Simulated Water Levels Research Articles

The Effect of Tropical Cyclone Nicholas (11–20 February 2008) on Sea Level Anomalies in Indonesian Waters

As reported extensively in both electronic and print media in Indonesia, high wave and anomalously high sea level phenomena occurred in February 2008 in Indonesian waters, mainly along the western coast of Sumatra and the southern coasts of Java-Bali. Tropical Cyclone (TC) Nicholas, occurring in northwestern coastal waters of Australia between 11 and 20 February 2008, might have contributed to the existence of these phenomena in the Indonesian region. This study focused on investigating the effect of TC Nicholas on the increases in sea levels in the Indonesian waters by analyzing residual water levels (non-astronomic tide). In this regard, a storm tide event (the sum of the astronomical tide and storm surge generated by the TC Nicholas) was simulated in this region using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). The residual water levels were obtained by removing the tidal part (astronomic tide) from the ROMS simulated total water levels. In addition, to confirm possible influences of TC Nicholas, a lagged correlation analysis was applied between atmospheric pressure at the center of TC Nicholas and residual water level oscillations in the Indonesian waters. It was found that the residual water levels showed a strong correlation with the atmospheric pressure at the center of TC Nicholas in some areas of the Indonesian seas, such as the western coast of Sumatra, the southern coast of Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, and the southern coast of Papua. The increased sea levels on the western coast of Sumatra are up to 16 cm, with TC Nicholas leading the residual water level by 4.18 days (TL: time lag). Meanwhile, they are up to 20 cm (TL = 5.75 days), 21 cm (TL = 1.12 days), and 38 cm (TL = 3.96 days) on the southern coast of Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands, and the southern coast of Papua, respectively. The results of this study could be used as an initial assessment to investigate the most vulnerable Indonesian coastal areas to the impact of the TC and they might be significantly beneficial for designing both a proper disaster risk reduction program and investment policies in the region, particularly in the context of flood risk reduction and adaptation.

Utilization of satellite altimetry retrieved river roughness properties in hydraulic flow modelling of braided river system

ABSTRACT Sand bed braided rivers, such as the Brahmaputra, are highly dynamic in nature. The braided rivers change their course frequently, which causes huge bank erosion and sand bar migration. During the monsoon season the braided river has higher sediment-carrying capacity and the erosion power. A large amount of energy dissipation takes place in terms of river fragmentation and sand bar migration and bar erosion. These are common morphological characteristics within the sand bed braided rivers. The dynamic river bed and planform offer varying resistance to flow based on the hydrologic regime and reach characteristics of the river. Estimation of channel roughness coefficient is important for hydraulic modelling of the river. In this study, roughness characteristics of the Brahmaputra river were estimated using altimetry derived river stage records at different reaches of the river. The estimated Manning's roughness coefficients were incorporated in one-dimensional hydraulic model to perform simulations over the middle reach of the Brahmaputra River. Comparison of seasonal water level differences at different reaches of the river was performed using altimetry retrieved and model simulated water level for 2014 and 2015, respectively. The simulated water levels from altimetry derived Manning's roughness coefficient were found to be in close range with altimetry retrieved water levels for 2014 and 2015. It was found that the spatio-temporal variation of Manning's roughness coefficient proved to be an important parameter for modelling braided river systems such as the Brahmaputra.

Estimating dewatering in an underground mine by using a 3D finite element model.

Groundwater inflow to an underground mine will seriously affect its mining plan and engineering geology safety. Groundwater models are powerful tools commonly used in the mines to develop dewatering strategies. Many mines in the Kolwezi area have been present since the 1950s, and groundwater flow patterns have been significantly influenced by mining activities. A mining plan is developed for an underground mine with overturned syncline strata in Kolwezi, Congo. Previous groundwater models using layered homogeneous media lowered model accuracies. A new three-dimensional groundwater model using FEFLOW, consisting of a combined regionally and locally geology models integrating 16 hydrogeological cross-sections and borehole logging data, are formulated to predict the underground dewatering in the study area. A 31-days pumping tests with 3 pumping wells and 28 observation wells are carried out to estimate the hydrogeological properties. The simulated water level data match the observed data rather well. Under 8 scenarios of possible well designs, the model predicts a possible dewatering capacity greater 23,900 m3/d at the initial stage of mining. The concept of the model and its application can be a reference for other mines with complex geology for mining safety in the region of interest.

