Simulated Transport Conditions Research Articles

Corrosion in CO2 Systems with Impurities Creating Strong Acids

There are several proposed specifications for CO2 transport regarding how much impurities that can be allowed in the CO2 stream. Many of these specifications are based on health, safety, and environment (HSE) considerations in case of accidental spill, and only limited focus has been on the pipeline integrity. Previous work has demonstrated that many of the impurities that are expected to be present in CO2 captured from flue gasses may react and form corrosive species. The present paper studied impurity reactions and corrosion under simulated transport conditions (25°C and 10 MPa of CO2). An experiment was performed in a transparent autoclave which allowed for in situ visual observation. Chemical reactions between the impurities were observed even at very low concentrations (<100 ppmv). These reactions contributed to the production of nitric and sulfuric acid together with formation of elemental sulfur. Corrosion was observed on coupons of carbon steel, but not on stainless steels. The corrosion rate of carbon steel was low, but the amount of acids and solids (corrosion products) produced cannot be accepted from a pipeline integrity perspective. Further experimental studies are needed to determine specific limits for impurity concentrations in captured CO2 for transport.

Comparing the Efficacy of Methods for Immobilizing the Thoracic-Lumbar Spine

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare the relative efficacy of immobilization systems in limiting thoracic-lumbar movements. MethodsA dynamic simulation system was used to reproduce transport-related shocks and vibration, and involuntary movements of the thoracic-lumbar region were measured using 3 immobilization configurations. ResultsThe vacuum mattress and the long spine board were generally more effective than the cot alone in reducing thoracic-lumbar rotation and flexion/extension. However, the vacuum mattress reduced these thoracic-lumbar movements to a greater extent than the long spine board. In addition, the vacuum mattress significantly decreased thoracic-lumbar lateral movement relative to the cot alone under all simulated transport conditions. In contrast, the long spine board allowed greater lateral movement than the cot alone in a number of the simulated transport rides. ConclusionUnder the study conditions, the vacuum mattress was more effective for limiting involuntary movements of the thoracic-lumbar region than the long spine board. Moreover, the increased lateral bend observed with the long spine board under some conditions suggests it may be inadequate for immobilizing this anatomic region as presently designed. Should emergency medical service providers choose to immobilize patients with suspected injuries of the thoracic-lumbar spine, study results support the use of the vacuum mattress.

Preparation and performance features of wristband samplers and considerations for chemical exposure assessment

Wristbands are increasingly used for assessing personal chemical exposures. Unlike some exposure assessment tools, guidelines for wristbands, such as preparation, applicable chemicals, and transport and storage logistics, are lacking. We tested the wristband’s capacity to capture and retain 148 chemicals including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). The chemicals span a wide range of physical–chemical properties, with log octanol–air partitioning coefficients from 2.1 to 13.7. All chemicals were quantitatively and precisely recovered from initial exposures, averaging 102% recovery with relative SD ≤21%. In simulated transport conditions at +30 °C, SVOCs were stable up to 1 month (average: 104%) and VOC levels were unchanged (average: 99%) for 7 days. During long-term storage at −20 °C up to 3 (VOCs) or 6 months (SVOCs), all chemical levels were stable from chemical degradation or diffusional losses, averaging 110%. Applying a paired wristband/active sampler study with human participants, the first estimates of wristband–air partitioning coefficients for PAHs are presented to aid in environmental air concentration estimates. Extrapolation of these stability results to other chemicals within the same physical–chemical parameters is expected to yield similar results. As we better define wristband characteristics, wristbands can be better integrated in exposure science and epidemiological studies.

Storage and transport of reconstituted omacetaxine mepesuccinate: Considerations for home administration.

