Simultaneous Creation Research Articles

Programmable Activation of Quantum Emitters in High‐Purity Silicon with Focused Carbon Ion Beams

AbstractCarbon implantation at the nanoscale is highly desired for the engineering of defect‐based qubits in a variety of materials, including silicon, diamond, silicon carbide (SiC) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). However, the lack of focused carbon ion beams does not allow for the full disclosure of their potential for application in quantum technologies. Here, a carbon source for focused ion beams is developed and utilized for the simultaneous creation of two types of quantum emitters in silicon, the W and G centers. Furthermore, a multi‐step implantation protocol is applied for the programmable activation of the G centers with a spatial resolution better than 250 nm. This approach provides a route for significant enhancement of the creation yield of single G centers in carbon‐free silicon wafers, including commercial silicon‐on‐insulator wafers. The experimental demonstration is an important step toward nanoscale engineering of telecom quantum emitters in silicon of high crystalline quality and isotope purity.

Microscale Flow Control and Droplet Generation Using Arduino-Based Pneumatically-Controlled Microfluidic Device.

Microfluidics are crucial for managing small-volume analytical solutions for various applications, such as disease diagnostics, drug efficacy testing, chemical analysis, and water quality monitoring. The precise control of flow control devices can generate diverse flow patterns using pneumatic control with solenoid valves and a microcontroller. This system enables the active modulation of the pneumatic pressure through Arduino programming of the solenoid valves connected to the pressure source. Additionally, the incorporation of solenoid valve sets allows for multichannel control, enabling simultaneous creation and manipulation of various microflows at a low cost. The proposed microfluidic flow controller facilitates accurate flow regulation, especially through periodic flow modulation beneficial for droplet generation and continuous production of microdroplets of different sizes. Overall, we expect the proposed microfluidic flow controller to drive innovative advancements in technology and medicine owing to its engineering precision and versatility.

Integrating prior field knowledge as key documents with main path analysis utilizing key-node path search

The integration of prior field knowledge in analytical or modeling processes is generally considered favorable across various disciplines, yet its utilization in Main Path Analysis (MPA) has been limited to gathering documents or validating the obtained main paths (MPs). This study envisions that prior knowledge about a field can be embodied in certain key documents that are considered seminal or crucial to the field's development. A so-called key-node path search is then employed to produce MPs that capture a distinct knowledge flow centering around these key documents. This study further proposes a unified approach that automatically and simultaneously produces the key-document MPs alongside the traditional MPs. Through this unified approach, the focused knowledge flow through the key documents and the field's overall knowledge flow, as revealed by the traditional MPs, can be concurrently observed to see how they interact, thereby providing additional insights into the field's development. Not only may the key-document MPs capture a meaningful development trajectory, but their complement to the traditional MPs can also hint at their respective representativeness. To establish this unified approach, this study formally demonstrates how the traditional MPs can be produced with key-node path searches, enabling their simultaneous creation alongside the key-document MPs. A case study is conducted based on patents in the field of Evolutionary Computation from an official artificial intelligence patent dataset to demonstrate the application of this unified approach.

Single-atom Mn sites confined into hierarchically porous core–shell nanostructures for improved catalysis of oxygen reduction

Applications of zinc-air batteries are partially limited by the slow kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR); Thus, developing effective strategies to address the compatibility issue between performance and stability is crucial, yet it remains a significant challenge. Here, we propose an in situ gas etching-thermal assembly strategy with an in situ-grown graphene-like shell that will favor Mn anchoring. Gas etching allows for the simultaneous creation of mesopore-dominated carbon cores and ultrathin carbon layer shells adorned entirely with highly dispersed Mn-N4 single-atom sites. This approach effectively resolves the compatibility issue between activity and stability in a single step. The unique core–shell structure allows for the full exposure of active sites and effectively prevents the agglomerations and dissolution of Mn-N4 sites in cores. The corresponding half-wave potential for ORR is up to 0.875 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) in 0.1 M KOH. The gained catalyst (Mn-N@Gra-L)-assembled zinc-air battery has a high peak power density (242 mW cm−2) and a durability of ∼ 115 h. Furthermore, replacing the zinc anode achieved a stable cyclic discharge platform of ∼ 20 h at varying current densities. Forming more fully exposed and stable existing Mn-N4 sites is a governing factor for improving the electrocatalytic ORR activity, significantly cycling durability, and reversibility of zinc-air batteries.