An Efficient Approach for Simulation of Water Levels due to the Nonlinear Interaction of Tide and Surge Along the Coast of Bangladesh

The ultimate goal and highlight of this paper are to explore water levels along the coast of Bangladesh efficiently due to the nonlinear interaction of tide and surge by employing the method of lines (MOLs) with the aid of newly proposed RKAHeM(4, 4) technique. In this regard, the spatial derivatives of shallow water equations (SWEs) were discretized by means of a finite difference method to obtain a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of initial valued with time as an independent variable. The obtained system of ODEs was solved by the RKAHeM(4, 4) technique. One-way nested grid technique was exercised to incorporate coastal complexities closely with minimum computational cost. A stable tidal oscillation was produced over the region of interest by applying the most influential tidal constituent M2 along the southern open boundary of the outer scheme. The newly developed model was applied to estimate water levels due to the non-linear interaction of tide and surge associated with the catastrophic cyclone April 1991 along the coast of Bangladesh. The approach employed in the study was found to perform well and ensure conformity with real-time observations.

Investigating typhoon-induced storm surge and waves in the coast of Taiwan using an integrally-coupled tide-surge-wave model

The coupled tide-surge and wave model was established for the coast of Taiwan and applied to simulate the storm surge during typhoon events. To prove the capability and availability of the coupled model, the model was calibrated and validated with measured water levels, atmospheric pressures, wind speeds, wave heights, and wave periods at different gauge stations under different historical typhoon events. Based on the statistical metrics including the mean absolute error, root mean square error, and skill, the simulated tide-surge, wave height, and wave period using coupled tide-surge-wave model reasonably reproduced the observational data. The parametric typhoon model provided reasonably simulated results compared to the observed atmospheric pressure and wind speed. The validated model was then utilized to explore the impact of waves on the storm surge and the influences of typhoon track, wind stress, and atmospheric pressure on the surge height around the Taiwan coast. The results showed that comparing the simulated water levels using the tide-surge-wave model and the tide-surge model, the averaged differences at Taipei Tamsui, Taichung Harbor, Kaohsiung Harbor, and Hualien Harbor are 0.24 m, 0.23 m, 0.22 m, and 0.22 m, respectively. The wave setup contributes between 6% and 35% to the total storm surge on Taiwan's coast. Furthermore, the typhoon track significantly affects the location of low pressure and the wind direction, subsequently causing the increase/decrease in surge height. The intensity of wind stress and the atmospheric pressure play crucial roles in affecting the water level and dominating the surge height along the coast of Taiwan.

Using altimetry observations combined with GRACE to select parameter sets of a hydrological model in a data-scarce region

Abstract. Limited availability of ground measurements in the vast majority of river basins world-wide increases the value of alternative data sources such as satellite observations in hydrological modelling. This study investigates the potential of using remotely sensed river water levels, i.e. altimetry observations, from multiple satellite missions to identify parameter sets for a hydrological model in the semi-arid Luangwa River basin in Zambia. A distributed process-based rainfall–runoff model with sub-grid process heterogeneity was developed and run on a daily timescale for the time period 2002 to 2016. As a benchmark, feasible model parameter sets were identified using traditional model calibration with observed river discharge data. For the parameter identification using remote sensing, data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) were used in a first step to restrict the feasible parameter sets based on the seasonal fluctuations in total water storage. Next, three alternative ways of further restricting feasible model parameter sets using satellite altimetry time series from 18 different locations along the river were compared. In the calibrated benchmark case, daily river flows were reproduced relatively well with an optimum Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of ENS,Q=0.78 (5/95th percentiles of all feasible solutions ENS,Q,5/95=0.61–0.75). When using only GRACE observations to restrict the parameter space, assuming no discharge observations are available, an optimum of ENS,Q=-1.4 (ENS,Q,5/95=-2.3–0.38) with respect to discharge was obtained. The direct use of altimetry-based river levels frequently led to overestimated flows and poorly identified feasible parameter sets (ENS,Q,5/95=-2.9–0.10). Similarly, converting modelled discharge into water levels using rating curves in the form of power relationships with two additional free calibration parameters per virtual station resulted in an overestimation of the discharge and poorly identified feasible parameter sets (ENS,Q,5/95=-2.6–0.25). However, accounting for river geometry proved to be highly effective. This included using river cross-section and gradient information extracted from global high-resolution terrain data available on Google Earth and applying the Strickler–Manning equation to convert modelled discharge into water levels. Many parameter sets identified with this method reproduced the hydrograph and multiple other signatures of discharge reasonably well, with an optimum of ENS,Q=0.60 (ENS,Q,5/95=-0.31–0.50). It was further shown that more accurate river cross-section data improved the water-level simulations, modelled rating curve, and discharge simulations during intermediate and low flows at the basin outlet where detailed on-site cross-section information was available. Also, increasing the number of virtual stations used for parameter selection in the calibration period considerably improved the model performance in a spatial split-sample validation. The results provide robust evidence that in the absence of directly observed discharge data for larger rivers in data-scarce regions, altimetry data from multiple virtual stations combined with GRACE observations have the potential to fill this gap when combined with readily available estimates of river geometry, thereby allowing a step towards more reliable hydrological modelling in poorly gauged or ungauged basins.