Purpose Omacetaxine mepesuccinate ("omacetaxine") is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of adult patients with chronic- or accelerated-phase chronic myeloid leukemia with resistance and/or intolerance to two or more tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In May 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration approved revisions to the packaging information that included directions for home administration of reconstituted omacetaxine by patients or caregivers using syringes filled at a healthcare facility. We developed recommendations for the transport, storage, and spill-clean procedure of reconstituted omacetaxine for home and clinic administration. Methods We conducted chemical stability and microbial growth studies of reconstituted omacetaxine solution stored in vials and syringes at room temperature or refrigerated for various durations. Several shipping configurations were tested in simulated transport conditions to evaluate their ability to contain solution leakage and maintain product quality during distribution. In addition, we evaluated cleaning products and procedures for their effectiveness in removing residual omacetaxine from household surfaces after mock spills. Results Reconstituted omacetaxine showed limited degradation when refrigerated for 14 days in vials and syringes, and no microbial growth was observed for 12 days after intentional inoculation. In shipping studies, the configurations maintained prepared syringes within the recommended storage temperature range throughout transport and could contain leaks if spills occurred. In the event of an accidental spill in a home environment, effective cleaning can be achieved using household cleaning products and defined procedures. Conclusion These data provide important information regarding the safe transportation and administration of reconstituted omacetaxine in the home and clinic.

Experiences with semi-routine production of riboflavin and UV-B pathogen-inactivated platelet concentrates in three blood centres.

For a clinical platelet (PLT) transfusion trial conducted in three countries, the production of PLT concentrates (PCs) that were pathogen inactivated with the Mirasol technology was set up and validated. While the Mirasol procedure is applied to an established PLT product, the PLT processing procedure still had to be modified to ensure a treated PC was of sufficient quality. Further, the effect of simulated transport conditions and the effect of ambient light on Mirasol-treated PCs was determined. Platelet concentrates in plasma were made from pooled buffy coats followed by Mirasol treatment. To mimic transport conditions, units were left unagitated for 6 h at room temperature. To mimic ambient light exposure, units were held unagitated for 4 h in direct fluorescent tube light. Measures had to be taken to allow 7-day storage of treated concentrates. In one site, PCs made from five buffy coats with >450 × 109 PLTs were removed from inventory. Another site went from five to four buffy coats per pool. Interruption of agitation for 6 h on day 3 did not induce meaningful changes in in vitro measures, even when stored up to 7 days. Exposure to ambient light for 4 h, either on day 3 or 6, had no effect on in vitro measures. The Mirasol pathogen inactivation process can be implemented in routine, but changes to current PLT processing methods might be needed. Transport conditions and 4-h-long ambient light exposure have no negative effect on the in vitro quality of Mirasol-treated PCs.

<b>Physiological and hematological responses of Nile tilapia (<i>Oreochromis Niloticus</i>) to different anesthetics during simulated transport conditions

Minimization of stress during the transportation of live fish is essential in maintaining the welfare and performance of the animals. In order to test the hypothesis that stress during transport of fingerlings of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) can be reduced with the aid of the anesthetics menthol, eugenol or benzocaine, we have assessed the effects of these agents at various concentrations on the physiological parameters and survival rates of fish subjected to conditions simulating those normally used in transportation. Fingerlings (N = 1200) were fasted for 24 hours and distributed in 20 L polyethylene bags (N = 50 per bag) containing 5 L of water and an anesthetic at the appropriate concentration. Fingerlings treated with menthol at 75 mg L-1, or eugenol or benzocaine at 20 mg L-1, maintained levels of plasma cortisol and glucose that were lower than those of the stressed but untreated controls and within the physiological limits of the baseline values for this species. Under these conditions, the survival rate was 100%, suggesting that stress was substantially reduced despite dense consignment. Treatments involving higher doses of the studied agents induced significant anesthetic toxicity.

The Effect of Simulated Transportation Conditions on the Chemical, Physical and Sensory Profiles of Müller-Thurgau and Scheurebe Wines

The Effect of Simulated Transportation Conditions on the Chemical, Physical and Sensory Profiles of Müller-Thurgau and Scheurebe Wines

