Simultaneous Determination Of Codeine Research Articles

Design of a New Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with TiO2 Nanoparticles to Use in an Electrochemical Study of Codeine and Simultaneous Determination of Codeine and Acetaminophen in Human Plasma Serum Samples

AbstractA new electrochemical sensor was fabricated via TiO2 nanoparticles onto a carbon paste electrode. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) studied the response of the modified electrode toward codeine. The effects of pH, modifier amount, pulse amplitude, and scan rate of potential have been examined. Using DPV, we could measure simultaneously codeine and acetaminophen in one mixture. The detection limits of 0.018 and 0.050 µmol L−1 were achieved for codeine and acetaminophen, respectively. The electrooxidation pathway, transfer coefficient, and standard rate constant, are estimated. The proposed voltammetric sensor was successfully applied to determination of codeine and acetaminophen in human plasma serum samples.

Simultaneous determination of codeine and caffeine using single-walled carbon nanotubes modified carbon-ceramic electrode

In the present paper, the simultaneous determination of codeine (CO) and caffeine (CF) is described by the use of single-walled carbon nanotubes modified carbon-ceramic electrode (SWCNT/CCE); prepared via a simple and rapid method. The results show that the SWCNT/CCE exhibits excellent electrochemical catalytic activity toward the oxidation of these compounds with respect to the bare CCE and offers two anodic peaks at 1.05 and 1.38V vs. saturated calomel electrode for oxidation of CO and CF, respectively. Differential pulse voltammetry was used for simultaneous determination of CO and CF at micromolar concentration level. In the optimum conditions, it is found that the calibration graphs for CO and CF are linear in the concentration ranges 0.2–230 and 0.4–300μM with detection limits of 0.11 and 0.25μM for CO and CF, respectively. The SWCNT/CCE presents good stability, reproducibility, and repeatability and the proposed method has been successfully applied for determination of CO and CF in some pharmaceutical, drinking and biological samples with high recovery rate.

Two new electrochemical methods for fast and simultaneous determination of codeine and diclofenac

In this paper, we present two new electrochemical methods for fast and simultaneous determination of codeine (CO) and diclofenac (DCF). The first one is based on batch injection analysis with amperometric detection (BIA-MPA) and the second one is based on capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C(4)D). The proposed BIA-MPA method is highly-precise (RSD of 1.1% and 0.9% for DCF and CO, respectively; n=10), fast (300 injections h(-1)) and has low detection limits (1.1 and 1.0 µmol L(-1) for DCF and CO, respectively). The proposed CE-C(4)D method allows the determination of CO and DFC in less than 1 min with high precision (RSD of 0.3% and 0.7% for DCF and CO, respectively; n=10) and low detection limits (11 and 21 µmol L(-1) for DCF and CO, respectively). Both proposed methods were applied to the determination of CO and DCF in pharmaceutical samples with similar results to those achieved by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at a 95% confidence level.

Simultaneous voltammetric and amperometric determination of morphine and codeine using a chemically modified-palladized aluminum electrode

In the present paper the use of Prussian blue film modified-palladized aluminum electrode (PB/Pd-Al) prepared by a simple and rapid electroless method for the determination of codeine (CO) and morphine (MO) is described. In the first part of the work the oxidation of CO and MO at the modified electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The electro-oxidation pathway for the both two compounds in the neutral medium (pH 6) was suggested. In optimum conditions the hydrodynamic amperometry was used for the determination of CO and MO at the μM concentration level. It is found that the calibration graphs of CO and MO are linear in the concentration ranges 2–30 and 2–50 μM, respectively. The detection limit of the method was about 0.8 μM. The possibility of using differential pulse voltammetry as well as hydrodynamic amperometry for simultaneous determination of CO and MO at a mixture solution is demonstrated.

Simultaneous Determination of Codeine, Morphine, Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone, Oxycodone, and 6-Acetylmorphine in Urine, Serum, Plasma, Whole Blood, and Meconium by LC-MS-MS

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for simultaneous analysis of six major opiates in urine, serum, plasma, whole blood, and meconium is described. The six opiates included are codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM). The method was compared to an in-house gas chromatography (GC)-MS method and an LC-MS-MS method performed by another laboratory. The sample preparation time was decreased by eliminating the glucuronide hydrolysis and derivatization required for GC-MS analysis, as well as by adapting the solid-phase extraction to elute directly into autosampler vials. These improvements illustrate the advantages of an LC-MS-MS method over a GC-MS method for opiates. The structural similarity of these six opiates and others in the opiate class causes a high potential for interference and false-positive results. Twelve opiate analogues and metabolites were evaluated for interference. The potential for interference was reduced by altering the MRM transitions chosen for the six opiates. The increased specificity of LC-MS-MS decreased the interference rate in urine to 3.9% compared to 13.6% on the in-house GC-MS method. The rate of positivity for 6-AM in meconium is described for the first time. In urine, 11.0% of morphine positive specimens were also positive for 6-AM compared to 8.3% in serum/plasma and 0.9% in meconium. Although 6-AM is infrequent in meconium, it provides a definitive proof of illegal heroin abuse by the pregnant mother. This method has been routinely used in our laboratory over the last 6 months on more than 1500 patient specimens.