Bias-Corrected CHIRP Satellite Rainfall for Water Level Simulation, Lake Ziway, Ethiopia

AbstractApplicability of satellite rainfall products must be explored since rain gauge networks have limitations to provide adequate spatial coverage. In this study, Climate Hazards InfraRed Precip...

Levee Overtopping Risk Assessment under Climate Change Scenario in Kao-Ping River, Taiwan

With the growing concern about the failure risk of river embankments in a rapidly changing climate, this study aims to quantify the overtopping probability of river embankment in Kao-Ping River basin in southern Taiwan. A water level simulation model is calibrated and validated with historical typhoon events and the calibrated model is further used to assess overtopping risk in the future under a climate change scenario. A dynamic downscaled projection dataset, provided by Meteorological Research Institute (MRI) has been further downscaled to 5-km grids and bias-corrected with a quantile mapping method, is used to simulate the water level of Kao-Ping River in the future. Our results highlighted that the overtopping risk of Kao-Ping River increased by a factor of 5.7~8.0 by the end of the 21st century.

A NUMERICAL GROUNDWATER FLOW MODEL OF WADI SAMAIL CATCHMENT USING MODFLOW SOFTWARE

The climate in most of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries is considered arid with limited water resources. Proper management of scarce water resources is therefore necessary for sustainable water supply while meeting the growing water demands. A three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater flow model of Wadi Samail Catchment was developed to simulate groundwater flow and to evaluate the sensitivity of the model to the varying of input parameters. Model inputs include lithology of the aquifer derived from borehole data, observed groundwater levels, rainfall, and initial hydraulic conductivity values from pumping tests. The aquifer was divided into four layers. The steady-state calibration was carried out using data in 14 monitoring wells in July 2016. The hydraulic conductivity (k) and recharge values were calibrated using observed groundwater levels with the estimated root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.8m. The estimated parameters were verified with groundwater levels in October 2016. The RMSE between observed and simulated water levels was 0.81m. The calibrated model was then used to assess the sensitivity of the model to the changes in pumping rate, hydraulic conductivity (k), and recharge. Results showed that the water levels were most sensitive to the changes in hydraulic conductivity of the first layer. While pumping rates and recharge were less sensitive compared to the hydraulic conductivity. In conclusion, the sensitivity analysis results can be used as a management tool for sustainable water resources.

Simulation of High Water Levels in Waters off the Mackenzie Delta during an Arctic Storm

Xu, F.; Li, C., and Perrie, W., 2020. Simulation of high water levels in waters off the Mackenzie Delta during an Arctic storm. In: Malvárez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 1361–1365. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Arctic storms are among the most frequent and devastating phenomena that occur in waters off the Mackenzie Delta and Southern Beaufort Sea, and changes in water level are a serious concern in the open water summer season. This study focuses on finding a reasonable method to simulate the storm surge induced by an Arctic storm, in waters off the Mackenzie Delta, by applying an unstructured grid model, FVCOM, and by developing an evaluation method to resolve the complex multiple channels and the associated water discharge distributions. This study shows that wind-induced storm surge is a dominant factor among the factors affecting increases in total water level. During the storm, water levels rises and surface current activity intensify in shallow coastal areas.