Modified atmosphere packaging effects on the postharvest quality of papaya fruit

Export of Fijian papaya (Carica papaya) fruit to destinations such as New Zealand has increased significantly over the last several years. Shipment by sea rather than air is the preferred method, given the capacity for larger volumes and reductions in cost. Long shipping times, however, can compromise fruit quality, although the use of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) may provide a viable solution for extending fruit storage life. In a collaborative ACIAR project, Australian and Fijian researchers investigated the potential of using MAP to extend storage life of a Fijian papaya ('Fiji Red') fruit based on simulated sea transport conditions. Fruit were packed in one of three MAP environments within cartons, consisting of either a (1) Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) bag with 10 g of KMnO4, (2) Polyamide Film (PF) bag with macro-perforations or (3) without a bag (control fruit). Fruit were held for 1, 2 or 3 weeks at 10°C before being unpacked, ripened and assessed for quality. On day 6 after outturn, fruit with the highest overall quality were those held in LDPE bags. LDPE fruit generally coloured up faster at outturn than PF or control fruit, had less overall moisture loss and scored high in flavour. Headspace carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations within the LDPE bags were also near recommended levels for maintaining optimum storage-life quality. The LDPE bag provided the most suitable conditions for long term storage of fresh papaya fruit and is therefore the recommended MAP type for use with sea freight export out of Fiji.

Use of Clove, Mint and Camphor Essential Oils on Confinement of Clown Anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris (Cuvier 1830): Anesthetic Effects and Influence on Water Quality

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic efficacy of essential oils of clove, mint and camphor to clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris and their effects on water quality in simulated confinement transport conditions. Anesthetic effects of clove, mint and camphor oils were tested at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 μL L-1; 20, 25 and 30 μL L-1; and 100, 120 and 140 μL L-1, respectively. Confinement periods of 6 h, 12 h and 24 h were simulated (n=8 fish/time/concentration). Animals were randomly selected and transferred to polyethylene bags (16 × 30 cm, 5 fish L-1). Water concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrogen in the form of total ammonium (N-TA=NH3+NH4 +) and non-ionized ammonia (N-NH3) and pH were measured before closing and after opening the bags. Different confinement densities of A. ocellaris (5, 10, 15 and 20 fish L-1) were tested in polyethylene bags containing water and anesthetics essential oils. Concentrations of 5, 25 and 120 μL L-1 (clove, mint and, camphor oils, respectively) were used during 24 h of confinement. Water-quality parameters monitored were the same as in the previous experiment, with addition of measuring concentrations of dissolved CO2 in water. The use of mint oil (25 μL L-1, maximum density of 10 fish L-1) significantly reduced the concentration of N-TA. At low densities (5 fish L-1) clove (5 μL L-1) and camphor (120 μL L-1) oils can also be safely used for confinement of Amphiprion ocellaris for 24 h.

Heterogeneous reactions of particulate matter-bound PAHs and NPAHs with NO3/N2O5, OH radicals, and O3 under simulated long-range atmospheric transport conditions: reactivity and mutagenicity.

The heterogeneous reactions of ambient particulate matter (PM)-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) with NO3/N2O5, OH radicals, and O3 were studied in a laboratory photochemical chamber. Ambient PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected from Beijing, China, and Riverside, California, and exposed under simulated atmospheric long-range transport conditions for O3 and OH and NO3 radicals. Changes in the masses of 23 PAHs and 20 NPAHs, as well as the direct and indirect-acting mutagenicity of the PM (determined using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay with TA98 strain), were measured prior to and after exposure to NO3/N2O5, OH radicals, and O3. In general, O3 exposure resulted in the highest relative degradation of PM-bound PAHs with more than four rings (benzo[a]pyrene was degraded equally well by O3 and NO3/N2O5). However, NPAHs were most effectively formed during the Beijing PM exposure to NO3/N2O5. In ambient air, 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NF) is formed from the gas-phase NO3 radical- and OH radical-initiated reactions of fluoranthene, and 2-nitropyrene (2-NP) is formed from the gas-phase OH radical-initiated reaction of pyrene. There was no formation of 2-NF or 2-NP in any of the heterogeneous exposures, suggesting that gas-phase formation of NPAHs did not play an important role during chamber exposures. Exposure of Beijing PM to NO3/N2O5 resulted in an increase in direct-acting mutagenic activity which was associated with the formation of mutagenic NPAHs. No NPAH formation was observed in any of the exposures of the Riverside PM. This was likely due to the accumulation of atmospheric degradation products from gas-phase reactions of volatile species onto the surface of PM collected in Riverside prior to exposure in the chamber, thus decreasing the availability of PAHs for reaction.