Job Creation and Job Destruction in Indian Manufacturing

The reallocation of jobs is crucial in determining the movement of workers, the unemployment rate, the wage dynamics, the life cycle of firms and industries and the aggregate productivity growth. This article analyses job reallocation in terms of simultaneous establishment-level job creation and job destruction in Indian organised manufacturing. The study employs longitudinal data from the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) from 2004–2005 to 2014–2015 and the methodology stated in Davis and Haltiwanger (1992) to analyse job reallocation. During the expansionary periods, job creation and job destruction were rising, while during the contractionary period from 2008 to 2009 onwards, job creation declined, whereas job destruction was constant. The reallocations of jobs varied substantially across the narrow heterogeneous sectors defined by observable plant characteristics. The rate of these simultaneous job creation and destruction processes is high for many establishments and accounts for a significant portion of worker reallocation. However, the consistency of these newly created and destroyed jobs is low. Theories like ‘passive learning’ and ‘between-sector employment shifts’ partially explain this phenomenon of high job reallocation. The study provides useful policy insights to improve manufacturing employment during the process of frequent job creation and destruction, especially in a developing economy. JEL Codes: J01, J23, J21, J40, F63

The Evolution of Perspectives on the role of Digitalisation in the Development of Labour Relations and Human Resources Policy

Digital transformation has a significant impact on the labor market as a whole and on social and labor relations within each individual organization. This study examines the evolution of perspectives on the application of information technologies in the functioning of the organizational unit responsible for Human Resources. Study use a comprehensive chronological analysis of over 70 scientific works published from the 1970s to the present. Results indicate that an increase in the intensity of the influence of information technologies on the Human Resources, as well as on social-labor relationships. This influence has evolved, starting from the use of computers as a means of storing personnel information and the potential for remote working, and culminating in the global impact of modern information technologies on social-labor relationships and labor market – the emergence of new forms of employment, changes in the job management, the simultaneous creation of new jobs and the threat to many existing ones. Additionally, study introduces analysis of the evolution of perspectives on the ethical component of digitalizing labor relations and personnel policy.

The impact of interfacial characteristics on the interfacial properties of 316 L/CuSn10 multi-material manufactured by laser powder bed fusion

Multi-material additive manufacturing (MMAM) enables the simultaneous creation of multi-material components in a single process, accomplishing customized different performances in specific regions of the same components. In particular, the copper-steel multi-material structure can provide considerable strength and high thermal conductivity, thus playing a crucial role in electronic components, heat exchangers and injection molds. However, few studies have explored the relationship between the microstructure and properties of the copper-steel fusion zone. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the heterogeneous evolution of the microstructure in the copper/steel fusion zone and its impact on the interfacial properties of 316 L/CuSn10 multi-material structure fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). We characterized the multi-layer specimens using laser confocal microscopy and SEM to obtain the macroscopic and microscopic microstructure, liquid metal embrittlement (LME) microcrack characteristics and precipitation evolution of the copper-steel fusion zone. The generation of liquid phase separation (LPS) was explored based on block specimens, and the textural characteristics of the fusion zone were analyzed using EBSD. As a result, because of multiple element precipitation and the high thermal conductivity of copper alloy, abrupt grain size changes occur in the fusion zone, affecting the fusion zone's corrosion resistance and nano-hardness. In tensile tests analyzing the anisotropy, the results show that LME microcracks have little impact on the interfacial bonding properties of the copper-steel bimetallic structure, among which the ultimate tensile strength of the specimens formed at 30° to the substrate reached a maximum of 562.9 MPa. These findings add substantially to our understanding of the relationship between the microstructure and properties of copper-steel bimetallic interface, and provide a theoretical reference for additive manufacturing copper-steel multi-material components.