Coastal Flooding: Joint Probability of Extreme Water Levels and Waves along the Baltic Sea Coast

Kudryavtseva, N.; Räämet, A., and Soomere, T., 2020. Coastal flooding: Joint probability of extreme water levels and waves along the Baltic Sea coast. In: Malvárez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 1146–1151. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.An accurate assessment of the joint probability of water levels and waves is crucial to establish appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies for possible flooding and coastal erosion in countries with extensive low-lying nearshore areas. The simultaneous occurrence of large waves and high still water levels can significantly increase the risk of flooding and damage of coastal constructions. In this study, the water level extremes were retrieved from simulated high-resolution 3D NEMO-Nordic water level data along the Baltic Sea coast with a spatial resolution of 2 nautical miles (∼3.7 km) and time resolution of 1 hour. The wave height data were obtained from the numerical simulations using the WAM wave model with adjusted geostrophic wind forcing with 3 nautical miles spatial resolution and the time resolution of 1 hour. Using the Archimedean copula approach, the likelihood of joint occurrence of high water levels and wave heights was evaluated along the whole Baltic Sea coast for 1979–2007. Four distinctive regions in the Baltic Sea were identified following differences in the dependence between the sea level and wave height extremes in terms of their correlation. The Arkona basin and eastern part of the Baltic proper have low dependence (correlation coefficient <0.2), the Gulf of Riga, the Gulf of Finland and north-western part of the Baltic Proper exhibit moderate dependence (0.2–0.5), the Sea of Bothnia has the strongest dependence (0.5–0.7), and the Bay of Bothnia has a dependence in the range of 0.2–0.4, similar to the central Baltic Sea region. The joint probability analysis showed that the highest risk of simultaneous appearance of water level and wave height extremes is observed in the Sea of Bothnia. The study demonstrates that it is crucial to consider the combination of both water levels and wave heights in all regions of the Baltic Sea except for the southern areas.

The use of SARAL/AltiKa altimeter measurements for multi-site hydrodynamic model validation and rating curves estimation: An application to Brahmaputra River

Hydrodynamic (HD) modelling in data sparse region represents a challenge due to poor hydrological and topographic data availability. Recently, remote sensing techniques offer additional data that may help to improve the reliability and accuracy of such analysis. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the potential and added value of altimeter measurements for multi-site validation of the HD model and constructed rating curves (RCs) in a sparsely gauged Brahmaputra River, India. The HD model (MIKE 11) was developed for a Brahmaputra River stretch of 135 km, between Tezpur and Guwahati, where 4 ground-tracks of the SARAL/AltiKa (the first Ka band altimeter mission) cross the river. The Nash Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) between HD model based water level and in-situ water level during calibration (January-October 2013) and validation (January-March 2014) was found to be 0.93 and 0.79 respectively. Calibrated and validated HD model was used to simulate water level and build rating curves at virtual stations. The bias correction (7.2 cm to 9.5 cm) was applied to the altimetry measurements before comparison with the modelled water levels. The root mean square error (RMSE) ranging between 15 cm and 42 cm was observed between the modelled and altimetry-derived water level at all the virtual stations, indicating the potential of satellite altimetry for multi-site validation of the HD model (inline with previous studies) and validation of the constructed RCs. The availability of RCs at virtual stations allows the expansion of the gauging network along the Brahmaputra River, thus enabling the estimation of the discharge at additional locations and the potential evaluation of the contributions of lateral tributaries could be evaluated in future work.

Numerical simulation of sedimentation and erosion caused by the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami in Oarai Port, Japan

The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami induced sediment deposition of 334,000 m3 mainly in the basin and 9 m erosion at the tips of a breakwater and a groin in Oarai Port, Japan. The tsunami-induced bathymetry change was simulated using a numerical model and the simulated bathymetry change was compared with the measured one. The comparison showed that the simulated bathymetry change quantitatively agreed with the measured one including the sediment deposition and the erosion mentioned above although the erosion measured along the breakwater was not well reproduced by the model. The time series of simulated bathymetry change, water level, current and suspended sediment concentration showed that the sediment deposition in the center of the basin was mostly induced by the sediments that moved into the basin through its entrance between the breakwater and the groin and were redistributed by counterclockwise vortices. The severe erosion at the tip of the breakwater was mainly induced by the strong southward currents.