Effect of seepage velocity on the attachment efficiency of TiO2 nanoparticles in porous media

Previously identified relationships between the attachment efficiency (α) and seepage velocity (US) of nanoparticles (NPs) were tested under simulated subsurface transport conditions, where the value of US is typically much less than the US on which they are based. This found an increase in the α value of TiO2 NPs with respect to US, which contradicts previous reports suggesting a constant value or decrease. By comparing the adhesion energy of the TiO2 NPs to sand and the hydrodynamic energy required to detach them, the increase of α with respect to US is found to be due to the difference in the magnitude of US considered; with 6.1E−05 to 1.3E−03ms−1 used in previous studies, whereas the current study uses a value in the range from 2.4E−06 to 4.9E−04ms−1. Only one of the previous models predicting α showed a similar increase of α with US, which was the result of it employing low velocities to examine the effects of organic matter. The current findings therefore suggest that previously determined relationships between α and US need to be further developed to incorporate more variables before they can be effectively used to describe or predict the subsurface transport of TiO2 NPs.

Evaluation of transportation methods of juveniles of the Australasian sea cucumber,Australostichopus mollis

The transport of juvenile sea cucumbers to grow-out sites is problematic as they are prone to damage and mortality. The response of juvenile Australostichopus mollis to simulated transport conditions with and without seawater for different periods of time (2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h) at different temperatures was evaluated in this study. Sea cucumbers were placed in plastic bags with seawater or wrapped in a seawater-soaked cloth. Monitoring of evisceration, skin lesions, feeding activity and survival was used to evaluate the success of transportation. The juveniles of this species can withstand being without seawater for up to 8 h with no consequences to their survival and feeding activity. Complete immersion of the juveniles in seawater was found to be the only option for transportation over longer periods, but preventive measures should be taken to avoid detrimental levels of temperature, oxygen and pH. Overall, the existing constraints to moving juvenile sea cucumbers to grow-out sites can be overcome through preventing desiccation during short-term transport without seawater, and by the control of temperature for long-term transportation with seawater. The results suggest that in juvenile sea cucumbers, feeding activity and the presence of skin lesions are more sensitive indicators of the success of transport than evisceration and survival.

Rotational Transport of Islets: The Best Way for Islets to Get around?

Islet transplantation is a valid treatment option for patients suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus. To assure optimal islet cell quality, specialized islet isolation facilities have been developed. Utilization of such facilities necessitates transportation of islet cells to distant institutions for transplantation. Despite its importance, a clinically feasible solution for the transport of islets has still not been established. We here compare the functionality of isolated islets from C57BL/6 mice directly after the isolation procedure as well as after two simulated transport conditions, static versus rotation. Islet cell quality was assessed using real-time live confocal microscopy. In vivo islet function after syngeneic transplantation was determined by weight and blood sugar measurements as well as by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests. Vascularization of islets was documented by fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry. All viability parameters documented comparable cell viability in the rotary group and the group transplanted immediately after isolation. Functional parameters assessed in vivo displayed no significant difference between these two groups. Moreover, vascularization of islets was similar in both groups. In conclusion, rotary culture conditions allows the maintenance of highest islet quality for at least 15 h, which is comparable to that of freshly isolated islets.

1-MCP Improves Display Life in Begonia × hiemalis 'Blitz' and 'Carnival'

We investigated the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on ethylene production induced by simulated transport stress in Begonia × hiemalis ‘Blitz’ and ‘Carnival’ to improve the display life in potted plants. The simulated transportation conditions were imposed for 4 days in simulated export containers with darkness, vibration with continuous shaking (150 ± 20 rpm) on a rotary lab shaker, and low temperature (12℃). Plants were treated with 1-MCP at three concentrations (5, 25, or 125 nLㆍL?¹) and for three different periods (0, 6, or 12 hours) before undergoing the simulated transport stress treatments. Treatment with 25 or 125 nLㆍL?¹ 1-MCP inhibited the abscission of open flowers by more than 40% as compared to the untreated plants. One week after the treatments, the ethylene production decreased in the plants treated with 125 nLㆍL?¹ 1-MCP for ‘Blitz’ and 25 nLㆍL?¹ for ‘Carnival’. Ethylene production was correlated with concentration and duration of 1-MCP treatment in ‘Blitz’, but not in ‘Carnival’. To reduce flower abscission and ethylene production, thus improve the display life when plants are exposed to transportation stress, we recommend pre-treatment with 1-MCP before packaging, using concentrations and durations specific to each cultivar, 125 nLㆍL?¹ for 6 h and 25 nLㆍL?¹ for 12 hours for ‘Blitz’ and ‘Carnival’, respectively.

