−1) was lower than the individual samples due to the synergism effect between them. The blend is converted to renewable fuel, minimizing environmental impacts and giving a noble destiny to the waste.

Physicochemical Characterization of Robusta Spent Coffee Ground Oil for Biodiesel Manufacturing

Oil extracted from spent coffee ground (SCG) has been well known as a potential feedstock for high quality biodiesel production. This work was to investigate extraction, physical and chemical characterizations of Robusta coffee oil (CO) and its application for biodiesel production. Analysis of seven coffee ground (CG) samples showed that oil content in CGs depended on technique of the manufacturer. Morphological changes of CGs surface were recorded by FESEM technique which showed the particle size significantly increased with the oil loss. Infrared spectroscopies revealed absence of SCG oil in the de-oiled SCG, confirmed that soxhlet method in hexane was used efficiently for the oil extraction. Thermal properties of SCG oil, fresh coffee ground (FCG), SCG and de-oiled SCG samples were investigated by simultaneous TG–DTA measurement. The obtained data showed the oil content relating to thermal changes of SCG samples. Comparison between chemical components of Robusta coffee bean (RCB) and SCG reflected a fact that most of oil content in the SCG could be originated in manufacturing process of FCG. Quality biodiesel product has prepared from SCG oils via a two-step process. After pre-treatment process, transesterification of SCG oils was carried out with methanol (v/v, 30%) and NaOH (w/v, 1%) in yield 89.2%.

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION AND KINETIC STUDIES OF TANNIC ACID USING MODEL FREE-METHODS

In this manuscript, thermal and kinetic features of a tannic acid was studied by simultaneous TG-DTA techniques in the nitrogen atmosphere at four heating rate. It was observed that thermal decomposition of its constituents occurred in two steps. Model free isoconversional methods namely modified Coast-Redfern (CR), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Freidman (FR) were used for revelation of decomposition kinetics (Ea and lnA) on the whole range of temperature. Mechanisms of decomposition process have been found to follow first order of decomposition rate. Reaction order does not have a substantial effect on the process because of the high value of pre-exponential factor. It was observed that, at the last stage of decomposition process, value of activation energy and pre-exponential factor increased. Decomposition of tannic acid was confirmed by IR spectroscopy.

Synthesis, characterization and thermal decomposition of tetramethylammonium rare earth double selenates

A series of double selenates, as (CH3)4NLn(SeO4)24H2O (Ln = Rare earth ion like La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy) was crystallized from mixed solution and characterized in detail for their structure, vibrational and optical properties as well as thermal stabilities. The crystal structure of the praseodymium compound was obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) and revealed a monoclinic (C2/c) lattice with chains formed by PrO8 and SeO4 units. The chains with compositions [Pr(SeO4)4(H2O)4]─ are stacked in three dimensions and the (CH3)4N+ ions located in between them provide charge neutrality to the structure. The characterization of other compounds were carried out from powder XRD data and revealed that they all are isostructural to Pr-compound. All the functional groups were identified by Raman and IR spectroscopic studies. Solid state 77Se NMR revealed noticeable changes in selenium environment in these compounds. The optical absorption studies on the compounds show strong band edge absorptions in UV region. Thermal stabilities of the compounds, as investigated by simultaneous TG-DTA techniques indicate their sequential decompositions due to loss of H2O, (CH3)4N+ group, SeO2 and finally leaving their corresponding rare earth oxides.

Syntheses, characterizations, crystal structures, antibacterial and SOD-like activities of nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes with 2-((Z)-(4-methoxyphenylimino)methyl)-4,6-dichlorophenol

Three mononuclear nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes, [Ni(L)2(py)2] (1), [Ni(L)2(DMF)(H2O)] (2), and [Cu(L)2] (3), where HL = 2-((Z)-(4-methoxyphenylimino)methyl)-4,6-dichlorophenol, py = pyridine and DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide, have been synthesized and their structures determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. Complexes 1–3 crystallized in the monoclinic system of the space groups C2/c, P21/n, and P21/c, respectively. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 present an octahedral geometry at the metal center and 3 shows a square-planar geometry. The FT-IR spectra, UV–vis spectra, and magnetic susceptibility measurements agree with the observed crystal structures. EPR spectra indicate a dx2–y2 ground state (g|| > g⊥ > 2.0023 and A|| > A⊥) for 3 at RT and LNT. The results of simultaneous TG-DTA analyses of 1 and 3 showed the final degradation products are NiO for 1 and CuO for 3. The Schiff base (HL) behaves as monobasic bidentate ligand possessing N and O donor atoms. Electrochemical properties for the complexes are similar and involve two irreversible redox processes. Complex 3 exhibits the ability to inhibit jack bean urease, although its Schiff base has no ability to inhibit urease. Complex 1 exhibits more active scavenging effects against O2− than HL, 2 and 3 under the same conditions. Antibacterial screening activities of these complexes were also investigated.

Intermediate products characterization and thermal decomposition mechanism of potassium tetraoxalate during in-situ synthesis of potassium carbonate

Current studies describe the application of simultaneous TG–DTA–FTIR techniques in the in-situ synthesis of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) from the thermal decomposition of potassium tetraoxalate dihydrate [KH3(C2O4)2.2H2O]. Progress of the decomposition reactions with increasing temperatures was monitored online through TG mass loss, corresponding heat effects and evolved gases. Sequential formation of anhydrous potassium tetraoxalate, potassium hydrogen oxalate [KHC2O4] and potassium oxalate [K2C2O4] was confirmed using thermal, ATR − FTIR and PXRD measurements. The intermediate potassium oxalate undergoes structural transformation and then decomposes to potassium carbonate by the temperature of 600 °C. PXRD measurements confirm the formation of K2CO3 and the results are in agreement with ATR − FTIR and thermal analysis.

A first report on the crystal structure of hydrazine based solid solution precursor, Mn0.61Zn0.39(OOCCH[dbnd]NNH2)2(H2O)2

A novel mixed metal complex, [Mn0.61Zn0.39(OOCCHNNH2)2(H2O)2] has been synthesized and characterized by hydrazine and metal analyses, CHN analyses, infrared spectra, simultaneous TG-DTA and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The structure of the complex has been determined by X-ray single crystal study which clearly reveals that the octahedral site is occupied by two metal ions (viz., Mn and Zn) around which two hydrazoneglyoxylate ligands (OOCCHNNH2) coordinate in a bidentate chelating fashion. Two water molecules occupy the remaining two other sites of a slightly distorted octahedron with C2 axis of symmetry. The infrared spectrum reveals the monodentate coordination behavior of carboxylate ions and coordination of water molecules. The simultaneous TG-DTA traces are in accordance with the formation of mixed metal oxide (spinel oxide) as an end product. The high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) images show the presence of irregularly shaped agglomerated particles of sub-micron size. The zeta potential value for mixed metal oxide is −33.1mV, which indicates the stability of the oxide.