Forcing ocean model with atmospheric model outputs to simulate storm surge in the Bangladesh coast

Tropical cyclones are devastating hazards and have been a major problem for the coastal population of Bangladesh. Among the advancements in atmospheric and oceanic prediction, accurate forecasting of storm surges is of specific interest due to their great potential to inflict loss of life and property. For decades, the numerical model based storm surge prediction systems have been an important tool to reduce the loss of human lives and property damage. In order to improve the accuracy in predicting storm surge and coastal inundation, recent model development efforts tended to include more modeling components, such as meteorology model and surface wave model in storm surge modeling. In this study, we used the outputs of an atmospheric model to force the ocean model for simulating storm surges in the Bay of Bengal with particular focus on the Bangladesh coast. The ability of the modeling system was investigated simulating water levels in the Bangladesh coast of two tropical cyclones Sidr (2007) and Aila (2009). The effectiveness of the model was verified through comparing the obtained computational outputs against tide gauge data. The cyclone tracks and intensities reproduced by the atmospheric model were reasonable, though the model had a tendency to overestimate the cyclone intensity during peaks and also close to coast. The water levels are reproduced fairly well by the ocean model, although errors still exist. The root mean square errors in water level at different gauges range from 0.277 to 0.419 m with coefficient of correlation (R2) between 0.64 and 0.97 in case of Sidr and 0.209–0.581 m with R2 0.62 to 0.98 for Aila. The overall coupled modeling system is found to be useful with reasonable accuracy and precision, though there are spaces for improvement. Higher-resolution modeling approaches are recommended to gain more skills.

Streamflow prediction in “geopolitically ungauged” basins using satellite observations and regionalization at subcontinental scale

A novel approach of combining regionalization and satellite observations of various hydrological variables were employed to significantly improve prediction of streamflow signatures at “geopolitically ungauged” basins. Using the proposed step-wise physiography and climate-based regionalization approach, the model performance at ungauged basins reached 80% of performance of locally calibrated parameters and significantly outperformed the global regionalization parameters. The proposed water level based flow correlation was found to help diagnose models and outperform the existing performance metrics of simulated water levels at ungauged basins. The study also set up the first multi-national, multi-catchment hydrological model in the Greater Mekong region, the top global biodiversity and major disaster risk hotspot in the world through sequential and iterative refinement of the existing global hydrological model. New model setup or existing models in the poorly-gauged and ungauged basins could benefit from the proposed approach to predict and evaluate models at ungauged basins.

An Efficient Tide-Surge Interaction Model for the Coast of Bangladesh

The numerical method of lines (MOLs) in coordination with the classical fourth-order Runge‒Kutta (RK(4, 4)) method is used to solve shallow water equations (SWEs) for foreseeing water levels owing to the nonlinear interaction of tide and surge accompanying with a storm along the coast of Bangladesh. The SWEs are developed by extending the body forces with tide generating forces (TGFs). Spatial variables of the SWEs along with the boundary conditions are approximated by means of finite difference technique on an Arakawa C-grid to attain a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) of initial valued in time, which are being solved with the aid of the RK(4, 4) method. Nested grid technique is adopted to solve coastal complexities closely with least computational cost. A stable tidal solution in the region of our choice is produced by applying the tidal forcing with the major tidal constituent M2 (lunar semi-diurnal) along the southern open-sea boundary of the outer scheme. Numerical experimentations are carried out to simulate water levels generated by the cyclonic storm AILA along the coast of Bangladesh. The model simulated results are found to be in a reasonable agreement with the limited available reported data and observations.