Barsova Gora I/23 Settlement of the Beloyarskaya Culture: Technology and Morphology of Ceramics

Purpose. At the beginning of the second quarter of the 1st millennium B.C. in the Surgut Ob region, the beloyarskaya culture was formed based on the preceding cultures of the Late Bronze Age – the barsovskaya and atlymskaya cultures, and as a result of their interaction. The technical and technological analysis of Beloyarskaya culture ceramics from the Barsova Gora I/23 settlement, including a fragment of a wall with an anthropomorphic image on it, was carried out.Results. The vessels were created using tin clay of low-sanded clay. The product with an anthropomorphic image is made of another clay selected from the river or floodplain. One recipe is defined for pottery of the beloyarskaya culture – Clay + Chamot + Organic solution. The product with an anthropomorphic image is made according to a different recipe – Clay + Broken stone. The anthropomorphic image on the vessel outer surface was made using a tool with a sharpened edge. It is determined that the anthropomorphic image was made on wet clay, after which the vessel was fired. This confirms the simultaneous creation of the vessel and its decoration with an anthropomorphic image. The stratigraphic and planning data allows us to synchronize the complex of ceramics of the beloyarskaya culture and the vessel with an anthropomorphic image on it, as all the analyzed ceramics was found inside one dwelling 1.Conclusion. The vessel with an anthropomorphic image differs from other ceramics from the Barsova Gora I/23 settlement in its appearance and technology. This indicates that this vessel was made according to the pottery tradition uncharacteristic for the settlement of Barsova Gora I/23. Perhaps this vessel got there in the course of interaction with another population group of the beloyarskaya culture.

An Automated Item Pool Assembly Framework for Maximizing Item Utilization for CAT

AbstractComputerized adaptive testing (CAT) has gained deserved popularity in the administration of educational and professional assessments, but continues to face test security challenges. To ensure sustained quality assurance and testing integrity, it is imperative to establish and maintain multiple stable item pools that are consistent in terms of psychometric characteristics and content specifications. This study introduces the Honeycomb Pool Assembly (HPA) framework, an innovative solution for the construction of multiple parallel item pools for CAT that maximizes item utilization in the item bank. The HPA framework comprises two stages—cell assembly and pool assembly—and uses a mixed integer programming modeling approach. An empirical study demonstrated HPA's effectiveness in creating a large number of parallel pools using a real‐world high‐stakes CAT assessment item bank. The HPA framework offers several advantages, including (a) simultaneous creation of multiple parallel pools, (b) simplification of item pool maintenance, and (c) flexibility in establishing statistical and operational constraints. Moreover, it can help testing organizations efficiently manage and monitor the health of their item banks. Thus, the HPA framework is expected to be a valuable tool for testing professionals and organizations to address test security challenges and maintain the integrity of high‐stakes CAT assessments.

Organocatalytic diastereo- and atroposelective construction of N–N axially chiral pyrroles and indoles

The construction of N–N axially chiral motifs is an important research topic, owing to their wide occurrence in natural products, pharmaceuticals and chiral ligands. One efficient method is the atroposelective dihydropyrimidin-4-one formation. We present herein a direct catalytic synthesis of N–N atropisomers with simultaneous creation of contiguous axial and central chirality by oxidative NHC (N-heterocyclic carbenes) catalyzed (3 + 3) cycloaddition. Using our method, we are able to synthesize structurally diverse N–N axially chiral pyrroles and indoles with vicinal central chirality or bearing a 2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4-one moiety in moderate to good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. Further synthetic transformations of the obtained axially chiral pyrroles and indoles derivative products are demonstrated. The reaction mechanism and the origin of enantioselectivity are understood through DFT calculations.

Становление Новониколаевска/Новосибирска как столицы Сибири в начале 1920-х гг.