Effects of Vibration Fatigue on Compression Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard Containers for Packaging of Fruits during Transport

Purpose: The compression strength of corrugated fiberboard containers used to package agricultural products rapidly decreases owing to various environmental factors encountered during the distribution of unitized products. The main factors affecting compression strength are moisture absorption, long-term top load, and fatigue caused by shock and vibration during transport. This study characterized the durability of corrugated fiberboard containers for packaging fruits and vegetables under simulated transportation conditions. Methods: Compression tests were done after corrugated fiberboard containers containing fruit were vibrated by an electro-dynamic vibration test system using the power spectral density of routes typically traveled to transport fruits and vegetables in South Korea. Results: To predict loss of compression strength owing to vibration fatigue, a multiple nonlinear regression equation ($r^2

Intensive and extensive nitrogen loss from intertidal permeable sediments of the Wadden Sea

Nitrogen (N) loss rates were determined in permeable sediments of the Wadden Sea using a combination of stable N isotope incubation experiments and model simulation approaches during three seasons. Three different incubation methods that employed the isotope pairing technique were used: intact core incubations simulating either (1) diffusive or (2) advective transport conditions and (3) slurry incubations. N loss rates from core incubations under simulated advective transport conditions exceeded those rates measured under diffusive transport conditions by 1–2 orders of magnitude, but were comparable to those observed in slurry incubations. N loss rates generally showed little seasonal and spatial variation (207 ± 30 µmol m−2 h−1) in autumn 2006 and spring and summer 2007. Utilizing an extensive time series of nutrient concentrations and current velocities obtained from a continuous monitoring station, nitrate and nitrite (i.e., NO−x) flux into the sediment was modeled over a full annual cycle. Fluxes were sufficient to support the experimentally derived N loss rates. Combining the measured rates with the modeled results, an annual N removal rate of 745 ± 109 mmol N m−;2 yr−1 was estimated for permeable sediments of the Wadden Sea. This rate agrees well with previous N loss estimates for the Wadden Sea based on N budget calculations. Permeable sediments, accounting for 58–70% of the continental shelf area, are an important N sink and their contribution to the global N loss budget should be reevaluated.

Changes in pH during transport of juvenile cod Gadus morhua L. and stabilisation using buffering agents

Salmonids have been transported from hatchery to ongrowing units for many years, but little information is available on optimal conditions for the transport of marine finfish species. This study examined the changes in pH that occur under various simulated transport conditions of stocking density and fish size, and thereby recommends protocols for live marine fish transportation. The pH of the transport water declined rapidly due to the respiration of carbon dioxide. Various buffers (sodium bicarbonate, TRIS, Magnaspheres) were compared and maintained pH close to normal seawater levels. The decline in pH was greater with small (18g) rather than larger (32g) fish, at identical loading biomass in tanks, indicating that fish size should be considered when planning transport. Although unionised ammonia level increased with increasing stocking density (10 to 30kgm−3) the pH did not decline significantly. The use of air aeration as well as oxygenation reduced CO2 levels indicating that aeration stripped the CO2 from the water. Non invasive measurements of free cortisol release into the tank water by juvenile cod indicated primary stress response to handling events. This study demonstrates that cod juveniles will be exposed to fluctuating pH in transport tanks, and buffering of the pH and stripping of CO2 by aeration to reduce fluctuations is recommended.