2D Model to Investigate the Morphological and Hydraulic Changes of Meanders

River engineering investigations require some level of hydrodynamic and morphologic analysis. The detailed of the hydraulic and morphologic features through meander evolution can be recorded by the numerical model spatially and temporally. The Center for Computational Hydro-science and Engineering, two- dimensional model (CCHE2D V3.29) was adopted to investigate the hydraulic and morphologic changes through meander’s evolution. Through the experimental work, a series of experiments runs were carried out through combining different geometric and hydraulic parameters to produce different experiment conditions. These parameters are flow rate, bed slope, and different initial incised and wide channels for both rectangular and trapezoidal sections. The CCHE2D model was calibrated and verified using two sets of experimental data. According to the computed values of statistical indicators, BIAS, NSE, and MAE of 0.0084, 0.96, and 0.0132 respectively for water level simulation, and 0.007,0.94, and 0.0182 respectively for bed level simulation, the calibrated Manning’s roughness which gives an acceptable agreement between simulated and measured water and bed levels was 0.029. The verification results were evaluated by the same statistical indicators of BIAS, NSE, and MAE of 0.09, 0.81, and 0.018, respectively, as evidenced by the statistical indicators, values that the CCHE2D model was reasonably capable of simulating the hydraulic and morphological changes through meander evolution.

Hydrodynamic modelling of a flood-prone tidal river using the 1D model MIKE HYDRO River: calibration and sensitivity analysis.

Hydrodynamic modelling is a powerful tool to gain understanding of river conditions. However, as widely known, models vary in terms of how they respond to changes and uncertainty in their input parameters. A hydrodynamic river model (MIKE HYDRO River) was developed and calibrated for a flood-prone tidal river located in South East Queensland, Australia. The model was calibrated using Manning's roughness coefficient for the normal dry and flood periods. The model performance was assessed by comparing observed and simulated water level, and estimating performance indices. Results indicated a satisfactory agreement between the observed and simulated results. The hydrodynamic modelling results revealed that the calibrated Manning's roughness coefficient ranged between 0.011 and 0.013. The impacts of tidal variation at the river mouth and the river discharge from upstream are the major driving force for the hydrodynamic process. To investigate the impacts of the boundary conditions, a new sensitivity analysis approach, based on adding stochastic terms (random noise) to the time series of boundary conditions, was conducted. The main purpose of such new sensitivity analysis was to impose changes in magnitude and time of boundary conditions randomly, which is more similar to the real and natural water level variations compared to impose constant changes of water level. In this new approach, the possible number of variations in simulated results was separately evaluated for both downstream and upstream boundaries under 5%, 10%, and 15% perturbation. The sensitivity analysis results revealed that in the river under study, the middle parts of the river were shown to be more sensitive to downstream boundary condition as maximum water level variations can reach 8%, 12%, and 15% under 5%, 10%, and 15% changes in the downstream boundary, respectively. The outcomes of the present paper will benefit future modelling efforts through provision of a robust tool to enable prediction of water levels at ungauged points of the river under various scenarios of flooding and climate change for the purpose of city planning and decision-making.

Fuzzy control and simulation of boiler drum water level

Boiler drum water level control system is hard to develop practical mathematical model and has nonlinear, stable and delay characteristics. The traditional boiler drum water level control often uses three impulse PID control method. The existing problem of ordinary PID control strategy is: once good parameter setting, it is hard to adapt to the change of the operation of the system dynamic greatly. In order to solve the problems of the above, the research object of the subject is a certain 120 t/h boiler steam capacity, the boiler drum water level control system is designed, and the control strategies are studied. In order to obtain better contrast, the ordinary PID controller and Fuzzy controller are designed, and the control strategies of the simulation are analyzed.

Application of artificial neural network for predicting water levels in Hooghly estuary, India

Abstract Hydrodynamic models for morphodynamic studies in estuaries require continuous tidal water level data as boundary conditions. However, for the Hooghly estuary in India, measurement of continuous tidal water elevation data at the most downstream point is a very difficult task because of the remote location and the confluence with the deep sea. The tidal water level data at this station are measured for a half tidal cycle which is not useful for hydrodynamic modeling. However, at other upstream stations, tide water level data are measured continuously. Accordingly, in this study, an attempt is made to generate continuous tidal water level data at the remote station, using the data of the neighboring stations as input to an artificial neural network (ANN) model. A three-layered feed-forward backpropagation (FFBP) network with two hidden layers is selected and five different combinations of input vectors are used. Simulated water level data obtained from each model are compared with the observed data graphically as well as by estimating the standard error parameters. The best model suitable for prediction of continuous tidal elevation during any time of the tidal cycle and applicable throughout the year is then identified. It is found that tidal data from the nearest neighboring station are more suitable for training.