The development of Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk) and its transformation into a city of all-Siberian importance is connected with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the growth of the city’s economy due to its favorable geographical location. The decision about Novonikolayevsk as a residence of Siberia’s governing bodies was made in a hurry, with the resistance of various interested parties and was finally approved in the spring of 1921 in the conditions of acute crisis caused by the consequences of the civil war. In such an environment the mass transfer from Omsk and the organization of all-Siberian institutions in Novonikolaevsk began, with the simultaneous creation of provincial government bodies in the city as well. As a result, this led to enormous problems with the accommodation of numerous employees with their families and strenuous efforts to overcome the housing crisis. Radical measures were taken to solve the difficulties: emergency commissions were set up to search for and distribute premises, mass evictions outside the city of residents not connected with service in Soviet institutions were carried out. But these measures had only a minor effect — the housing crisis and the shortage of office space persisted for decades.

Multi-Mode Vector Light Field Generation Using Modified Off-Axis Interferometric Holography and Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators

The increasing enhancement in the modulation accuracy of spatial light modulators has garnered significant attention towards real-time control technology for light fields based on these modulators. It has been demonstrated that this technology possesses a remarkable capability to generate vector beams with arbitrary complex amplitude distributions. Nevertheless, past studies indicate that the generation of only one vector beam at a time has been observed. The simultaneous generation of numerous vector light fields can give rise to several challenges, including compromised picture quality, limited single-mode operation, and intricate optical path configurations. In pursuit of this objective, we present a novel methodology that integrates the coding methodology of modified off-axis interferometric holography with the idea of optical superposition. This technique facilitates the concurrent generation of several vector beams. In this study, we present a demonstration of the simultaneous creation of twelve vector beams using a single spatial light modulator (SLM) as a proof of concept. Significantly, this technology has the ability to generate an unlimited quantity of vector light fields concurrently under the assumption that the resolution of the SLM does not impose any limitations. The findings indicate that the imaging quality achieved by this technology is of a high standard. Furthermore, it is possible to separately control the beam waist radius, topological charge, polarization order, and extra phase of each beam.

The role of anagostic interactions in the Pd−Superoxo formation in aerobic Pd catalysed C–C coupling reaction: What do DFT computations reveal?

Aerobic oxidative CC coupling catalyzed by dimethyl PdII center (L–[Pd]) bearing tetradentate pyridinophane (N4) ligand L (L = N,N-dimethyl-2,11-diaza[3.3]-(2,6)pyridinophane) has been investigated using density functional theory (DFT) computations. In Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation processes, the interaction of dioxygen with PdII center is a crucial step. Computations reveal that the reactant dimethyl PdII complex L–[Pd] has anagostic interactions (4 × Pd···H ∼ 2.60 Å) in total agreement with reported experimental NMR downshift values and these interactions play a significant role in the formation of PdIII–Superoxo intermediate which is less probed. While oxygen approaches the reactant, PdII center becomes PdIII allowing axial amine coordination. This pushes two protons (Csp3–H) away from Pd center weakening the two anagostic interactions. The other two anagostic interactions are intact at long ranges and at closer distances they weaken facilitating Pd–O bonding. The formation of the PdIII center in the PdIII–Superoxo were confirmed by reported EPR measurements. To understand this process, this key step has been modelled. Calculations have been performed with fourteen different density functionals (M06L, B3LYP, PBE0, M06, M11 to name a few) and different basis sets both in gas phase and in solvent medium. It is found that the range separated functionals, particularly M11 functional describe the process accurately and this is attributed to their efficiency of handling electron correlation at different ranges by including different percentage of Hartree-Fock exchange. The role of anagostic interactions M⋯H (M = Ni, Pd and Pt) in metal–superoxo species bearing symmetric and asymmetric substituted N4 ligands have been investigated. These results clearly explain asymmetrically substituted N4 ligands assist the simultaneous creation of M–O bonds at medium ranges and the weakening of bis anagostic (repulsive) M∙∙∙H interactions at short ranges. These findings suggest that intermediate stabilization in CC coupling processes mediated by transition-metal catalysts containing N4 ligands depends critically on the strength of anagostic interactions.