The influence of temperature and simulated transport conditions of diagnostic samples on real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection ofTritrichomonas foetusDNA

Bovine trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease in cattle that causes considerable economic loss due to abortions and infertility. In vitro culture of the organisms is the traditional method for diagnosis. However, culture cannot differentiate Tritrichomonas foetus from other, closely related nonpathogenic protozoa. Recently, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was developed for the differential diagnosis of trichomoniasis. The objective of the current work was to evaluate the effect of different simulated transport conditions on samples containing T. foetus for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis using culture and qPCR. Results indicate that transport temperatures of 4-20°C for 1-3 days before culture will reduce or temporarily inhibit parasite replication but maintain viability. Testing of samples by either culture or qPCR would be expected to give positive results. However, diagnosis of trichomonads by both methods was negatively affected when specimens were maintained at transport temperatures of 42°C for 24 hr or more. The current study stresses the importance of ensuring that clinical samples arrive to the diagnostic laboratory within 24-48 hr and of avoiding temperature transport conditions above 37°C in order to achieve an accurate diagnosis of trichomoniasis in cattle.

EFFECT OF SOME STORAGE AND PRESERVATIVE SOLUTION TREATMENTS ON VASE LIFE AND QUALITY OF STRELITZIA REGINAE L. CUT FLOWERS

Such research was conducted during the two seasons of 2007and 2008 at the Hort. Lab. Dept., Fac. Agric., Zagazig Univ. to evaluate effects of five preservative solutions as pulsing applications and three cold storage periods as well as their interactions on vase life and quality of Strelitzia reginae L cut flower spikes. Pulsing treatments were implicated holding cut flower spikes in the following solutions: 1- Distilled water (dw) for 12 h as control, 2- Silver thiosulphate at 1: 4 mM (STS)for 30 minutes, 3- STS for 30 min., then solution containing 20% sucrose (S) + 200 ppm Ocimum basilicum L leaf extract for 12 h, 4- STS for 30 min., then solution containing 20% S + 200 ppm Matricaria chamomilla L. flower extract for 12 h, and 5- STS for 30 min., then solution containing 20% S + 200 ppm 8-hydroxy quinolene sulphate (8-HQS) for 12 h. Cut flowers were subjected to pulsing treatments just before cold storage. The three tested cold storage periods were without cold storage (control), storage for 5 or 10-days at 6±1°C and 80 – 90 % relative humidity (simulate transport conditions). After subjecting flowers to pulsing and storage treatments, treated cut flower spikes were hold in distilled water as permanent vase solution to record the effects on vase life. All tested pulsing solutions significantly increased vase life and florets opening %, decreased contamination in vase solution, improved water balance for cut flower spikes, and maintained flower quality; i.e., anthocyanin content in petals. Pulsing treatment of STS at 1: 4 mM for 30 minutes, then in solution containing 20 % S + 200 ppm 8-HQS for 12 hours had the most favorable effect in this respect. As the cold storage period was increased from zero-time to 10-days, the above mentioned characters of cut flower longevity and quality were decreased. When pulsing applications interacted with cold storage periods, the highest quality and the longest vase life of Strelitzia reginae L. cut flower spikes were obtained under the interaction treatments of pulsing in STS for 30 min. and then in 20% S + 200 ppm 8-HQS for 12 hours without cold storage or with storage for 5-days at 6±1°C compared to control and the other interaction treatments.

Experimental determination of flow accelerated corrosion in bend and straight sections of carbon steel primary coolant feeder pipes in pressurised heavy water reactor system

Coolant systems in nuclear power plants undergo degradation by various corrosion processes. The carbon steel feeder pipes for the primary heat transport system of pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWRs) undergo extensive wall thinning by a degradation process, known as flow accelerated corrosion (FAC). Flow accelerated corrosion occurs under certain conditions of flow, water chemistry, pipe geometry and material composition. In PHWRs, the outlet feeders carry the heavy water (D2O) coolant, which flows at velocities in the range of 10 to 20 m s−1. The requirement of high flow velocity at high temperature and pressure to simulate the exact service hydrodynamic conditions, and the long time required to enable unambiguous observations regarding the extent of FAC, makes it difficult to undertake this study in the laboratory. This paper presents the design of an FAC module that enables the relatively rapid measurement of FAC to be undertaken in simulated PHWR primary heat transport conditions. The results of corrosion rate measurements and the attempts to explain the results using a computation fluid dynamics model are presented in this paper.