Development and validation of a capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of codeine, diphenhydramine, ephedrine and noscapine in pharmaceuticals

The present work describes a simple, accurate and rapid method for the separation and simultaneous determination of codeine, diphenhydramine, ephedrine and noscapine present in cough–cold syrup formulations by capillary zone electrophoresis. Factors affecting the separation were the buffer pH and concentration, applied voltage, and presence of additives. Separations were carried out in less than 10 min with a 20 mM sodium tetraborate buffer, pH 8.50. The carrier electrolyte gave baseline separation with good resolution, great reproducibility and accuracy. Calibration plots were linear over at least three orders of magnitude of analyte concentrations, the lower limits of detection being within the range 0.42–1.33 μg ml –1. Detection was performed by UV absorbance at wavelengths of 205 and 250 nm. Quantification of the components in actual syrup formulations was calculated against the responses of freshly prepared external standard solutions. The method was validated and met all analysis requirements of quality assurance and quality control. The procedure was fast and reliable and commercial pharmaceuticals could be analyzed without prior sample clean-up procedure.

Simultaneous Determination of Codeine and Pyridoxine in Pharmaceutical Preparations by First-Derivative Spectrofluorimetry

A method for the simultaneous determination of codeine and pyridoxine was developed, based on the measurement of their native fluorescence signals, by using first-derivative spectrofluorimetry to resolve the mixture. Codeine was measured at lambda(em) = 309 nm, and pyridoxine was measured at lambda(em) = 450 nm. Instrumental parameters were optimized, and the emission spectra were recorded between 275 and 475 nm, at lambda(ex) = 255 nm and excitation and emission slit widths of 2.5 and 10 nm, respectively. Systematic studies on the influence of species usually present along with the analytes (such as caffeine, ascorbic acid, paracetamol, and thiamine) were also performed. The calibration graphs were linear over the ranges of 0.5-7.0 and 0.1-1.0 microg/mL for codeine and pyridoxine, respectively, and the relative standard deviations (n = 10) were about 3%. The method was successfully applied to the determination of codeine and pyridoxine in solutions of synthetic mixtures and in synthetic and semisynthetic pharmaceutical formulations.

The simultaneous determination of codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, 6-acetylmorphine, and oxycodone in hair and oral fluid.

Recently, the abuse of prescription opiates as alternatives to heroin has become a national concern. The determination of a six-drug opiate panel, codeine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and oxycodone, in hair and oral fluid using solid-phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is described. Oral fluid was obtained from the donor by insertion of absorptive collectors into the mouth. Hair was collected from the patient and powdered using stainless steel ball bearings in a mini bead-beater apparatus. Opiates present in the samples were extracted from a buffered, aqueous matrix using a solid-phase cartridge. The extracts were concentrated and the methoxime/BSTFA derivatives prepared in order to eliminate interference from the keto-opiates. The extracts were separated by GC-MS in electron impact mode. By utilizing methoxyamine, we were able to produce the methoxime derivatives required for single derivative production and chromatographically separate all six opiates. The routine analysis of these opiates in hair and oral fluid using GC-MS is described for the first time.

Simultaneous determination of codeine and it seven metabolites in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and electrochemical detection

A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the measurement of codeine and its seven metabolites, norcodeine, morphine, normorphine, codeine-6-glucuronide, morphine-6-glucuronide, morphine-3-glucuronide and norcodeine glucuronide, in plasma and urine. The compounds were recovered from plasma and urine using solid-phase extraction with C 18 cartridges and separated on a reversed-phase C 8 column with a mobile phase consisting of 77% buffer (5 m M sodium phosphate monobasic and 0.70 m M sodium dodecyl sulfate, pH 2.35) and 23% acetonitrile. Codeine, norcodeine, codeine-6-glucuronide, norcodeine glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide were detected by ultraviolet detection at 214 nm, with a detection limit of 0.02 nmol/ml for each compound in plasma. Morphine-6-glucuronide, normorphine and morphine were monitored by electrochemical detection at 350 mV, with a detection limit of 0.003 nmol/ml for each compound in plasma. The assay showed good reproducibility and accuracy using external standardization. The recovery and inter-day variation for all compounds in plasma samples were 63.40–77.90% and 3.49–16.77% (R.S.D.) and while in urine were 64.98–90.13% and 2.93–9.96% (R.S.D.), respectively.

Simultaneous determination of codeine, norcodeine and morphine in biological fluids by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

A novel high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of codeine, norcodeine and morphine in plasma and urine has been developed. The compounds were separated on a cyano column (15 cm×4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) using a mobile phase of acetonitrile-triethylamine-distilled water (4:0.1:95.9, v/v) pH 3.1 and then determined by fluorescence detection. Calibration curves in the range 5–200 ng/ml for plasma and 0.1–10 μg/ml for urine were linear and passed through the origin. The imprecision and inaccuracy of the assay were less than 10% and the limits of detection were 2 ng/ml for all three compounds in human plasma.

Simultaneous Determination of Codeine and Morphine in Urine and Blood by HPLC

A procedure is presented for the determination of nanogram quantities of codeine and morphine in biological specimens by HPLC. The quantitative method is based on hydrolysis of the urine samples followed by basic extraction of urine and blood with organic solvents. Separation by liquid chromatography is a reverse phase system on a Spherisorb-CN (5 micron) column with a mobile phase of 40% methanol and phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. The method separated the opiates for screening purposes and was used for confirmation of morphine detected by radioimmunoassay.

Simultaneous determination of codeine and morphine in biological samples by gas chromatography with electron capture detection.

A sensitive gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of codeine and morphine in plasma and brain samples is described. The method involves solvent extraction of the compounds from plasma, derivatization with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and subsequent separation on a 3% OV-17 column. The quantification is performed with electron capture detection. The sensitivity of the method (0.75 ng of morphine and 7.5 ng of codeine in a sample) makes it especially useful for pharmacokinetic investigations. The method was successfully applied to determine the time course of codeine and its metabolite morphine after intravenous administration of codeine to the rat.