Diastereo- and atroposelective synthesis of N-arylpyrroles enabled by light-induced phosphoric acid catalysis

The C−N axially chiral N-arylpyrrole motifs are privileged scaffolds in numerous biologically active molecules and natural products, as well as in chiral ligands/catalysts. Asymmetric synthesis of N-arylpyrroles, however, is still challenging, and the simultaneous creation of contiguous C−N axial and central chirality remains unknown. Herein, a diastereo- and atroposelective synthesis of N-arylpyrroles enabled by light-induced phosphoric acid catalysis has been developed. The key transformation is a one-pot, three-component oxo-diarylation reaction, which simultaneously creates a C−N axial chirality and a central quaternary stereogenic center. A broad range of unactivated alkynes were readily employed as a reaction partner in this transformation, and the N-arylpyrrole products are obtained in good yields, with excellent enantioselectivities and very good diastereoselectivities. Notably, the N-arylpyrrole skeletons represent interesting structural motifs that could be used as chiral ligands and catalysts in asymmetric catalysis.

Flow patterns and defect dynamics of active nematic liquid crystals under an electric field.

The effects of an electric field on the flow patterns and defect dynamics of two-dimensional active nematic liquid crystals are numerically investigated. We found that field-induced director reorientation causes anisotropic active turbulence characterized by enhanced flow perpendicular to the electric field. The average flow speed and its anisotropy are maximized at an intermediate field strength. Topological defects in the anisotropic active turbulence are localized and show characteristic dynamics with simultaneous creation of two pairs of defects. A laning state characterized by stripe domains with alternating flow directions is found at a larger field strength near the transition to the uniformly aligned state. We obtained periodic oscillations between the laning state and active turbulence, which resembles an experimental observation of active nematics subject to anisotropic friction.

From nickel to Electric cars? Indonesia’s resource cum automotive industry policy

This paper elucidates Indonesia’s resource-cum-industrial policy to leverage domestic nickel resources for building a localised value chain from mining to electric vehicles. The value chain is first mapped in order to facilitate the policy analysis. While Indonesia is successful in attracting investment projects which aim to build the value chain from mining to electric vehicle batteries within her borders, our analysis nevertheless finds that this process must be rather attributed to value chain lead firm strategy than Indonesian resource policy. Further, the final stage of electric vehicle assembly is only sparsely developed, suggesting that the attempted integration of forward linkage creation from mining and simultaneous backward linkage creation from vehicle assembly is not systematically deployed.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ ТЕХНИКИ ВЫПОЛНЕНИЯ ШУНТИРУЮЩИХ ВМЕШАТЕЛЬСТВ НА БЕДРЕННОПОДКОЛЕННОМ СЕГМЕНТЕ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ХРОНИЧЕСКОЙ АРТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ НЕДОСТАТОЧНОСТЬЮ НИЖНИХ КОНЕЧНОСТЕЙ

Background: Despite the increasing number of X-ray endovascular operations on infrainguinal lesions of lower limb arteries open surgery remains highly relevant. The operating time of open surgeries cannot be considered satisfactory, especially when combined shunts are used in the infrainguinal position. Research objective is to improve the results of shunt operations at atherosclerotic lesions of the femoropopliteal segment by advancing the technique of determining the required extent and applying the autotransplant material. Material and methods. 72 patients were involved in the research. All the patients underwent the femoropopliteal shunt procedure. The instruments designed by us (autovenous shunt length meter and the device for tunnel formation and for applying the shunt into the tissues) were used in the first group. Patients from the second group were operated on with the use of the classical technique and equipment. Results. No combined shunts were used in the first group of patients in comparison with the second group (n=5). Statistically significant results (p<0.05) between the studied groups were obtained according to such criteria as number of cases of intraoperative shunt torsion (p=0.0171), length of unused autograft material (p=0.0001), ankle brachial index increase (p=0.024), the number of early postoperative complications (p=0.028), the number of shunt dysfunctions (p=0.0203) and shunt functioning duration (p=0.013). Conclusions. The use of the patented instruments when performing femoropopliteal shunting allows to determine precisely the required amount of autotransplanted material and to provide its more convenient applying in the subcutaneous tunnel. The use of the patented instruments when performing femoropopliteal shunting with a reversed autovein made it possible to improve the technique of this revascularization operation: to accurately determine the required amount of autograft material which excluded the presence of patients with combined shunt in the first group, as well as to perform the simultaneous creation of a tunnel in the soft tissues of the thigh, shin and reliable shunt placement, excluding it’s rotation along the axis. The use of the patented instruments when performing femoropopliteal shunting allowed to get positive results in the first group, in comparison with second group of patients both in the early and late postoperative periods.

HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE AND SPRAY REMOVAL IN STABILIZED THREE-PHASE FOAM LAYER

Industrial implementation of the stabilization method of the gas-liquid layer can significantly expand the field of use of foaming apparatus and opens up new opportunities for intensifying technological processes with the simultaneous creation of low-waste technologies. The article establishes the basic parameters influencing the hydrodynamics of foam apparatus, considers the basic constructions and operating modes of foam apparatus. The connection of hydrodynamic parameters is revealed. The hydrodynamic laws of the foam layer are considered. The indicated factors affecting the process of mass transfer, both in the gas and in the liquid phases. The conducted analysis of a number of studies showed that the perspective direction of intensification of the mass transfer process is the development of apparatuses with a three-phase fluidized bed of an irrigated nozzle of complex forms with mesh materials. A new design of the stabilizer with a large free volume and a spherical movable nozzle was developed. The advantage of the proposed design is the transition to a structured foam mode of operation at relatively low gas speeds, as well as a developed phase contact surface. After experimental studies of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the combined contact element, experimental data on hydrodynamic resistance and experimental indicators of spray attribution for a contact stage with combined contact elements were obtained. As a result of research, it was found that when using foam layer stabilizers, the spray ratio at the contact stage is reduced, which leads to more stable operation of the device. Empirical equation for determining the value of the spray attribution is given. It is indicated that the mechanism of transition of the nozzle to the mode of advanced fluidization will be significantly different from conventional ballistic nozzles. The study of mass transfer in an absorber with a fluidized bed of an irrigated nozzle is complicated by the fact that the contact surface between phases can vary considerably depending on the hydrodynamic conditions, in particular, on the speed of gas and irrigation density.

Военная помощь Советского Союза национально-освободительному движению Югославии в годы Второй мировой войны

During World War II, the Soviet Union provided large-scale and multifaceted military assistance to the national liberation movement of Yugoslavia. This activity had several main directions, including training of Yugoslav military personnel in the USSR. The second direction was the training of Yugoslav military personnel in the USSR with the simultaneous creation of military formations. Thirdly, the formation of military units and the training of their personnel took place on the territory of Yugoslavia. The fourth direction of Soviet aid was sending advisers and instructors to the Yugoslav army. The fifth area of Soviet assistance was the logistics of the People’s Liberation Army of Yugoslavia and, finally, the assistance in the transformation of this army into the regular army of Yugoslavia.

Gas bubbles entrapment mechanism in the electrochemical discharge machining involving multi-tip array electrodes

This article addresses the gas bubble entrapment issue for the first time when a multi-tip tool array (MTA) is used in electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM). During the simultaneous creation of microholes by the MTA tools, the electrolyte vapor evaporates and condensates on the tool shank. The electrolyte droplet gradually grows in size and then drops, thus, interrupting the electrochemical discharge. The material removal process becomes intermittent, leading to the formation of poor-quality microholes and subsequent breakage of the glass substrate. The ECDM behavior was characterized by analyzing the gas film formation time and the variation in the mean discharge current. The experimental analysis shows that the gas bubble entrapment phenomenon occurs when the average entrapped gas bubble size and electrolyte condensate sizes are larger than the MTA tool electrodes' effective base size and tip length. Increasing the electrode lengths and pitch size reduced the bubble entrapment frequency by >60 %. Increasing the pitch size from 1 mm to 1.5 mm also reduced the bubble entrapment frequency and improved the uniform electrochemical discharges, which is essential to get good quality microholes.